El documento compara el desarrollo económico de las dos Coreas y analiza las etapas de crecimiento de Corea del Sur desde la reconstrucción en los años 50 hasta la crisis asiática de 1997. También examina el modelo de desarrollo basado en el proteccionismo seguido por países como Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos, en contraposición al llamado Consenso de Washington que promovió la liberalización en los años 80 y 90.
The document summarizes the photovoltaic (PV) market in Ontario, Canada. It provides information on yearly irradiation levels, the growth of Canada's total PV capacity which reached 94.57 MW in 2009 driven by Ontario's feed-in tariff program. The feed-in tariff offers fixed prices for electricity produced over 20-year contracts and led to a 791% increase in the Ontario market in 2009. It also outlines the different business models used in the commercial rooftop PV space and the licensing requirements for electrical contractors in Ontario.
El documento discute las etapas de desarrollo de Corea del Sur y otros "cuatro dragones asiáticos", y argumenta que el proteccionismo temporal es necesario para promover el desarrollo industrial de países en desarrollo. También analiza los desafíos del comercio justo y la necesidad de reformas en la Organización Mundial del Comercio para promover un comercio más equitativo que beneficie a los países pobres.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international marketing and pricing strategies. It discusses how companies must adapt their marketing mix to different international markets. Specifically, it covers international market segmentation, how product attributes vary across cultures and economic development levels, and different international pricing approaches like price discrimination, strategic pricing, and experience curve pricing. It notes that aggressive pricing strategies can violate antidumping regulations.
1. Market research is important for determining the best potential foreign markets for a company's products and informs them of the largest, fastest growing markets and market conditions.
2. Market research can use primary or secondary data sources, with primary being more tailored but expensive and secondary being less expensive but having limitations.
3. When conducting secondary research, the document recommends keeping up with world events influencing markets, analyzing trade statistics, and obtaining advice from experts to find useful secondary information.
This document discusses key aspects of managing global supply chains and international business. It covers:
1) Defining supply chains and the importance of logistics in international business management.
2) Factors to consider when deciding where to locate manufacturing activities, including country factors like costs and regulations, technological factors like fixed costs and minimum efficient scale, and product factors like value-to-weight ratios.
3) Considerations for "make or buy" decisions about whether to manufacture components internally or outsource them, balancing advantages of vertical integration vs flexibility and potential cost savings of outsourcing.
This document discusses foreign exchange risk and strategies for reducing exposure for international businesses. It covers:
1) Foreign exchange risk arises when business operations occur between countries with different currencies. Exchange rate fluctuations can impact financial results. Sellers prefer lower exchange rates while buyers prefer higher rates.
2) Most international transactions use strong reference currencies like USD, EUR, GBP, JPY due to stability. Exchange rates are set by supply/demand in markets and factors like inflation, interest rates, economic performance.
3) Some countries use restrictions to control currency value and limit currency conversion to prevent capital flight or maintain artificial values. Reduction of exposure involves leading/lagging payments, financial tools like forwards/options, and
The document discusses various methods for securing payment in international business transactions. It begins by explaining that payment risk is higher in international business due to less information about foreign partners and greater difficulty pursuing debtors abroad. It then outlines several common payment options: cash in advance, cash against documents, letters of credit, open account, and mixed payments. Letters of credit and cash against documents involve the exchange of shipping documents for payment. Open accounts carry the most risk as payment occurs after goods are received. The document also recommends export insurance and mixing payment terms to suit different needs.
Globalization refers to the reduction of barriers between countries to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, services and labor across borders. It creates opportunities for businesses but also challenges as foreign competitors enter domestic markets. Key drivers of globalization include the decline of trade barriers after WWII, technological advances in communication and transportation, and the fall of political divisions. While some argue global consumer preferences are converging, others note local differences in culture, geography and economies still impact markets. Regional economic integration agreements like the EU and NAFTA have accelerated but most large multinationals still derive a high percentage of business from their home region. Managing international business requires recognizing differences from domestic operations.
