Topical Dosage Form practical session mainly for undergraduate students, those are learning competency based medicine with PH 2.1: Demonstrate an understanding of use of various dosage forms(Oral/Local/Parenteral ;Solid/Liquid)
Specific Learning Objectives:
The student should be able to:
•Enlist the common dosage forms used for oral route of administration
•Instruct the patient about the correct method of using an oral dosage form
•Describe the advantages and disadvantages of various dosage forms
This document provides information on tablet formulation and manufacturing. It defines what a tablet is and lists some key advantages such as stability, portability, accuracy of dosing, and low cost. It then describes different types of tablets including those ingested orally, used in the oral cavity, administered via other routes, and those used to prepare solutions. The document discusses excipients commonly used in tablet formulations and provides details on granule preparation methods, compression of granules into tablets, and potential defects that can occur during tablet manufacturing.
This document describes various types of dosage forms including their definitions, classifications, and examples. It discusses oral dosage forms like tablets, capsules, liquids, and others. It also covers topical forms like ointments, creams, gels and more. Rectal forms like suppositories and enemas are outlined. Vaginal forms such as pessaries and rings are defined. Finally, it briefly discusses parenteral forms including intravenous and intramuscular injections. The document provides detailed information on the characteristics and uses of different dosage forms for drug delivery.
The document discusses capsules and the capsule manufacturing process. It provides details on:
- The parts of capsules including the cap and body.
- The two main types of capsules - hard gelatin capsules and soft gelatin capsules.
- The manufacturing process for hard gelatin capsules including dipping, spinning, drying, filling, sealing and cleaning steps.
- Capsule sizes ranging from size 000 to size 5.
- The production of soft gelatin capsules using plate, rotary die and Accogel processes.
Powders, granules, and tablets are common solid oral dosage forms. Powders are mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs that can be administered orally, parenterally, or externally. Granules are enlarged powder particles supplied in single-dose sachets, with some dissolving in water before use. Tablets are compressed medications that may be coated, chewable, effervescent, multi-layered, or sublingual/buccal for specific effects. Capsules contain medications in either hard or soft gelatin shells.
Formulation and evaluation of effervescent tablets.pptxParimal Hadge
This document discusses the formulation and evaluation of effervescent tablets. It begins by defining effervescent tablets as tablets intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before administration. They generally contain acid substances that react with carbonates or bicarbonates to release carbon dioxide when exposed to water. The document then outlines the advantages of effervescent tablets such as fast onset of action and improved palatability. It provides details on common active ingredients, preparation methods, ingredients used, manufacturing techniques, and evaluation parameters for effervescent tablets including disintegration time, dissolution testing, and content uniformity.
This document discusses powders and granules used in pharmaceutical preparations. It defines powders as finely divided solids and describes their advantages as flexibility, good chemical stability, and rapid dispersion due to small particle size. Granules are agglomerates of powder particles that have better flow properties than powders. The document discusses methods for preparing powders and granules, including wet and dry granulation techniques. It also covers topics like particle size analysis, blending powders, and special powder formulations like effervescent granules.
Rectal, vaginal, urethral, nasal, and ear suppositories are semisolid dosage forms for insertion into body orifices other than the mouth. Suppositories have various shapes and weights depending on their intended orifice and patient population. Common suppository bases include fatty bases like theobroma oil and water soluble bases like glycero-gelatin, which allow suppositories to melt at body temperature for drug release. Suppositories can be used for both local and systemic drug delivery.
This document provides information on tablet formulation and manufacturing. It defines what a tablet is and lists some key advantages such as stability, portability, accuracy of dosing, and low cost. It then describes different types of tablets including those ingested orally, used in the oral cavity, administered via other routes, and those used to prepare solutions. The document discusses excipients commonly used in tablet formulations and provides details on granule preparation methods, compression of granules into tablets, and potential defects that can occur during tablet manufacturing.
This document describes various types of dosage forms including their definitions, classifications, and examples. It discusses oral dosage forms like tablets, capsules, liquids, and others. It also covers topical forms like ointments, creams, gels and more. Rectal forms like suppositories and enemas are outlined. Vaginal forms such as pessaries and rings are defined. Finally, it briefly discusses parenteral forms including intravenous and intramuscular injections. The document provides detailed information on the characteristics and uses of different dosage forms for drug delivery.
The document discusses capsules and the capsule manufacturing process. It provides details on:
- The parts of capsules including the cap and body.
- The two main types of capsules - hard gelatin capsules and soft gelatin capsules.
- The manufacturing process for hard gelatin capsules including dipping, spinning, drying, filling, sealing and cleaning steps.
- Capsule sizes ranging from size 000 to size 5.
- The production of soft gelatin capsules using plate, rotary die and Accogel processes.
Powders, granules, and tablets are common solid oral dosage forms. Powders are mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs that can be administered orally, parenterally, or externally. Granules are enlarged powder particles supplied in single-dose sachets, with some dissolving in water before use. Tablets are compressed medications that may be coated, chewable, effervescent, multi-layered, or sublingual/buccal for specific effects. Capsules contain medications in either hard or soft gelatin shells.
Formulation and evaluation of effervescent tablets.pptxParimal Hadge
This document discusses the formulation and evaluation of effervescent tablets. It begins by defining effervescent tablets as tablets intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before administration. They generally contain acid substances that react with carbonates or bicarbonates to release carbon dioxide when exposed to water. The document then outlines the advantages of effervescent tablets such as fast onset of action and improved palatability. It provides details on common active ingredients, preparation methods, ingredients used, manufacturing techniques, and evaluation parameters for effervescent tablets including disintegration time, dissolution testing, and content uniformity.
This document discusses powders and granules used in pharmaceutical preparations. It defines powders as finely divided solids and describes their advantages as flexibility, good chemical stability, and rapid dispersion due to small particle size. Granules are agglomerates of powder particles that have better flow properties than powders. The document discusses methods for preparing powders and granules, including wet and dry granulation techniques. It also covers topics like particle size analysis, blending powders, and special powder formulations like effervescent granules.
Rectal, vaginal, urethral, nasal, and ear suppositories are semisolid dosage forms for insertion into body orifices other than the mouth. Suppositories have various shapes and weights depending on their intended orifice and patient population. Common suppository bases include fatty bases like theobroma oil and water soluble bases like glycero-gelatin, which allow suppositories to melt at body temperature for drug release. Suppositories can be used for both local and systemic drug delivery.
