Kerpiç, toprağın saman ve suyla karıştırıldıktan sonra kalıplara dökülerek önce gölgede daha sonra güneşte kurutulmasıyla elde edilen, yeryüzündeki ilk yerleşim yerlerinden günümüze kadar kullanılagelmiş yapı malzemesidir. Alçı katkısı ile nitelikleri iyileştirilmiş kerpiçe ise “Al(çı)ker(piç)” diyoruz.
El documento describe los principales materiales de construcción, clasificándolos en pétreos, cerámicos, compuestos, metálicos y aglutinantes. Explica las propiedades de cada material y sus usos más comunes, como el hormigón, ladrillos, vidrio, acero y cemento. También presenta la secuencia típica de construcción de una edificación.
The document discusses the production of portland cement. It explains that the key raw materials needed are calcium, silica, alumina, and iron. The traditional production process involves grinding raw materials into powder and blending them, burning the mixture at high temperatures to form cement clinker, grinding the clinker with gypsum to produce portland cement. The main phases produced during clinkerization are alite, belite, aluminate, and ferrite, which contribute to the properties of the hardened cement.
Cement is produced through a process of extracting raw materials like limestone and clay, grinding them into a fine powder called raw meal, burning the raw meal in a kiln at high temperatures to produce clinker, adding gypsum to the clinker and grinding it into a fine powder called cement. The cement is then stored in silos and shipped for use in construction applications like making concrete, mortar and building structures. Cement production requires quarrying raw materials and burning them at 1500°C, which accounts for 5% of global CO2 emissions. Additives are also included during cement production to enhance properties and allow recycling of waste materials.
Este documento proporciona información sobre diferentes materiales de construcción como aglomerantes, yeso, arcilla, cal, cemento y el sistema constructivo drywall. En resumen, explica que los aglomerantes son materiales que unen fragmentos por métodos físicos o químicos, el yeso se obtiene de la deshidratación de la piedra caliza y se usa en morteros, la arcilla tiene diversas propiedades y usos, la cal se obtiene de la calcinación de piedra caliza y el cemento es un conglomerante hidráulico
El documento describe las propiedades y usos de la cal en la construcción. La cal se obtiene de la piedra caliza y se usa para hacer mezclas de mortero y concreto. Las mezclas de cal tienen buena trabajabilidad, retención de agua, adherencia y resistencia a la compresión. La cal mejora las propiedades de los materiales de construcción y produce estructuras más duraderas.
This document provides an introduction to concrete, discussing its history, composition, properties, and manufacturing process. Concrete has been used widely in construction for millennia, forming the basis of modern infrastructure like roads, buildings, and dams. It is a composite material consisting of aggregates like sand and stone bound together by a hardened cement matrix. The cement produces a crystalline structure when mixed with water that binds the aggregates and provides strength and durability to the final concrete.
El documento define el concreto como una mezcla de cemento, arena, grava y agua que se endurece para formar una "piedra artificial". Explica que existen diferentes tipos de concreto como el simple, armado y prefabricado. También describe brevemente los ensayos comunes del concreto como el asentamiento, la penetración y la resistencia a la compresión.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de morteros y materiales aglomerantes. Explica que los morteros son mezclas de conglomerantes inorgánicos, áridos y agua que se clasifican según su aplicación, composición y método de fabricación. También describe varios materiales aglomerantes como el cemento, yeso y alquitrán y sus usos en la construcción.
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de morteros utilizados en la construcción, clasificados según su composición y uso. Explica los componentes básicos de los morteros, incluyendo áridos, aglomerantes y agua, y proporciona detalles sobre los dosajes y usos comunes de morteros de cascote, mortero de piedra, concreto alisado, concreto hidrófugo, cal reforzada y más.
Los materiales utilizados en la construccion explicados. Más sobre los materiales de construcción en la web http://www.areatecnologia.com/TUTORIALES/MATERIALES%20PARA%20LA%20CONSTRUCCION.htm
This document discusses strengthening concrete beams using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). It begins with an introduction to FRP, including its history and advantages over traditional materials. Methods of strengthening beams for flexure using externally bonded FRP are then described. Design considerations like failure modes, stress-strain relationships, and ensuring bond are discussed. Strengthening calculations and variables in FRP composite design are also covered at a high level.