The document summarizes the photovoltaic (PV) market in Ontario, Canada. It provides information on yearly irradiation levels, the growth of Canada's total PV capacity which reached 94.57 MW in 2009 driven by Ontario's feed-in tariff program. The feed-in tariff offers fixed prices for electricity produced over 20-year contracts and led to a 791% increase in the Ontario market in 2009. It also outlines the different business models used in the commercial rooftop PV space and the licensing requirements for electrical contractors in Ontario.
El documento discute las etapas de desarrollo de Corea del Sur y otros "cuatro dragones asiáticos", y argumenta que el proteccionismo temporal es necesario para promover el desarrollo industrial de países en desarrollo. También analiza los desafíos del comercio justo y la necesidad de reformas en la Organización Mundial del Comercio para promover un comercio más equitativo que beneficie a los países pobres.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international marketing and pricing strategies. It discusses how companies must adapt their marketing mix to different international markets. Specifically, it covers international market segmentation, how product attributes vary across cultures and economic development levels, and different international pricing approaches like price discrimination, strategic pricing, and experience curve pricing. It notes that aggressive pricing strategies can violate antidumping regulations.
1. Market research is important for determining the best potential foreign markets for a company's products and informs them of the largest, fastest growing markets and market conditions.
2. Market research can use primary or secondary data sources, with primary being more tailored but expensive and secondary being less expensive but having limitations.
3. When conducting secondary research, the document recommends keeping up with world events influencing markets, analyzing trade statistics, and obtaining advice from experts to find useful secondary information.
This document discusses key aspects of managing global supply chains and international business. It covers:
1) Defining supply chains and the importance of logistics in international business management.
2) Factors to consider when deciding where to locate manufacturing activities, including country factors like costs and regulations, technological factors like fixed costs and minimum efficient scale, and product factors like value-to-weight ratios.
3) Considerations for "make or buy" decisions about whether to manufacture components internally or outsource them, balancing advantages of vertical integration vs flexibility and potential cost savings of outsourcing.
This document discusses foreign exchange risk and strategies for reducing exposure for international businesses. It covers:
1) Foreign exchange risk arises when business operations occur between countries with different currencies. Exchange rate fluctuations can impact financial results. Sellers prefer lower exchange rates while buyers prefer higher rates.
2) Most international transactions use strong reference currencies like USD, EUR, GBP, JPY due to stability. Exchange rates are set by supply/demand in markets and factors like inflation, interest rates, economic performance.
3) Some countries use restrictions to control currency value and limit currency conversion to prevent capital flight or maintain artificial values. Reduction of exposure involves leading/lagging payments, financial tools like forwards/options, and
The document discusses various methods for securing payment in international business transactions. It begins by explaining that payment risk is higher in international business due to less information about foreign partners and greater difficulty pursuing debtors abroad. It then outlines several common payment options: cash in advance, cash against documents, letters of credit, open account, and mixed payments. Letters of credit and cash against documents involve the exchange of shipping documents for payment. Open accounts carry the most risk as payment occurs after goods are received. The document also recommends export insurance and mixing payment terms to suit different needs.
Globalization refers to the reduction of barriers between countries to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, services and labor across borders. It creates opportunities for businesses but also challenges as foreign competitors enter domestic markets. Key drivers of globalization include the decline of trade barriers after WWII, technological advances in communication and transportation, and the fall of political divisions. While some argue global consumer preferences are converging, others note local differences in culture, geography and economies still impact markets. Regional economic integration agreements like the EU and NAFTA have accelerated but most large multinationals still derive a high percentage of business from their home region. Managing international business requires recognizing differences from domestic operations.
International transport plays a key role in international business and introduces risks like damaged or delayed goods. Incoterms are internationally agreed terms that clarify the responsibilities of buyers and sellers. They are split into four groups based on who is responsible for arranging and paying for carriage and who bears the risks. A company is considering distributing its ceramic dishes through distributors in either Europe or North America. Various trade documents are used to minimize transport risks and specify responsibilities, including proforma invoices, invoices, packing lists, bills of lading, and certificates of origin.
This document discusses cultural dimensions that impact international business and negotiations, focusing on Geert Hofstede's model of cultural dimensions. [1] It provides an overview of Hofstede's six dimensions: Power Distance, Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance, Masculinity, Long-Term Orientation, and Indulgence. [2] It then analyzes country scores on these dimensions and how they can help understand cultural differences that are important for international business and negotiations. [3] Understanding these cultural dimensions can help navigate differences in areas like decision-making processes, risk tolerance, and forms of agreements across cultures.