Formulation and Manufacturing of Aerosols and their EvaluationAnurag Gupta
This document discusses pharmaceutical aerosols, including their components, formulation, manufacturing, and evaluation. Aerosols contain one or more active ingredients that are emitted as fine droplets or particles upon actuation. They consist of a product concentrate and propellant. Common propellants include liquefied gases like CFCs and HFCs or compressed gases like CO2. Aerosols provide advantages like convenience and quick onset of action but also have disadvantages like potential for irritation and valve clogging.
Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.
Powders are mixtures of finely divided drugs and chemicals that can be used internally or externally. Powders consist of particles that can range in size from 10 mm to 1 μm. The particle size distribution and properties influence how powders can be used. Before using powders to make pharmaceutical products, their chemical and physical characteristics like morphology, purity, solubility, and stability are analyzed. Proper blending and avoiding segregation of powder mixtures is important for ensuring uniform and consistent dosing.
Pharmaceutical aerosols are therapeutic active ingredients packaged in a pressurized system. They have advantages like direct delivery to affected areas and reduced irritation. Components include a propellant, container, valve, and product concentrate. Propellants expel the product and include hydrocarbons or gases. Containers must withstand high pressure. Valves deliver the drug in the desired form. Formulations contain an active ingredient and propellant. Quality is ensured through testing of components, valves, spray pattern, and other parameters. Dry powder inhalers deliver drug particles without propellants. They must produce respirable aerosol clouds for lung deposition.
Excipients are inactive substances formulated with active pharmaceutical ingredients to create drug products. They serve important purposes like bulking up formulations, ensuring consistent drug release and stability, and determining properties of the final dosage form like tablet size and dissolution rate. Common excipients include diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, and glidants. Diluents increase volume and include substances like lactose, starch and calcium phosphate. Binders promote adhesion while disintegrants facilitate breaking of tablets. Lubricants prevent adhesion during compression and glidants promote powder flow. Proper excipient selection is crucial for an efficacious and robust drug product.
Liniments are topical preparations intended for external application to relieve conditions like itching, dry skin, pain, and inflammation, and can be alcoholic, oily, or emulsion bases. They are applied with friction and contain ingredients like analgesics, rubefacients, and counterirritants. Common examples of liniments include Compound Calamine Liniment, Efficascent Oil, and White Liniment.
This document defines and classifies different types of dosage forms. It discusses oral solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, granules and powders. It also covers oral liquid forms such as solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Finally, it summarizes topical dosage forms including ointments, creams, gels, pastes and dusting powders which are applied externally to the skin or mucous membranes. The purpose of different dosage forms is to deliver drug molecules accurately to sites of action in the body while protecting, masking taste and ensuring sustained or controlled release of medication.
This document defines ointments as semi-solid preparations for application to the skin. It discusses the types of ointments including medicated and non-medicated. It describes the ideal properties of ointments and different bases used to make them, including oleaginous, absorption, water-removable, and water-soluble bases. Methods for preparing ointments by incorporation and fusion are also outlined.
Hard gelatin capsules are solid dosage forms where medicaments are enclosed in gelatin shells composed of two sections called caps and bodies. Capsules offer advantages like easy swallowing, taste masking, and protection from light. They are manufactured by dipping stainless steel pins in gelatin solution, spinning to distribute gelatin uniformly, drying, stripping caps and bodies, trimming, and joining. Capsules are filled using machines that separate caps from bodies, fill powder into bodies using various techniques like auger filling or piston tamping, scrape excess powder, replace caps, and seal capsules. Finished capsules are evaluated for tests like disintegration, dissolution, content uniformity and weight variation.
This document discusses classical dosage forms, which are conventional dosage forms prepared without advanced techniques. It describes lozenges as medicated candies dissolved in the mouth to soothe throat irritation. Pills are small, round solids containing medication. Cachets enclose medication within a wafer shell. Draughts are single-dose liquid preparations packaged in larger volumes. Suppositories and pessaries are solid medications inserted into orifices to exert local or systemic effects as they dissolve.
This document provides information on suppositories, including their uses, advantages, challenges, and formulation considerations. Suppositories can be used to deliver drugs locally or systemically when oral administration is not possible. They melt or dissolve at body temperature for drug release and absorption. The document discusses important properties of suppository bases like cocoa butter and synthetic triglycerides, as well as factors that influence drug release and absorption from suppositories. It also provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the rectum relevant to suppository administration.
Ointment, cream, gel , pastes, plasters, glycerogelatinCristina Joy Reyes
Ointments, creams, gels, pastes, plasters, and glycerogelatins are different topical semisolid dosage forms. Ointments are semisolids for application to the skin or mucous membranes and can be medicated or unmedicated. Creams are emulsions that can be water-in-oil or oil-in-water. Gels are dispersions of molecules in an aqueous liquid made jelly-like with a gelling agent. Pastes are stiffer than ointments and contain more solids. Plasters are adhesive solid or semisolid masses spread on a backing. Glycerogelatins contain gelatin, glycerin, water,
This document discusses different types of powders used in pharmaceuticals. It describes powders as mixtures of finely divided drugs or chemicals in dry form that can be used internally or externally. The key types discussed are:
- Bulk powders for internal or external use which contain multiple doses and are less accurate.
- Simple and compound powders for internal use which contain a single ingredient or multiple ingredients divided into individual doses wrapped in paper.
- Powders enclosed in capsules or cachets to allow ingestion of unpleasant tasting powders.
- Compressed powders which are potent drugs mixed with diluents and compressed into tablet form using moulds.
This document provides definitions and evaluation methods for solid oral dosage forms like tablets and capsules. It defines tablets as containing an active ingredient with or without excipients prepared by molding or compression, and capsules as containing the active ingredient filled into a cap and body. It describes methods like disintegration testing using baskets, dissolution testing using paddle or basket apparatuses, content uniformity testing, weight variation testing, friability testing, and moisture permeation testing to evaluate important properties of tablets and capsules.
This document discusses different types of solid drug forms including tablets, capsules, granules, powders, and pellets. Pellets are small, sterile tablets used for prolonged drug release and come in sizes between 0.5-1.5mm. Pellets can be manufactured using various methods including layering powders or liquids onto seed cores, spray drying, compaction processes like extrusion-spheronization, and globulation techniques. New production methods include hot melt extrusion and cryopelletization.
This document discusses different types of semi-solid pharmaceutical formulations including ointments, creams, pastes, poultices, gels, and jellies. It provides details on the general properties, ingredients, and manufacturing methods for each type. Evaluation methods for various semi-solid formulations are also summarized, such as tests to measure penetration, drug release rate, absorption, and irritancy for ointments, and tests of rheology, sensitivity, and biological activity for creams.