Cement is a binding agent that sets and hardens after mixing with water. Romans first developed hydraulic cement by mixing volcanic ash with lime. Portland cement, the most common type today, was invented in 1824 and consists of calcium silicates and other compounds. It is produced through a process of grinding raw materials like limestone and clay, heating the mixture in a kiln to form clinker, then grinding the clinker with gypsum. The clinker compounds hydrate and harden when mixed with water. Cement is primarily used to bind sand, gravel and water into concrete for construction applications.
The document provides information about formwork systems used in building and construction. It discusses different types of formwork materials like sawn timber, plywood, steel, aluminum, glass fiber reinforced plastic, rubber and plastic. It explains formwork components for walls, columns, slabs and beams. It also covers formwork inspection, erection, concreting procedures and factors affecting removal of formwork. Falsework is described as the temporary structure used to support formwork until the permanent structure can support itself.
La mampostería se define como unidades trabadas o adheridas entre sí con mortero. Las unidades pueden ser naturales (piedras) o artificiales (ladrillos). La mampostería existió desde la prehistoria y su forma inicial pudo haber sido muros de piedras trabadas con barro. Existen diferentes tipos de mampostería como la simple, la armada y la reforzada, las cuales varían en el uso de refuerzos metálicos.
Los áridos son materiales granulares inertes formados por fragmentos de roca o arenas que se utilizan ampliamente en la construcción y en aplicaciones industriales. Son indispensables para la sociedad y se extraen cerca de los centros de consumo para reducir costos de transporte. Se clasifican por su tamaño, tipo de roca, aplicación y propiedades. Juegan un papel fundamental en la construcción al ser ingredientes clave de morteros, hormigones y otros materiales de construcción.
Concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates. Aggregates make up 60-75% of concrete and include sand, gravel, or crushed stone. Aggregates are classified as fine or coarse based on their size, and can be natural or manufactured. Tests are performed on aggregates to determine properties like grading, shape, density, moisture content, and durability which influence the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Proper aggregate selection and testing is important for producing high quality, high strength concrete.
The document provides an overview of structural systems and principles. It discusses the early shelters people used, the history of structural engineering from ancient structures like pyramids to modern advances. Key concepts covered include load paths, types of loads (static, dynamic), supports, materials used in construction, and the structural design process. The role of structural engineering is to safely resist all loads on a structure through appropriate analysis and design.
Kerpiç, toprağın saman ve suyla karıştırıldıktan sonra kalıplara dökülerek önce gölgede daha sonra güneşte kurutulmasıyla elde edilen, yeryüzündeki ilk yerleşim yerlerinden günümüze kadar kullanılagelmiş yapı malzemesidir. Alçı katkısı ile nitelikleri iyileştirilmiş kerpiçe ise “Al(çı)ker(piç)” diyoruz.
El documento describe los principales materiales de construcción, clasificándolos en pétreos, cerámicos, compuestos, metálicos y aglutinantes. Explica las propiedades de cada material y sus usos más comunes, como el hormigón, ladrillos, vidrio, acero y cemento. También presenta la secuencia típica de construcción de una edificación.
The document discusses the production of portland cement. It explains that the key raw materials needed are calcium, silica, alumina, and iron. The traditional production process involves grinding raw materials into powder and blending them, burning the mixture at high temperatures to form cement clinker, grinding the clinker with gypsum to produce portland cement. The main phases produced during clinkerization are alite, belite, aluminate, and ferrite, which contribute to the properties of the hardened cement.
Cement is produced through a process of extracting raw materials like limestone and clay, grinding them into a fine powder called raw meal, burning the raw meal in a kiln at high temperatures to produce clinker, adding gypsum to the clinker and grinding it into a fine powder called cement. The cement is then stored in silos and shipped for use in construction applications like making concrete, mortar and building structures. Cement production requires quarrying raw materials and burning them at 1500°C, which accounts for 5% of global CO2 emissions. Additives are also included during cement production to enhance properties and allow recycling of waste materials.