This document discusses the key risks involved in international business:
1. Cultural risk - Differences in languages, values, and attitudes across countries make international business operations more difficult to manage.
2. Political risk - Investing or doing business in unstable political environments can result in losses due to abrupt changes in policies.
3. Several other risks are also discussed, including information risk due to difficulties obtaining reliable market data internationally, transport risk due to more complex international shipments, foreign exchange risk from currency fluctuations, and payment risk which is higher when collecting payments from overseas customers. Managing these risks is an important part of international business.
The document provides an overview of the photovoltaic (PV) market in New Jersey. It discusses the evolution of PV capacity and costs in the US market and New Jersey's solar resources. Key aspects of New Jersey's PV market covered include installed capacity, incentives like rebates and renewable energy credits, utility programs, and business models. It also reviews the state's solar tax exemption and net metering policies which support the market.
This document provides an overview of the California photovoltaic (PV) market. It discusses key metrics of the US and California PV markets, including installed capacity, additions by type, and costs. It also outlines California's renewable energy policies and goals. Details are given on the California Solar Initiative incentive program and feed-in tariff rates. Information is presented on the three major California utilities and average retail electricity rates. The document analyzes factors influencing future electricity prices and summarizes various federal, state, and local PV promotion programs.
El documento describe las etapas de desarrollo económico de Corea del Sur desde la posguerra hasta la actualidad, incluyendo la reconstrucción, el "milagro coreano", la liberalización y la crisis asiática de 1997. También analiza los modelos de desarrollo de otros "cuatro dragones asiáticos" y la teoría de que el proteccionismo puede ser necesario en las primeras etapas del desarrollo económico de un país.
55 plus LAB un espacio de innovación para la logevidad activaJimmy Pons
55+LAB: Innovando para un Futuro Sostenible en la Longevidad
¿Por Qué 55+LAB?
Enfrentamos realidades complejas derivadas del envejecimiento en nuestros círculos familiares, una experiencia que nos impulsa a comprender mejor este proceso y empatizar con nuestros mayores. En 55+LAB, combinamos nuestra vasta experiencia en innovación turística con el deseo de mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas mayores de 55 años. Nos proponemos estudiar cómo mantener la independencia y un estilo de vida activo a medida que envejecemos, buscando alternativas a la residencia tradicional que muchas veces es rechazada por los mayores.
Contexto Actual y la Necesidad de Cambio
Para 2030, se estima que el número de personas mayores de 60 años en el mundo aumentará en un 56%, alcanzando 1.400 millones. Este rápido envejecimiento poblacional plantea desafíos significativos, no solo en términos de cuidados médicos, sino también en la calidad de vida sostenida. 55+LAB surge como respuesta a este desafío, buscando preparar a la Comunidad de Madrid y a España para enfrentar esta nueva realidad.
El Espacio 55+LAB: Un Enfoque Tridimensional
Concebido sobre tres pilares fundamentales —lo humano, lo sostenible y la tecnología avanzada—, 55+LAB es un laboratorio FIRTUAL (Físico y Virtual) que se propone ser un espacio de investigación y convivencia. Aquí, exploramos cómo mejorar continuamente la calidad de vida de nuestros mayores mediante el diseño y la tecnología, apoyándonos en un enfoque intergeneracional y aprovechando los últimos avances en medicina, robótica y realidad virtual.
Objetivos y Beneficios de 55+LAB
Nuestro principal objetivo es diseñar un laboratorio donde se pueda experimentar y desarrollar soluciones para asegurar una longevidad activa y saludable. Este enfoque no solo promete beneficios económicos, como una fuerza laboral prolongada y menores costos de salud, sino también ventajas sociales, mejorando la sabiduría y las relaciones intergeneracionales.
¿Quiénes son Clave para 55+LAB?
Buscamos colaborar con políticos, inversores, usuarios potenciales, periodistas, y especialistas en diversos campos que deseen unirse a nosotros en este viaje para modelar un futuro donde el envejecimiento sea una etapa plena y activa de la vida.