This document discusses various ophthalmic products including eye drops, eye lotions, eye suspensions, eye ointments, and contact lens solutions. It describes the ideal characteristics of ophthalmic products such as being sterile, isotonic, and having the proper pH and viscosity. It also discusses the types of microorganisms that can cause eye infections and how sterility is achieved. The document provides details on the formulation, preparation, and labeling of different ophthalmic products.
This document provides information about pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines a suspension as a coarse dispersion where an insoluble solid active ingredient is uniformly dispersed throughout an external aqueous or non-aqueous liquid phase. Suspensions are formulated when drugs are insoluble, to mask bitter tastes, increase stability, or achieve sustained release. Key factors in formulating stable suspensions include particle size, shape, wettability, and use of suspending agents to decrease interparticle attraction and impart viscosity. Proper manufacturing controls suspension quality.
This document provides information on administering ophthalmic, ear, and rectal medications. It discusses:
1) Preparing and instilling eye drops, ointments, and ear drops, including proper positioning, identification, and administration techniques.
2) Administering medications through nasogastric tubes, including delivering the full dose and positioning the patient.
3) Common rectal dosage forms like suppositories, creams, and gels, which are usually torpedo-shaped and composed of fatty or water-soluble bases.
4) Packaging rectal formulations with perforated applicators and storing in a cool place.
This document provides information on administering various ophthalmic, ear, rectal, and vaginal medications. It discusses:
1) Preparing and instilling eye drops, including identifying the patient, checking the medication order, positioning the patient, pulling down the eyelid, squeezing the prescribed number of drops in, and having the patient blink.
2) Instilling eye ointment by laying a thin strip along the inner eye and having the patient roll their eye.
3) Giving medication through a nasogastric tube by holding the tube above the patient's nose and slowly delivering the dose.
4) Preparing and instilling ear drops by positioning the patient on their side and
Formulation and Manufacturing of Aerosols and their EvaluationAnurag Gupta
This document discusses pharmaceutical aerosols, including their components, formulation, manufacturing, and evaluation. Aerosols contain one or more active ingredients that are emitted as fine droplets or particles upon actuation. They consist of a product concentrate and propellant. Common propellants include liquefied gases like CFCs and HFCs or compressed gases like CO2. Aerosols provide advantages like convenience and quick onset of action but also have disadvantages like potential for irritation and valve clogging.
Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.
Powders are mixtures of finely divided drugs and chemicals that can be used internally or externally. Powders consist of particles that can range in size from 10 mm to 1 μm. The particle size distribution and properties influence how powders can be used. Before using powders to make pharmaceutical products, their chemical and physical characteristics like morphology, purity, solubility, and stability are analyzed. Proper blending and avoiding segregation of powder mixtures is important for ensuring uniform and consistent dosing.
Pharmaceutical aerosols are therapeutic active ingredients packaged in a pressurized system. They have advantages like direct delivery to affected areas and reduced irritation. Components include a propellant, container, valve, and product concentrate. Propellants expel the product and include hydrocarbons or gases. Containers must withstand high pressure. Valves deliver the drug in the desired form. Formulations contain an active ingredient and propellant. Quality is ensured through testing of components, valves, spray pattern, and other parameters. Dry powder inhalers deliver drug particles without propellants. They must produce respirable aerosol clouds for lung deposition.
Excipients are inactive substances formulated with active pharmaceutical ingredients to create drug products. They serve important purposes like bulking up formulations, ensuring consistent drug release and stability, and determining properties of the final dosage form like tablet size and dissolution rate. Common excipients include diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, and glidants. Diluents increase volume and include substances like lactose, starch and calcium phosphate. Binders promote adhesion while disintegrants facilitate breaking of tablets. Lubricants prevent adhesion during compression and glidants promote powder flow. Proper excipient selection is crucial for an efficacious and robust drug product.
Liniments are topical preparations intended for external application to relieve conditions like itching, dry skin, pain, and inflammation, and can be alcoholic, oily, or emulsion bases. They are applied with friction and contain ingredients like analgesics, rubefacients, and counterirritants. Common examples of liniments include Compound Calamine Liniment, Efficascent Oil, and White Liniment.
This document defines and classifies different types of dosage forms. It discusses oral solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, granules and powders. It also covers oral liquid forms such as solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Finally, it summarizes topical dosage forms including ointments, creams, gels, pastes and dusting powders which are applied externally to the skin or mucous membranes. The purpose of different dosage forms is to deliver drug molecules accurately to sites of action in the body while protecting, masking taste and ensuring sustained or controlled release of medication.
This document defines ointments as semi-solid preparations for application to the skin. It discusses the types of ointments including medicated and non-medicated. It describes the ideal properties of ointments and different bases used to make them, including oleaginous, absorption, water-removable, and water-soluble bases. Methods for preparing ointments by incorporation and fusion are also outlined.
Hard gelatin capsules are solid dosage forms where medicaments are enclosed in gelatin shells composed of two sections called caps and bodies. Capsules offer advantages like easy swallowing, taste masking, and protection from light. They are manufactured by dipping stainless steel pins in gelatin solution, spinning to distribute gelatin uniformly, drying, stripping caps and bodies, trimming, and joining. Capsules are filled using machines that separate caps from bodies, fill powder into bodies using various techniques like auger filling or piston tamping, scrape excess powder, replace caps, and seal capsules. Finished capsules are evaluated for tests like disintegration, dissolution, content uniformity and weight variation.
This document discusses classical dosage forms, which are conventional dosage forms prepared without advanced techniques. It describes lozenges as medicated candies dissolved in the mouth to soothe throat irritation. Pills are small, round solids containing medication. Cachets enclose medication within a wafer shell. Draughts are single-dose liquid preparations packaged in larger volumes. Suppositories and pessaries are solid medications inserted into orifices to exert local or systemic effects as they dissolve.
This document provides information on suppositories, including their uses, advantages, challenges, and formulation considerations. Suppositories can be used to deliver drugs locally or systemically when oral administration is not possible. They melt or dissolve at body temperature for drug release and absorption. The document discusses important properties of suppository bases like cocoa butter and synthetic triglycerides, as well as factors that influence drug release and absorption from suppositories. It also provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the rectum relevant to suppository administration.
Ointment, cream, gel , pastes, plasters, glycerogelatinCristina Joy Reyes
Ointments, creams, gels, pastes, plasters, and glycerogelatins are different topical semisolid dosage forms. Ointments are semisolids for application to the skin or mucous membranes and can be medicated or unmedicated. Creams are emulsions that can be water-in-oil or oil-in-water. Gels are dispersions of molecules in an aqueous liquid made jelly-like with a gelling agent. Pastes are stiffer than ointments and contain more solids. Plasters are adhesive solid or semisolid masses spread on a backing. Glycerogelatins contain gelatin, glycerin, water,
This document discusses different types of powders used in pharmaceuticals. It describes powders as mixtures of finely divided drugs or chemicals in dry form that can be used internally or externally. The key types discussed are:
- Bulk powders for internal or external use which contain multiple doses and are less accurate.