Este documento proporciona información sobre diferentes materiales de construcción como aglomerantes, yeso, arcilla, cal, cemento y el sistema constructivo drywall. En resumen, explica que los aglomerantes son materiales que unen fragmentos por métodos físicos o químicos, el yeso se obtiene de la deshidratación de la piedra caliza y se usa en morteros, la arcilla tiene diversas propiedades y usos, la cal se obtiene de la calcinación de piedra caliza y el cemento es un conglomerante hidráulico
El documento describe las propiedades y usos de la cal en la construcción. La cal se obtiene de la piedra caliza y se usa para hacer mezclas de mortero y concreto. Las mezclas de cal tienen buena trabajabilidad, retención de agua, adherencia y resistencia a la compresión. La cal mejora las propiedades de los materiales de construcción y produce estructuras más duraderas.
This document provides an introduction to concrete, discussing its history, composition, properties, and manufacturing process. Concrete has been used widely in construction for millennia, forming the basis of modern infrastructure like roads, buildings, and dams. It is a composite material consisting of aggregates like sand and stone bound together by a hardened cement matrix. The cement produces a crystalline structure when mixed with water that binds the aggregates and provides strength and durability to the final concrete.
El documento define el concreto como una mezcla de cemento, arena, grava y agua que se endurece para formar una "piedra artificial". Explica que existen diferentes tipos de concreto como el simple, armado y prefabricado. También describe brevemente los ensayos comunes del concreto como el asentamiento, la penetración y la resistencia a la compresión.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de morteros y materiales aglomerantes. Explica que los morteros son mezclas de conglomerantes inorgánicos, áridos y agua que se clasifican según su aplicación, composición y método de fabricación. También describe varios materiales aglomerantes como el cemento, yeso y alquitrán y sus usos en la construcción.
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de morteros utilizados en la construcción, clasificados según su composición y uso. Explica los componentes básicos de los morteros, incluyendo áridos, aglomerantes y agua, y proporciona detalles sobre los dosajes y usos comunes de morteros de cascote, mortero de piedra, concreto alisado, concreto hidrófugo, cal reforzada y más.
Los materiales utilizados en la construccion explicados. Más sobre los materiales de construcción en la web http://www.areatecnologia.com/TUTORIALES/MATERIALES%20PARA%20LA%20CONSTRUCCION.htm
This document discusses strengthening concrete beams using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). It begins with an introduction to FRP, including its history and advantages over traditional materials. Methods of strengthening beams for flexure using externally bonded FRP are then described. Design considerations like failure modes, stress-strain relationships, and ensuring bond are discussed. Strengthening calculations and variables in FRP composite design are also covered at a high level.
Cement is a binding agent that sets and hardens after mixing with water. Romans first developed hydraulic cement by mixing volcanic ash with lime. Portland cement, the most common type today, was invented in 1824 and consists of calcium silicates and other compounds. It is produced through a process of grinding raw materials like limestone and clay, heating the mixture in a kiln to form clinker, then grinding the clinker with gypsum. The clinker compounds hydrate and harden when mixed with water. Cement is primarily used to bind sand, gravel and water into concrete for construction applications.
The document provides information about formwork systems used in building and construction. It discusses different types of formwork materials like sawn timber, plywood, steel, aluminum, glass fiber reinforced plastic, rubber and plastic. It explains formwork components for walls, columns, slabs and beams. It also covers formwork inspection, erection, concreting procedures and factors affecting removal of formwork. Falsework is described as the temporary structure used to support formwork until the permanent structure can support itself.
La mampostería se define como unidades trabadas o adheridas entre sí con mortero. Las unidades pueden ser naturales (piedras) o artificiales (ladrillos). La mampostería existió desde la prehistoria y su forma inicial pudo haber sido muros de piedras trabadas con barro. Existen diferentes tipos de mampostería como la simple, la armada y la reforzada, las cuales varían en el uso de refuerzos metálicos.
Los áridos son materiales granulares inertes formados por fragmentos de roca o arenas que se utilizan ampliamente en la construcción y en aplicaciones industriales. Son indispensables para la sociedad y se extraen cerca de los centros de consumo para reducir costos de transporte. Se clasifican por su tamaño, tipo de roca, aplicación y propiedades. Juegan un papel fundamental en la construcción al ser ingredientes clave de morteros, hormigones y otros materiales de construcción.
Concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates. Aggregates make up 60-75% of concrete and include sand, gravel, or crushed stone. Aggregates are classified as fine or coarse based on their size, and can be natural or manufactured. Tests are performed on aggregates to determine properties like grading, shape, density, moisture content, and durability which influence the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Proper aggregate selection and testing is important for producing high quality, high strength concrete.
The document provides an overview of structural systems and principles. It discusses the early shelters people used, the history of structural engineering from ancient structures like pyramids to modern advances. Key concepts covered include load paths, types of loads (static, dynamic), supports, materials used in construction, and the structural design process. The role of structural engineering is to safely resist all loads on a structure through appropriate analysis and design.
Paraloid B-72 is a copolymer of ethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate that was originally produced by Rohm & Haas in 1950. It has a glass transition temperature of 40°C and is used as a consolidant for paintings, wood, plaster, and other materials in conservation, as well as for adhering fossils, ceramics and glass. It also has industrial uses as a medium for inks and coatings.
History of Architecture- Lesson 10: From Rome to Constantinopoleİrfan Meriç
This document provides information about the evolution of building types from ancient Rome to Constantinople. It describes the layout of Roman baths from the 2nd-3rd century CE, including areas for bathing, changing, and exercise. It then discusses how after Constantine's legalization of Christianity in the 4th century, centrally planned and basilica-style buildings were adapted from Roman designs for new uses like mausoleums, baptisteries, and churches. Floor plans and images show examples of these building types from Constantinople between the 5th-12th centuries CE.
This document discusses preventive resin restorations (PRR), which involve sealing carious lesions and susceptible areas with resin to prevent further decay. PRRs are classified into three types based on the extent and depth of the lesion. Type A involves sealing shallow enamel lesions with resin or sealant. Type B uses resin filler for minimal lesions extending into dentin. Type C places a bevel and layers of resin composite to restore larger lesions extending into dentin. PRR provides advantages over traditional fillings by requiring minimal tooth preparation and sealing decay, while future replacements are less invasive than replacing fillings. Maintaining isolation from moisture is important for success.
Depreme dayanıklı binalar ve jet grouting sistemine değinilmiştir. .Telif hakkı nedeniyle yararlandığım kaynaklar slaytın sonunda gösterilmiştir. İyi çalışmalar.
The English Restoration and the Glorious RevolutionTom Richey
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers found that lockdowns led to significant short-term reductions in nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter pollution globally as transportation and industrial activities declined substantially. However, the document notes that the improvements in air quality were temporary and pollution levels rose back to pre-pandemic levels as restrictions eased and activity increased again.
Understanding of Building materials, its behaviour and uses are extremely important for the students of Architecture and Interior Designing. Hence, I tried to introduce the 1st year students with the 1st building material they are going to learn in college, stone as a building material. The presentation covers almost all the factors related to this material class with a focus on the capability of 1st year students.
STONE -As A Building Material.
Stones have been considered as one of the popular building material from the olden days due to their availability in abundance from the natural rocks. Building stones should possess enough strength and durability.
The stones which are suitable for the construction of the structures such as retaining walls, abutments, dams, barrages, roads etc are known as building stones.
Steel has been widely used in construction for its strength, durability, flexibility and cost advantages. It allows for tall, large-scale buildings and landmarks around the world. The construction industry is a major end user of steel products like rebar and structural sections. Steel prices and the construction market are interconnected, as the construction sector influences demand and scrap prices affect input costs for steelmakers. Publications like SBB provide relevant industry news, prices and analysis on topics connecting steel production and construction.
This project proposes redeveloping a 2,200 square meter car park site located in the Furuset area of Oslo, Norway. Furuset developed in the 1970s and faces environmental and social challenges. The redevelopment aims to create an energy positive "Urban Village" through extensive use of wood and renewable energy like solar panels. It also promotes sustainability through car-free design, green spaces, urban agriculture, and biodiversity. The project would achieve carbon neutrality and a low carbon footprint using local materials like cross-laminated timber.