International transport plays a key role in international business and introduces risks like damaged or delayed goods. Incoterms are internationally agreed terms that clarify the responsibilities of buyers and sellers. They are split into four groups based on who is responsible for arranging and paying for carriage and who bears the risks. A company is considering distributing its ceramic dishes through distributors in either Europe or North America. Various trade documents are used to minimize transport risks and specify responsibilities, including proforma invoices, invoices, packing lists, bills of lading, and certificates of origin.
This document discusses cultural dimensions that impact international business and negotiations, focusing on Geert Hofstede's model of cultural dimensions. [1] It provides an overview of Hofstede's six dimensions: Power Distance, Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance, Masculinity, Long-Term Orientation, and Indulgence. [2] It then analyzes country scores on these dimensions and how they can help understand cultural differences that are important for international business and negotiations. [3] Understanding these cultural dimensions can help navigate differences in areas like decision-making processes, risk tolerance, and forms of agreements across cultures.
This document discusses the key risks involved in international business:
1. Cultural risk - Differences in languages, values, and attitudes across countries make international business operations more difficult to manage.
2. Political risk - Investing or doing business in unstable political environments can result in losses due to abrupt changes in policies.
3. Several other risks are also discussed, including information risk due to difficulties obtaining reliable market data internationally, transport risk due to more complex international shipments, foreign exchange risk from currency fluctuations, and payment risk which is higher when collecting payments from overseas customers. Managing these risks is an important part of international business.
The document provides an overview of the photovoltaic (PV) market in New Jersey. It discusses the evolution of PV capacity and costs in the US market and New Jersey's solar resources. Key aspects of New Jersey's PV market covered include installed capacity, incentives like rebates and renewable energy credits, utility programs, and business models. It also reviews the state's solar tax exemption and net metering policies which support the market.
This document provides an overview of the California photovoltaic (PV) market. It discusses key metrics of the US and California PV markets, including installed capacity, additions by type, and costs. It also outlines California's renewable energy policies and goals. Details are given on the California Solar Initiative incentive program and feed-in tariff rates. Information is presented on the three major California utilities and average retail electricity rates. The document analyzes factors influencing future electricity prices and summarizes various federal, state, and local PV promotion programs.
El documento describe las etapas de desarrollo económico de Corea del Sur desde la posguerra hasta la actualidad, incluyendo la reconstrucción, el "milagro coreano", la liberalización y la crisis asiática de 1997. También analiza los modelos de desarrollo de otros "cuatro dragones asiáticos" y la teoría de que el proteccionismo puede ser necesario en las primeras etapas del desarrollo económico de un país.
55 plus LAB un espacio de innovación para la logevidad activaJimmy Pons
55+LAB: Innovando para un Futuro Sostenible en la Longevidad
¿Por Qué 55+LAB?
Enfrentamos realidades complejas derivadas del envejecimiento en nuestros círculos familiares, una experiencia que nos impulsa a comprender mejor este proceso y empatizar con nuestros mayores. En 55+LAB, combinamos nuestra vasta experiencia en innovación turística con el deseo de mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas mayores de 55 años. Nos proponemos estudiar cómo mantener la independencia y un estilo de vida activo a medida que envejecemos, buscando alternativas a la residencia tradicional que muchas veces es rechazada por los mayores.
Contexto Actual y la Necesidad de Cambio
Para 2030, se estima que el número de personas mayores de 60 años en el mundo aumentará en un 56%, alcanzando 1.400 millones. Este rápido envejecimiento poblacional plantea desafíos significativos, no solo en términos de cuidados médicos, sino también en la calidad de vida sostenida. 55+LAB surge como respuesta a este desafío, buscando preparar a la Comunidad de Madrid y a España para enfrentar esta nueva realidad.
El Espacio 55+LAB: Un Enfoque Tridimensional
Concebido sobre tres pilares fundamentales —lo humano, lo sostenible y la tecnología avanzada—, 55+LAB es un laboratorio FIRTUAL (Físico y Virtual) que se propone ser un espacio de investigación y convivencia. Aquí, exploramos cómo mejorar continuamente la calidad de vida de nuestros mayores mediante el diseño y la tecnología, apoyándonos en un enfoque intergeneracional y aprovechando los últimos avances en medicina, robótica y realidad virtual.