- Simple and compound powders for internal use which contain a single ingredient or multiple ingredients divided into individual doses wrapped in paper.
- Powders enclosed in capsules or cachets to allow ingestion of unpleasant tasting powders.
- Compressed powders which are potent drugs mixed with diluents and compressed into tablet form using moulds.
This document provides definitions and evaluation methods for solid oral dosage forms like tablets and capsules. It defines tablets as containing an active ingredient with or without excipients prepared by molding or compression, and capsules as containing the active ingredient filled into a cap and body. It describes methods like disintegration testing using baskets, dissolution testing using paddle or basket apparatuses, content uniformity testing, weight variation testing, friability testing, and moisture permeation testing to evaluate important properties of tablets and capsules.
This document discusses different types of solid drug forms including tablets, capsules, granules, powders, and pellets. Pellets are small, sterile tablets used for prolonged drug release and come in sizes between 0.5-1.5mm. Pellets can be manufactured using various methods including layering powders or liquids onto seed cores, spray drying, compaction processes like extrusion-spheronization, and globulation techniques. New production methods include hot melt extrusion and cryopelletization.
This document discusses different types of semi-solid pharmaceutical formulations including ointments, creams, pastes, poultices, gels, and jellies. It provides details on the general properties, ingredients, and manufacturing methods for each type. Evaluation methods for various semi-solid formulations are also summarized, such as tests to measure penetration, drug release rate, absorption, and irritancy for ointments, and tests of rheology, sensitivity, and biological activity for creams.
This document discusses various ophthalmic products including eye drops, eye lotions, eye suspensions, eye ointments, and contact lens solutions. It describes the ideal characteristics of ophthalmic products such as being sterile, isotonic, and having the proper pH and viscosity. It also discusses the types of microorganisms that can cause eye infections and how sterility is achieved. The document provides details on the formulation, preparation, and labeling of different ophthalmic products.
This document provides information about pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines a suspension as a coarse dispersion where an insoluble solid active ingredient is uniformly dispersed throughout an external aqueous or non-aqueous liquid phase. Suspensions are formulated when drugs are insoluble, to mask bitter tastes, increase stability, or achieve sustained release. Key factors in formulating stable suspensions include particle size, shape, wettability, and use of suspending agents to decrease interparticle attraction and impart viscosity. Proper manufacturing controls suspension quality.
This document provides information on administering ophthalmic, ear, and rectal medications. It discusses:
1) Preparing and instilling eye drops, ointments, and ear drops, including proper positioning, identification, and administration techniques.
2) Administering medications through nasogastric tubes, including delivering the full dose and positioning the patient.
3) Common rectal dosage forms like suppositories, creams, and gels, which are usually torpedo-shaped and composed of fatty or water-soluble bases.
4) Packaging rectal formulations with perforated applicators and storing in a cool place.
This document provides information on administering various ophthalmic, ear, rectal, and vaginal medications. It discusses:
1) Preparing and instilling eye drops, including identifying the patient, checking the medication order, positioning the patient, pulling down the eyelid, squeezing the prescribed number of drops in, and having the patient blink.
2) Instilling eye ointment by laying a thin strip along the inner eye and having the patient roll their eye.
3) Giving medication through a nasogastric tube by holding the tube above the patient's nose and slowly delivering the dose.
4) Preparing and instilling ear drops by positioning the patient on their side and
This document provides information on instillation of medications into the eye, ear, and nose. It discusses the principles and procedures for administering eye drops, ear drops, and nasal drops. Key points include holding the head in correct positions to allow drops to reach the intended areas, using separate equipment for each patient, explaining the procedure to gain cooperation, and having the patient remain in position for a period after instillation.
Administration of Medications into Eye and Ear- Topical Application Ganga Tiwari
Administration of Medications into Eye and Ear
Presented by Ganga Tiwari ( BSc. Nursing Fourth Year, TU, IOM, Maharajgunj Nursing Campus Kathamandu Nepal)
Direct application (Fundamental Of Nursing)MO FAISHAL
This document provides information on various direct drug application methods including suppositories, nasal packing, throat swabs, and bladder irrigation. It defines suppositories as solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body cavities. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of suppositories as well as procedures for inserting suppositories into the rectum or vagina. The document also outlines procedures for nasal packing, throat swabs, ear and eye drops/ointment installation, and bladder irrigation.
Techniques of administration of dosage form "eye drop"viperchhetri
This document summarizes a presentation on techniques for administering eye drops. It begins with introductions on pharmaceutical dosage forms and special dosage forms like eye drops. It then describes the purpose, proper procedure, advantages, and disadvantages of eye drop administration. Key points include tilting the head back, pulling the lower eyelid down to form a pocket, squeezing a single drop into the eye, closing the eye for 2-3 minutes, and washing hands after. Precautions discussed are not touching the tip and discarding drops after the appropriate time period. The conclusion emphasizes that eye drops are used to deliver medication via the ocular route topically to the eye.
PARENTERAL AND TOPICAL DOSAGE FORMS (1).pptxmasumreza32
This document discusses various parenteral and topical dosage forms. It begins by defining parenteral dosage forms as those administered by routes other than oral, such as directly into systemic circulation via injection. It notes some key advantages of parenteral forms like rapid action and avoidance of first-pass metabolism, as well as disadvantages like pain and expense. It then describes various liquid and solid topical dosage forms like ointments, creams, suppositories, and their uses. The document provides details on administration methods for different forms like eyedrops, eardrops, nasal sprays, inhalers, and nebulizers. It concludes by discussing some newer drug delivery systems.
This document provides an overview of tablets as a drug delivery system. It discusses the definition, advantages, and disadvantages of tablets. It describes different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document outlines the main excipients used in tablet formulations and the manufacturing process, which typically involves granulation and compression. It also discusses tablet coating methods and common defects in tablets. The document serves as a comprehensive guide to the fundamentals of tablet design and production.
This document provides an overview of tablet formulation and manufacturing. It discusses the definition and advantages of tablets as a popular dosage form. It describes different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document outlines the manufacturing process for compressed tablets including preparation of granules through wet and dry granulation. It also discusses common excipients used in tablet formulations such as diluents, binders, and lubricants. Finally, it provides information on tablet coating techniques and quality evaluation tests for tablets.
This document provides an overview of tablets as a drug delivery system. It discusses the definition and advantages of tablets. It describes different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document outlines the manufacturing process for compressed tablets including granulation, compression, and coating. It also discusses common excipients used in tablet formulations and methods for evaluating tablet quality.