This document summarizes an institutional building project in China designed by SUP Atelier. The building, called THE-Studio, serves as a demonstration of sustainable design strategies and experimental platform for sustainable architecture suited to the local climate and culture of southwest China. Key features include the use of modular and prefabricated construction methods to minimize site disruption, integrated sustainable systems within building cavities, and a unique double-skin facade that combines vernacular rattan weaving with industrial technology. Passive design strategies take advantage of natural ventilation, daylighting, underground air tunnels, and renewable materials. Field tests confirmed the design achieved effective thermal, humidity and ventilation performance suited to the local moderate climate zone.
The Learning Hub at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore is a new 8-storey, 38.3m tall educational building with 14,000 sqm of space. It was designed by Thomas Heatherwick to replace traditional lecture halls with spaces that encourage casual interaction between students and professors from different disciplines. The building features 12 tapering concrete towers containing flexible tutorial rooms that open onto a central atrium, with informal garden areas allowing students to collaborate or study. Its concrete construction was given an organic appearance through embedded drawings and textured surfaces to feel handcrafted.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 9: Rome "Caput Mundi"İrfan Meriç
This document contains diagrams and information about Roman architecture and infrastructure. It includes a diagram labeling the parts of a typical Roman temple and an amphitheater. It also contains maps of the Imperial Forums of Rome from the 1st century BC to the 2nd century AD, including the Forums of Trajan, Caesar, Augustus, and Nerva, as well as the Temple of Peace and Market of Trajan.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 8: Hellenismİrfan Meriç
The document discusses the spread of Hellenistic culture and architecture after Alexander the Great's conquests in the 4th century BC. It mentions how Buddhism became Hellenized in Gandhara during the 2nd-3rd century, and provides examples of Hellenistic influence on art and architecture, including the Propylaia building in Athens and the cities of Pompeii, which incorporated both Hellenistic and Roman styles.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 7: Polis and Akropolisİrfan Meriç
The document summarizes several important structures from ancient Greek architecture between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC. It includes the agora of Assos, a bouleuterion in Harikanda, and the theater of Epidauros. It also details some key structures on the Acropolis of Athens from this period, such as the Propylaea, the Temple of Athena Nike, and the Parthenon, including their architects and dates of construction.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 6: The Greek Templeİrfan Meriç
This document discusses Greek temples and the Persian royal palace of Persepolis. It describes the second temple of Hera on Samos from the 7th century BC and construction techniques used for Greek temples. It also provides details on the royal palace of Persepolis built between 518-460 BC, including its main staircase and hall of 100 columns.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 5: Anatolia and Greece in Bronze Ageİrfan Meriç
The Bronze Age in Anatolia and Greece saw the rise of important civilizations like the Mycenaeans and Minoans between 1700-1200 BC. Major cities included Hattusas in Anatolia, the origin of the Hittite civilization, and Troy which would later influence other societies. Notable archaeological sites from this period are the citadels and sanctuaries of Hattusas dating to 1600-1200 BC, as well as palaces uncovered at Pylos and Knossos on Crete dating to around 1300 BC and 1600 BC respectively, demonstrating the advanced urban planning of these Bronze Age peoples.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 4: Egyptİrfan Meriç
The architecture of ancient Egypt evolved over three main periods - the Archaic Period saw the unification of Egypt and early stone architecture, the Old Kingdom established absolute kingship and saw the construction of pyramids along the Nile, and the New Kingdom built large temples along the Nile connected by vast axes with Thebes emerging as the new capital city. Burial monuments were a core part of Egyptian architecture from early pyramid complexes like that of Zoser to later temples and mortuary structures built for pharaohs like Hatshepsut.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 3: Mesopotamiaİrfan Meriç
The document summarizes the rise and development of cities in Mesopotamia from 3500 BC to 600 BC. It describes the evolution from compact protected cities with temples and ziggurats as prominent structures during the Protoliterate Period, to the establishment of kingship and construction of monumental palaces during the Early Dynastic Period. In the Later Sumerian Period, empires rose with competing city-states and large ziggurats were built. Finally, during the Assyrian Period, the northern region flourished with planned cities dominated by royal palaces rather than temples.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 2:Evolution of "City" in Prehistoryİrfan Meriç
The document discusses the evolution of human settlements from ancient times to the development of cities. It describes how during the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), 40,000-100,000 years ago, early humans lived in cave sanctuaries and created cave paintings expressing their beliefs. During the New Stone Age (Neolithic), around 10,000-3,000 years ago, settled communities developed and agriculture emerged as the climate changed and humans developed new relationships with nature. It then examines the rise of megalithic monuments like menhirs, dolmens, and tombs in places like France and Ireland around 3,000 BC as expressions of ritual and religion.