Objetivos y Beneficios de 55+LAB
Nuestro principal objetivo es diseñar un laboratorio donde se pueda experimentar y desarrollar soluciones para asegurar una longevidad activa y saludable. Este enfoque no solo promete beneficios económicos, como una fuerza laboral prolongada y menores costos de salud, sino también ventajas sociales, mejorando la sabiduría y las relaciones intergeneracionales.
¿Quiénes son Clave para 55+LAB?
Buscamos colaborar con políticos, inversores, usuarios potenciales, periodistas, y especialistas en diversos campos que deseen unirse a nosotros en este viaje para modelar un futuro donde el envejecimiento sea una etapa plena y activa de la vida.
Seminario 2 (De JapóN A Corea, Lecciones De Crecimiento)
1. Seminario:
De Japón a Corea, lecciones de crecimiento
(Marzo 2009)
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2.
3.
4.
5. Las dos Coreas:
Estructura PIB
Población (M.) Crecimiento PIB PIB per cápita ($)
(agric./ind./serv.)
COREA DEL NORTE 23,5 1,00% 1.800 23,5/43,0/33,5
COREA DEL SUR 47,8 4,50% 16.500 3,3/37,6/59,1
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6. El desarrollo de Corea del Sur:
Etapas:
- Reconstrucción (1953-60)
- Milagro coreano (1961-80)
- Estabilización y liberalización (1981-97)
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7. El desarrollo de Corea del Sur:
Reconstrucción (1953-60):
- Estrategia ISI (Ind. por susbtitución de imp.)
- Resultados modestos y dependencia exterior
- Inversión en infraestructuras y reforma agraria
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8. El desarrollo de Corea del Sur:
Milagro coreano (1961-80):
- Industria orientada a la exportacíon
- Del textil a la industria pesada
- Orientación estatal de la economia
+ Infraestructuras
+ Control del tipo de cambio
+ Subvenciones
+ Ayudas fiscales
+ Impulso a los chaebol
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9. Los chaebol:
- Keiretsus coreanos
- Fuerte control familiar
- Dirección centralizada
- Integración vertical
- Ausencia de nucleo financiero
- Fuerte supervisación pública
- Tendencia al oligopolio/monopolio
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10. El desarrollo de Corea del Sur:
Estabilización (1981-97):
- Liberalización financiera y comercial
- Apertura a la entrada de capitales
- Gran entrada de inversión extranjera
- Internacionalización de la
economia coreana:
+ Inversión exterior
+ Consolidación de Chaebols
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11. Los cuatro dragones asiáticos:
- Corea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapur - 1980, giro a la tecnologia
- Nuevas economias industriales - Inversión exterior
- 1965-90, crecimiento PIB 6-7% - Proceso de democratización
- 2001, 10% exportacion global - Consolidación económica
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12. La crisis asiática (1997):
- Las causas:
+ Boom del crédito
+ Exceso de inversión
+ Deuda externa
- Contagio coreano
- Intervención del FMI
- Tensiones sociales
- Devaluación/recuperación
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13. La escalera de Ha Joon-Chang:
- Economia del desarrollo
- Política econòmica institucionalista
- Del libre comercio a la igualdad de
oportunidades económicas
- El camíno al desarrollo empieza en
el protecconismo
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14. Proteccionismo británico:
- 1721, promoción de las
manufacturas
- Bajos aranceles a la
importación de materias primas
- Altos aranceles a la importación
de productos industriales
- Subsidio a las exportaciones
- 1815, fin del proteccionismo
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15. Los Estados Unidos:
- Economia colonial agrícola - Subsidios + aranceles
- Oposición norte/sur - Proteccionismo y guerra civil
- Hamilton: Proteccionismo - Récord arancelario 1916-1945
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16. La escalera rota
- Freno al desarrollo
- El Consenso de Washington:
+ Reducción del gasto público
+ Liberalización del comercio
+ Liberalización de la IED (FDI)
+ Privatización
+ Desregulación
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