The document provides instructions for administering various types of medications including orally, sublingually, buccally, parenterally, and topically. It describes in steps how to properly administer oral medications, eyedrops, ear drops, nose drops, rectal suppositories, vaginal medications, and how to deal with nausea and mouth discomfort.
Topical drug administration involves applying medications locally to areas like the skin, eyes, ears, nose, and mucous membranes. It allows for local drug effects with fewer systemic side effects. Methods include direct application of liquids, insertions into body cavities, instillations, irrigations, and sprays. Proper topical administration requires following the rights of medication administration, preparing the application site, educating the patient, carefully applying the medication, documenting, and monitoring for side effects.
Topical drug administration involves applying medications locally to areas like the skin, eyes, ears, nose, and mucous membranes. It allows for local drug effects with fewer systemic side effects. Methods include direct application of liquids, insertions into body cavities, instillations, irrigations, and sprays. Proper topical administration requires following the rights of medication administration, preparing the application site, educating the patient, carefully applying the medication, documenting, and monitoring for side effects.
Dispensing Lab Specialized Drug Delivery Systems And Health Accessoriesdunerafael
This document discusses specialized drug delivery systems and provides advice on their proper use. It defines and illustrates different specialized dosage forms like implants, insufflations, irrigation solutions, and more. Regarding implants, it advises monitoring for pain and avoiding heavy lifting for 24 hours. It recommends inhaling all of the aerosol when using a nebulizer. Allied professionals are advised that only surgeons can implant devices and to watch for swelling and bruising after a procedure.
This document provides an overview of pharmacology concepts including pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, drug administration principles, common dosage forms, routes of administration, and dosage calculations. Key points covered include drug effects on the body, factors influencing drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, the rights of drug administration, and methods for administering various types of drugs orally, topically, inhaled, and parenterally.
This document provides an overview of tablets, including:
- Tablets are compressed solid dosage forms that are usually circular in shape and may be flat or curved. They are the most popular dosage form.
- Advantages of tablets include being easy to administer and dispense, more stable, light and compact, and economical. Disadvantages include difficulty formulating some drugs and increased costs from coating.
- The document describes different types of tablets based on how they are administered, manufactured, and used. It also covers tablet ingredients, manufacturing processes, coating methods, and potential defects.
Drug formulations, dosage form and drug delivery devicesAmit Kumar
This document provides information on various drug dosage forms and drug delivery devices. It defines drug dosage forms as the form in which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body. It then describes several solid, semi-solid, and liquid dosage forms including tablets, capsules, powders, ointments, syrups, and injections. The document also discusses various drug delivery devices like transdermal patches, insulin pens and pumps, nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers, and ocuserts which help deliver drugs to targeted sites in the body.
This document outlines guidelines for administering various types of oral, topical, inhaled, and rectal/vaginal medications. It describes different drug forms like tablets, liquids, creams and patches. It provides instructions on using measuring devices, giving oral medications, applying topical drugs, administering eye/ear drops and nasal sprays, and inserting suppositories. The document emphasizes best practices like proper positioning, hygiene, and monitoring the person after administration.
This document discusses tablets as a type of solid oral dosage form used for drug delivery. It defines tablets as compressed powders or granules containing medicinal ingredients. The document outlines the advantages of tablets such as ease of administration and accurate dosing. It also discusses different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document provides details on the manufacturing process for compressed tablets including preparation of granules, compression, and coating. It also lists common excipients used in tablet formulations such as diluents, binding agents, and disintegrating agents.
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and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Newer Drug Delivery System_31-01-2024_Dr. Jeenal Mistry.pdfDr Jeenal Mistry
Advances in molecular pharmacology and an improved understanding of the mechanism of most diseases have created the need to specifically target the cells involved in the initiation and progression of diseases. This is especially true for most life-threatening diseases requiring therapeutic agents which have numerous side effects, thus requiring accurate tissue targeting to minimize systemic exposure. Recent drug delivery systems (DDS) are formulated using advanced technology to accelerate systemic drug delivery to the specific target site, maximizing therapeutic efficacy and minimizing off-target accumulation in the body. As a result, they play an important role in disease management and treatment. Recent DDS offer greater advantages when compared to conventional drug delivery systems due to their enhanced performance, automation, precision, and efficacy. They are made of nanomaterials or miniaturized devices with multifunctional components that are biocompatible, biodegradable, and have high viscoelasticity with an extended circulating half-life. This review, therefore, provides a comprehensive insight into the history and technological advancement of drug delivery systems. It updates the most recent drug delivery systems, their therapeutic applications, challenges associated with their use, and future directions for improved performance and use.
Drug Drug Interactions_27-01-2024_Dr. Jeenal Mistry.pdfDr Jeenal Mistry
In pharmaceutical sciences, drug interactions occur when a drug's mechanism of action is affected by the concomitant administration of substances such as foods, beverages, or other drugs. A popular example of drug-food interaction is the effect of grapefruit in the metabolism of drugs.
Interactions may occur by simultaneous targeting of receptors, directly or indirectly. For example, both Zolpidem and alcohol affect GABAA receptors, and their simultaneous consumption results in the overstimulation of the receptor, which can lead to loss of consciousness. When two drugs affect each other, it receives the name of a drug-drug interaction. The risk of a drug-drug interaction (DDI) increases with the number of drugs used.
A large share of elderly people regularly use five or more medications or supplements, with a significant risk of side-effects from drug-drug interactions.
Drug interactions can be of three kinds:
additive (the result is what you expect when you add together the effect of each drug taken independently),
synergistic (combining the drugs leads to a larger effect than expected), or
antagonistic (combining the drugs leads to a smaller effect than expected).
It may be difficult to distinguish between synergistic or additive interactions, as individual effects of drugs may vary.
Direct interactions between drugs are also possible and may occur when two drugs are mixed before intravenous injection. For example, mixing thiopentone and suxamethonium can lead to the precipitation of thiopentone.
Rational Use of Medicine_Evidence Based Medicine_Therapeutic Drug Monitoring_...Dr Jeenal Mistry
Rational use of Medicine: Irrational use of medicines is a major problem worldwide. WHO estimates that more than half of all medicines are prescribed, dispensed or sold inappropriately, and that half of all patients fail to take them correctly. The overuse, underuse or misuse of medicines results in wastage of scarce resources and widespread health hazards. Examples of irrational use of medicines include: use of too many medicines per patient ("poly-pharmacy"); inappropriate use of antimicrobials, often in inadequate dosage, for non-bacterial infections; over-use of injections when oral formulations would be more appropriate; failure to prescribe in accordance with clinical guidelines; inappropriate self-medication, often of prescription-only medicines; non-adherence to dosing regimes.