History Of Architecture I - Lesson 1: Introİrfan Meriç
The document discusses the history of architecture through examining various buildings and structures from different time periods and cultures. It explores architecture through analyzing materials and techniques, physical contexts, cultural meanings, and representations of buildings over time. The document advocates considering all buildings as important and examining architecture through material, physical, and cultural lenses. It provides numerous examples of structures like the Parthenon, Hagia Sophia, and Pyramids of Giza to illustrate how architecture can be studied through different historical and cultural contexts.
Negative Effects of Stress on Human Healthİrfan Meriç
This document discusses the biological and psychological effects of stress on the human body. It describes how stress causes the body to produce hormones like cortisol that trigger a fight or flight response. When the body is in a constant stressed state, this can lead to negative health impacts. Biologically, prolonged stress can damage the nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, immune and metabolic systems. Psychologically, stress is linked to increased anxiety, lack of focus, eating disorders and addictions. The document emphasizes that while stress responses evolved to deal with threats, modern lifestyles expose people to constant stress that the body is not adapted to cope with long-term. This prolonged stress takes a serious toll on both physical and mental health.
Theory of Buildings ARCH243 - VIII - Mass housing İrfan Meriç
This document discusses key planning issues in mass housing development. It outlines factors like building density, quality, sustainability, and preventing neighborhood degradation over time. Maintaining acceptable standards, limiting illegal increases in density, and preventing problems like crime are important. The document also examines design considerations like access to units, ventilation, lighting, common spaces, and outdoor living areas. Different mass housing typologies are presented, like using a central core, horizontal blocks, and point blocks. The challenges of unusable outdoor space in some approaches are noted.
Theory of Buildings ARCH243 - VII - Rest-recuperationİrfan Meriç
Sleeping requires rest and recuperation in a secure, quiet, and dim environment. Ideal sleeping conditions include a private, ventilated space with a bed and limited distractions. However, sleeping arrangements vary greatly between environments and cultures. Some sleep on mats, in crowded homes, on ships or trains, or in defensive "boxes" within a space. Contemporary bedrooms usually contain a bed positioned along a wall, with additional furniture like storage, tables, and chairs. Proper sleeping arrangements consider privacy, relationships, and space needed for other daily activities.
Theory of Buildings ARCH243 - VI - Living room and tradİrfan Meriç
The document discusses the living room as a multi-functional space in the home where family and guests spend time together in social activities. It describes different terminology for living rooms across cultures and lists common activities that can take place, including socializing, entertainment, eating, studying, and child play. The living room requires flexible furniture arrangement to accommodate different uses and activities through defining zones, with proper clearances and distances between seating and circulation areas. Traditional homes integrated different functions like living, dining, and sleeping into one room, while modern living rooms feature various specialized furniture types to suit different purposes.
Theory of Buildings ARCH243 - V - Circulationİrfan Meriç
The document discusses circulation spaces such as halls, corridors, and staircases in buildings. It notes that circulation spaces are especially important in public buildings where they serve as monumental entrance halls, fluid corridors, and impressive staircases. However, in domestic settings, circulation spaces are minimized for economic reasons while still aiming for quality through ample dimensions and natural light. Corridors in particular can be boring spaces but there are ways to overcome this, such as overlapping circulation with activity spaces or including cupboards, doors, and other elements to determine the minimum required size. Staircases are important circulation areas that create space and allow different views of areas.