Evidence based medicine: Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is "the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients."The aim of EBM is to integrate the experience of the clinician, the values of the patient, and the best available scientific information to guide decision-making about clinical management. The term was originally used to describe an approach to teaching the practice of medicine and improving decisions by individual physicians about individual patients.
Therapeutic drug monitoring: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a branch of clinical chemistry and clinical pharmacology that specializes in the measurement of medication levels in blood. Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, i.e. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed.
ORAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION_Dr. Jeenal Mistry.pdfDr Jeenal Mistry
Oral Dosage Form practical session mainly for undergraduate students, those are learning competency based with PH 2.1: Demonstrate an understanding of use of various dosage forms(Oral/Local/Parenteral ;Solid/Liquid)
Specific Learning Objectives:
The student should be able to:
•Enlist the common dosage forms used for oral route of administration
•Instruct the patient about the correct method of using an oral dosage form
•Describe the advantages and disadvantages of various dosage forms
1) The study examined the effects of a monoclonal anti-CGRP antibody on stress-induced colonic hypersensitivity in a rat model.
2) The antibody decreased colonic hypersensitivity induced by chronic adult stress or unpredictable early life stress without affecting colonic compliance.
3) The antibody also inhibited stress-induced signaling in the thoracolumbar spinal cord that is associated with persistent visceral pain.
Dr Jeenal Mistry_Recent Advances in DM_8th Sept 2022.pptxDr Jeenal Mistry
The pharmacotherapy of DM has evolved tremendously in the last
100 years since the successful extraction of insulin in 1921. The efficacy of multiple drugs has been established for microvascular and
macrovascular outcomes. Despite manufacturing successful insulinanalogues, newer analogues such as icodec and newer automated
insulin delivery pumps are in the pipeline to further improve glycaemic
control. CVOTs were initiated to establish the safety of antidiabetics;
however, apart from establishing efficacy as well, some drugs have
grown to the extent of establishing efficacy and safety in nondiabetic
patients as well. Current research must be directed towards new therapeutic options for TIDM and evaluating efficacy of antidiabetics for
diseases concomitantly associated with DM, such as cerebrovascular
diseases, neuropathies, retinopathies and cancers. Diabetes with
COVID-19 provides a therapeutic dilemma for establishing adequate
glycaemic control as well as managing complications. Numerous
hypotheses exist for the management of COVID-19 with diabetics,
which need to be evaluated. Various new drug delivery systems and
drugs with novel mechanisms of action, are in the pipeline for the
management of TIDM and TIIDM, with some of them demonstrating
adequate promise in clinical trials or other diseases.
Dr Jeenal Mistry_ Journal Club 3_6th August 2022.pptxDr Jeenal Mistry
CVN424 is a novel small molecule and first-in-class candidate therapeutic to selectively modulate GPR6, an orphan G-protein coupled receptor. Expression of GPR6 is largely confined to the subset of striatal projection neurons that give rise to the indirect(striatopallidal) pathway, important in the control of movement.
CVN424 improves motor function in preclinical animal models
of Parkinson’s disease. Here, we report results of a phase 1,
first-in-human study investigating the safety, tolerability, and
pharmacokinetics of CVN424 in healthy volunteers. The study
(NCT03657030) was randomized, double-blind, and placebo controlled. CVN424 was orally administered in ascending doses to successive cohorts as inpatients in a clinical research unit. Single
doses ranged from 1 mg to 225 mg, and repeated (7 day) daily
doses were 25, 75, or 150 mg. CVN424 peak plasma concentrations were reached within 2 h post-dose in the fasted state and increased with increasing dose. Dosing after a standardized high fat meal reduced and delayed the peak plasma concentration, but total plasma exposure was similar. Mean terminal half-life
ranged from 30 to 41 h. CVN424 was generally well tolerated:
no serious or severe adverse effects were observed, and there
were no clinically significant changes in vital signs or laboratory parameters. We conclude that CVN424, a nondopaminergic compound that modulates a novel therapeutic target, was
safe and well tolerated. A phase 2 study in patients with Parkinson’s disease is underway.
This is the first-in-human clinical study of a first-in-class candidate therapeutic. CVN424 modulates a novel drug target,
GPR6, which is selectively expressed in a pathway in the brain
that has been implicated in the motor dysfunction of patients
with Parkinson’s disease. This study paves the way for investigating this novel mechanism of action in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
The goal of reverse pharmacology is to utilize disease pathology in order to identify specific and targetable elements that novel compounds can be modeled from.
Now days due to various lifestyle people cannot able to sleep and having good sleep
There is difficulty in initiation, maintaining, & awakening during sleep.
I will try to help for understanding normal sleep, neurophysiology, sleep disorder & its Pharmacotherapy by this seminar session.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
3. 3
Competency
PH 2.1 Demonstrate an understanding of use of various dosage forms
(Oral / Local /Parenteral; Solid / Liquid)
Specific Learning Objectives:
• Enlist the common dosage forms used for topical route of administration
• Instruct the patient about the correct method of using an local dosage form
• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of various dosage forms.
4. INTRODUCTION
4
♠ In the field of pharmaceuticals, optimizing drug delivery plays a
crucial role in ensuring effective treatment.
♠ Topical dosage forms have gained significant attention for their unique
advantages.
♠ This introduction explores the benefits and advancements in drug
delivery through topical formulations, highlighting their potential in
enhancing patient outcomes.
♠ Available in the form of lotion, cream, ointment, powder, drops,
spray etc.
5. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
5
Advantages
♠ Alternative to oral and
parenteral drug administration.
♠ Fewer risk of GI side effects.
♠ Fewer risk of abuse.
♠ Easy to administer.
Disadvantages
♠ Most drugs have higher
molecular weight and are
poorly lipid soluble so are not
absorbed via skin or mucous
membrane.
♠ Local irritation.
♠ Contact dermatitis.
8. DUSTING POWDER
8
♠ It is mixture of fine powder for
external use.
♠ It is applied with powder puff or soft
brush to prevent frictionor bed sore.
♠ e.g. Talcum powder, Boric acid,
Neosporin powder, Betadine
powder
9. PELLETS
9
♠ The drug in the form of a solid pellet is
introduced with a trochar and cannula in
subcutaneous tissue.
♠ This provides sustained release of the drug
over weeks and months. e.g. testosterone
♠ Testosterone pellet implant is done in male
hypogonadism and 200mg pellet releases
about 1.18 mg drug everyday, lasting its effect
approximately 190 days.