Theory of Buildings ARCH243 - IV - Interiorsİrfan Meriç
This document discusses the design considerations for human dwellings. It notes that dwellings should accommodate various human activities, including social interaction, rest, hygiene, nutrition, work and spiritual fulfillment. These activities require appropriate space, lighting, sensory conditions, furnishings and equipment defined by human bodily limitations. It also discusses territorial behaviors and privacy needs that influence dwelling design, such as intimate, personal, social and public zones. Architects must organize spaces to relate activities appropriately while addressing structure, access, dimensions, lighting and other predetermined or controllable conditions based on the context. Windows, doors and pathways also impact spatial relationships and characteristics.
Theory of Buildings ARCH 243 - III - Outdoorsİrfan Meriç
The document discusses different types of outdoor spaces around homes and factors that influence their design. It notes that outdoor spaces need to accommodate lifestyle needs like agriculture or provide breathing room in dense urban areas. The size and uses of outdoor space helps determine population density. Housing developers aim to maximize building density while planners try to control it. The document also discusses designing outdoor spaces for different family activities and how natural site conditions like slopes and winds can influence space design.
Theory of Buildings ARCH 243 - II - Dwell groups and trad homesİrfan Meriç
1. The document discusses different types of rural and urban settlements in Turkey and how housing patterns and density have changed over time.
2. Rural settlements ranged from low-density rural hamlets to more dense agricultural villages, while urban areas saw a transition from traditional single-family homes to higher density row houses and apartment buildings as populations grew.
3. As populations increased and urbanized rapidly after the 1970s, density increased in cities through multi-story apartment buildings and planned neighborhoods incorporating detached houses, row houses, and apartment buildings together.
2. ÇİMENTO
Çimento, ana hammaddeleri
kalkerle kil olan ve mineral
parçalarını (kum, çakıl, tuğla,
briket vs) yapıştırmada kullanılan
bir malzemedir. Çimentonun bu
yapıştırma özelliğini yerine
getirebilmesi için mutlaka suya
ihtiyaç vardır. Çimento, su ile
reaksiyona girerek sertleşen bir
bağlayıcıdır.
3. "Çimento" kelimesi, yontulmuş taş kırıntısı anlamındaki
Latince "caementum" sözcüğünden türemiş, sonraları
“bağlayıcı” anlamında kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.
İlk betonarme yapının tarihi 1852 olmakla birlikte, yapıların
inşasında bağlayıcı malzemelerin kullanımı çok eskilere
dayanır.
4. Bağlayıcı madde olarak kullanılan ilk madde kireçtir. Bu konuda kesin
bulgular olmamakla birlikte, kirecin bağlayıcı özelliğinin insanlık tarihinin
erken dönemlerinde M.Ö. 2000’li yıllarda keşfedildiği söylenebilir. Eski
Mısır, Kıbrıs, Girit ve Mezopotamya'nın değişik yörelerinde kirecin bir yapı
malzemesi olarak kullanılmasına ait örneklere rastlanılmıştır.
5. Daha sonra
yaklaşık 2000 yıl
önce, Romalılar
söndürülmüş kireci
volkanik küllerle ve
sonraları, pişirilmiş
tuğladan elde edilen
tozlarla karıştırarak
bugünkü çimentonun
özelliklerine benzer
bir hidrolik bağlayıcı
kullanmaya
başlamışlardır.
6. Araştırma sonuçları, Anadolu'da Çatalhöyük'teki evlerin
yapımında kullanılan sıvanın 7000 yıl öncesine tarihlendiğini
ortaya koymuştur.
Hitit kentlerinde, özellikle Çorum, Tokat ve Malatya illerindeki antik
kentlerde, magneziyen kireç ile karıştırılmış puzolanik aktif doğal
malzemelerin harç yapımında kullanıldığı görülmüştür.
7. İlk Çimento Fabrikası
Dünya’da ilk çimento fabrikası,
İngiltere'de 1848 yılında
kurulmuştur.
Türkiye’nin çimento sektörü ile
tanışması ise esas olarak 1912
yılında özel sektör girişimi ile
olmuştur. Türkiye’de üretime geç
başlanması su kireci imalinin yeterli
olmaması ve bu yılların Osmanlı
İmparatorluğu’nun çöküş dönemlerine
rastlamasından kaynaklanmaktadır.