11. 1. STENT
11
♠ Peripheral or coronary stent
placed into narrowed, diseased
arteries known as drug eluting
stent .
♠ The drug is slowly release to
decrease cell proliferation.
♠ Ex. Paclitaxel, Sirolimus
12. 2. IMPLANT
12
♠ These devices have a large depot of therapeutic agent intended for
the controlled release over longer period of time.
♠ Ex. Progesterone Implant.
13. 3. INTRAUTERINE DEVICE
13
♠ Contraceptive device placed inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy.
♠ E.g. Hormonal IUD, Copper T.
14. 4. TRANSDERMAL PATCHES
14
♠ Medicated adhesive patch that is placed on
the skin to deliver a specific dose of
medication into the systemic circulation.
♠ Provides controlled release of medication
into the patient.
♠ Common sites for application are mastoid
region, back, upper arm and hip.
♠ Local irritation and erythema are main
disadvantages.
♠ E.g. Hyoscine, Nitroglycerine, Diclofenac
17. CREAM
17
♠ Creams are semisolid preparations which are non-greasy and have
a watery base.
♠ Essentially, it is a preparation of oil in water.
♠ They may contain drug or other substances depending on the
purpose.
♠ They may be applied to skin or mucous membrane
♠ e.g. Miconazole 2% for tinea infection of skin
18. CREAM
18
Types
a) Aqueous Cream (50 – 80 % water) oil in water emulsion (o/w)
e.g. Fluocinolone acetonide.
a) Oily Cream (30 – 50% water) water in oil emulsion (w/o)
Moisturizer cream e.g. Cold cream
Antibiotic containing cream e.g. Soframycin cream, Silver Sulfadiazine
19. LINIMENTS
19
They are liquid or semisolid preparations intended
for external application by rubbing and may contain
substances possessing analgesic, rubefacient,
soothing and stimulating properties e.g. turpentine
liniment or methyl salicylate liniment.
♠ They might be either ointments, emulsions or solutions
♠ They are applied on intact skin
♠ The base is fixed oil. They also contain soap/alcohol
♠ They act as rubefacient (congestion and redness), irritant
and counterirritant
♠ Physiological bases of counter irritants is not known but it
is presumed that it may act by following mechanism: Local,
Focal, Distal
20. PASTES
20
♠ Pastes are semisolid preparation intended for
external application.
♠ They contain more than 10% of powdered
medicaments mixed with a non-greasy base,
made up of glycerine, mucilage or soap.
♠ They are applied to acute lesions with oozing
surface like eczema.
♠ They differ from ointments being non greasy
(washable), accommodate high proportion of
powder, more absorptive, less penetrating and
macerating.
♠ e.g. Tooth paste, Zinc oxide paste.
21. DRESSING
21
♠ Any material used for covering
protecting wound
♠ e.g. Bandage, Gauze piece,
Antiseptic dressing
22. PLASTER
22
♠ Plasters are solid adhesive preparations
applied to protect, soothe, provide mechanical
support and to lessen pain.
♠ They also bring medicament close to the skin
♠ Serves to immobilize orthopedic injuries.
♠ Promote healing, bone alignment, diminish
pain and protect the injury.
♠ Example: Plaster of paris.
23. POULTICE
23
♠ They are soft semi solid preparation
used for external application to
reduce inflammation and to relieve
pain.
♠ It adsorbs large amount of liquid, it is
used after heating and making
paste which is spread over cloth to
apply locally.
♠ It stimulates body surface due to
heat
♠ e.g. Glycerin
26. EAR DROPS
26
♠ They are drug solutions to be
instilled in ear with dropper
♠ e.g. gentamicin ear drops
♠ The container capacity of such
preparations is usually 10 to 15 ml.
♠ The containers are available as
plastic squeeze bottles or glass
dropper bottles with dropper cap.
27. EAR DROPS
27
Method of instillation of ear drops
1. If stored in refrigerator, warm the ear drop bottle up to body temperature
by keeping in the hand or the armpit for several minutes. Do not use hot
water tap or heater.
2. Tilt the head sideways or lie on one side with affected ear upwards
3. Gently pull the ear upwards and backwards (or if giving to a child
younger than 3 years of age, pull backward and downwards) to open the
ear canal.
4. Instil the number of drops prescribed
5. Wait for five minutes before turning to the other ear
6. Plug the ear canal with cotton wool if recommended by manufacturer
7. Ear drops should not burn or sting longer than few seconds
28. EYE DROPS
28
♠ These are aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions of medicament,
meant to be instilled into conjunctival sac.
♠ Hence, they must be sterile and must have bacteriostatic additives to
maintain sterility.
♠ They should be non-irritant free from filaments, particles and should not
contain colour or fragrance.
♠ They should be discarded within 3 month from the date of the opening of
bottle asspecified on the label.
♠ Apart from the active ingredients they may contain antioxidants, stabilizers,
buffers, wetting agents, preservatives and tonicity adjusters.
29. EYE DROPS
29
Method of instillation of eye drops in adults:
1. Wash your hands
2. Do not touch the tip of the dropper opening.
3. Looking upward, pull the lower eyelid down to make a gutter with the help of index finger.
4. Bring the dropper as close to eye as possible without touching it.
5. Put the prescribed number of drops in to the gutter
6. Close the eye and press the medial canthus gently with index figure for 2 minutes. Don’t shut
the eye tightly
7. Excess fluid can be soaked with a tissue paper
8. If more than one kind of eye drops are used wait for 5 minutes before instilling the next drops
9. Eye drops may cause a burning sensation for few minutes. If it lasts longer consult the
Physician.
30. EYE DROPS
30
When instilling eye drops in children
1. Let the child lie on back with head straight and eyes closed
2. Drop the prescribed amount of drops in the corner of the eye
3. Keep the head straight and Remove the excess fluid
31. NASAL DROPS
31
These are drug solutions suitable for instillation in to the nose. They should not contain
oily base. They are used as decongestants or local haemostatics. E.g. Xylometazoline
nasal drops.
Method for instillation of nasal drops:
1. Blow the nose gently
2. Sit and tilt head backwards or lie down with a pillow under the shoulders. Keep the
head straight
3. Hold the medicine dropper just above the entrance to the nose. Squeeze out the
prescribed number of drop/s just inside the nostril of affected side. Do not place the
medicine dropper tip directly into the nose.
4. Apply the number of drops prescribed
5. Ask the patient to keep their head tilted back for 2-3 minutes and not to sneeze or
blow their nose justafter drops
6. Sit up for few seconds .The drops will then drip into pharynx
7. Repeat the procedure for the other nostril, if necessary
8. Rinse the dropper with boiled water
32. NASAL SPRAY
32
This is a liquid preparation for local application on nasal mucosa. E. g. Xylometazoline
nasal spray
Method for nasal spray instillation:
1. Blow the nose
2. Sit with the head slightly tilted forward.
3. Shake the spray.
4. Insert the tip in one nostril.
5. Close the other nostril & mouth.
6. Spray by squeezing vial (flask, container) and sniff slowly.
7. Ask the patient to keep their head tilted back for 2-3 minutes and not to sneeze or
blow their nose justafter spray.
8. Sit up after a few seconds. The spray will drip down the pharynx.
9. Breathe through the mouth.
10. Repeat the procedure for the other nostril, if necessary.
11. Rinse the tip with boiled water.
33. ENEMAS
33
Enema is a liquid preparation meant for rectal administration.
There are two types of enema-
1. Evacuation enema:
Evacuation enema is prepared by dissolving soap in 600 ml of water and
is used prior to surgery or radiography. Market preparation containing
Docusate sodium (dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate 125 mg in 50 ml) is
used.
2. Retention enema:
Retention enema contains drugs to produce local or systemic action.
Quantity does not exceed 100-120 ml. e.g. prednisolone enema in
ulcerative colitis
34. PESSARIES (VAGINAL SUPPOSITORIES)
34
♠ These are solid medicament designed for insertion into vagina
where they melt or dissolve & exert localaction.
♠ e.g. Clotrimazole pessaries, Metronidazole / Betadine
pessaries.
35. DOUCHE
35
♠ They are medicated solution directed against a part or whole
cavity for cleansing or antisepticpurpose.
♠ These device produces jet of water containing medicament
applied to body for medical indication.
♠ They are used for irritation, antiseptic and astringent action.
♠ e.g. vaginal douches, douches of betadine solution.
36. GARGLE
36
♠ It is aqueous solution intended for use after
dilution with luke warm water.
♠ They are intended to bring medicament in
contact with throat.
♠ It may have bactericidal effect or hygroscopic
action to relieve soreness of throat
♠ e.g. Salt water gargle, Kaolin, Glycerin,
Warm water gargle, Potassium
permanganate solution, Povidone Iodine,
Chlorhexidine
37. MOUTH WASH
37
♠ It is solution meant for cleansing
purpose to treat superficial infection of
oral cavity by providing antimicrobial
activity and to deodorize buccal cavity.
♠ e.g. Chlorhexidine Gluconate
mouthwash, Betadine Mouthwash.
39. OINTMENTS
39
♠ Ointments are semisolid preparation with a
greasy base containing active drug (up to 10%)
for external application and of such consistency
that they soften a little at body temperature to
facilitate application.
♠ They may act on the skin surface (epidermic),
partially penetrate cuticle (endodermic) or get
absorbed to produce systemic effect
♠ E.g. Nitroglycerine ointment, Whitfield's
ointment, Betadine ointment.
40. 40
CREAM OINTMENT
Preparation of a medication for topical use (on the
skin) that contains a water base.
Preparation of a medicationfor topical use that
contains an oil base.
Preparation of oil in water (mixture of roughly
half water and half oil)
Preparation of water in oil (Most ointments
are 80% oil and 20% water)
Creams have a lower concentration of oil,
compared to ointments – less greasier and
stickier product
Ointments have a higher concentration of oil,
compared to creams – greasier and stickier
product.
Cream spread easily, is well absorbed, and wash
off with water.
Ointment feel greasy, is “occlusive”, stay onthe
surface of the skin longer and takes a longer
time to absorb (but allows greater penetration of
the active ingredient).
When to prefer cream?
• In general, cream is preferred over ointment
since it is less sticky and heavy on the skin.
• Since the viscosity (thickness) of creams is
less than that of ointments, it works better
covering large areas of skin.
• Cream is better than ointment for treating
oozing or “wet” skin conditions (e.g,
eczema).
When to prefer ointment?
• Because of preservatives used in cream,
ointment is less likely to cause an allergic
reaction (better to use on sensitive skin).
• Ointment, with its higher viscosity, is
generally better moisturizer. It forms a barrier
that helps to seal moisture into the skin and
is able to keep the skin moist for longer
periods of time.
• Ointment is best used on dry skin
conditions (e.g., psoriasis).
41. LOTIONS
41
♠ Lotions are liquid preparations meant for
local application to the skin or mucous
membranes.
♠ They include eye washes, mouthwashes and
gargles, solutions for urethral and vaginal
irrigation.
♠ They are applied without rubbing.
♠ They have soothing and protective properties
and act as antiseptics, astringent and
antipruritic agents
♠ e.g. zinc calamine lotion.
42. 42
LINIMENTS LOTIONS
Most of them are to be applied with slight
friction
These are to be applied without friction.
These are used for application to the
unbroken skin only
Lotions are used for application on
mucous
membrane and skin.
Act as irritants and counter irritants.
Have antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and
cooling properties.
DIFFERENCE
43. JELLY / GEL
43
♠ Gels are semisolid colloidal solutions
or suspensions which are non-
greasy, water miscible, easy to apply,
wash and suitable for hairy parts.
♠ Protective effect.
♠ They act as vehicles in certain
medications
♠ e.g. glycerine and tannic acid gel
for stomatitis, anhydrous benzoyl
peroxide 2.5% for acnevulgaris.
44. PAINTS
44
♠ Paint is a liquid preparation for application on the skin or
mucous membrane
♠ e.g. astringent gum paint, Mandl’s throat paint.
45. AEROSOLS
45
Aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in gas.
Very useful in respiratory diseases in which drug reaches directly to
alveoli and bronchioles when inhaled.
Aerosol drug delivery system: Devices used for administer
medications in the form suitable for inhalation into the respiratory
system.
Most commonly used devises are:
1. Metered dose inhaler
2. Metered dose inhaler with spacer
3. Nebuliser
4. Spinhaler/Rotahaler
5. Spray
46. 46
Advantages
1. Rapid onset of action.
2. Direct drug delivery to
treatment site.
3. Bypasses first pass
metabolism.
4. Lower dosage requirement
than systemic administration.
5. Convenient to use.
Disadvantages
1. Number of variables
affecting the dose of aerosol.
2. Possibilities of irritation,
contamination and infection.
3. Proper training may be
needed before use.
AEROSOLS
49. 49
REFERENCES
♠ Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by KD Tripathi (8th Edition)
♠ Sharma and Sharma’s Principles of Pharmacology ( 4th Edition)
♠ Pooja K, Dilip A, Ashok KS, Mohit K, Shaneza A, Shweta B. An
Recent Advancement In Topical Dosage Forms: A Review.
International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and
Research 2021; 13(1); 01-08.