9. KATKILAR
Betonun özelliklerini
geliştirmek üzere üretim
sırasında veya
dökümden önce
transmiksere az miktarda
ilave edilen maddelere
katkı adı verilir. Katkı
maddelerini kökenine
göre kimyasal ve mineral
katkılar olarak ikiye
ayırmak mümkündür.
10. Kimyasal Katkılar
- Su Azaltıcılar (Akışkanlaştırıcılar)
- Priz Geciktiriciler
- Priz Hızlandırıcılar
- Antifrizler
- Hava Sürükleyici Katkılar
- Su Geçirimsizlik Katkıları
11. Mineral Katkılar
Mineral katkılar tek başına
iken çimento gibi bağlayıcılık
özelliği taşımazlar fakat
birlikte kullanıldıklarında
çimentoya benzer görev
yaparlar, dolayısıyla çimento
ekonomisi sağlarlar. Mineral
katkılardan yüksek dayanımlı
beton üretiminde de
yararlanılır.
13. Portland Çimentosu
Betonarme yapılarda kullanımı en yaygın çimento türüdür.
Portland çimentosu belirli oranda kalkertaşı (CaCO3) ve
kilin (SiO2 ve Al2O3) karıştırılıp klinkerde pişirilmesinden
sonra bilyali degirmende öğütülmesiyle elde edilir.
Çimentonun sertleşmesini geciktirmek üzere klinkere bir
miktar alçı taşı da eklenir.
14. Granüle yakın fırın cürufu ile
Portland çimentosu klinkeri
karışımının az miktarda alçıtaşı
ile öğütülmesi ile elde edilir.
Genelde, bu tür çimentolar deniz
suyu ve diğer sülfatlı ortamlarda
portland çimentosuna kıyasla
daha yavaş dayanım kazanırlar
ve daha yüksek bir dayanıma
sahip olurlar. Ancak
geçirimlilikleri daha düşüktür.
Yüksek Fırın Cüruf Çimentosu
15. Traslar silisli ve alüminli maddeler içeren volkanik tüflerdir. Kendi
başlarına bağlayıcılık özellikleri olmamasına rağmen, çimentoda
mevcut kireçle bu özelliği kazanırlar. Bu tür çimentoların geçirimliliği az
hidrasyon ısıları düşük olduğundan genellikle su yapılarında
kullanılırlar.
Traslı Çimentolar
16. Portland çimentosu
klinkerinin ağırlıkça en
fazla %19'nun puzolanik
malzeme ile değiştirilmesi ve
alçı taşı eklenmesiyle elde
edilir. Katkılı çimento traslı
çimento için belirtilen
özelliklere sahiptir fakat traslı
çimentodan farkı puzolan
oranının daha fazla
olmasıdır.
Katkılı Çimentolar
19. • Genel amaç için kullanılabilir.
• Her türlü betonarme yapılar
• Yüksek yapılar
• Yer betonları
• Genel olarak çeşitli prefabrik
betonarme elemanlar
• Köprüler ve viyadükler
• Su depoları
• Beton briket üretimi
• Duvar ve sıva işleri
• Beton ya da betonarme
kanalizasyon boruları
ÇİMENTONUN KULLANIM
ALANLARI
20. • Genel amaç için
kullanılabilir.
• Her türlü betonarme
yapılar
• Yüksek yapılar
• Yol kaplamaları
• Kaldırım betonları
• Yer betonları
• Kayar-kalıp sisteminin
kullanıldığı yapılar
• Genel olarak prefabrik
betonarme elemanların
üretimi
• Köprüler
• Demiryolu traversleri
• Sanat yapıları (viyadük, alt geçit, üst
geçit)
• Su depoları
• Beton ve betonarme borular
• Beton briket üretimi
• Tünel kalıp uygulamaları
• Öngermeli betonlar
PORTLAND ÇİMENTONUN KULLANIM
ALANLARI
21. • Genel amaç için
kullanılabilir.
• Her türlü betonarme yapılar
• Yol kaplama betonları
• Temeller ve istinat duvarları
• Su kanaletleri
• Barajlar
• Sıva ve duvar harcı
• Beton ya da betonarme
borular
• Orta derecede sülfat içeren
endüstriyel zeminler
• Arıtma tesisleri
KOMPOZE ÇİMENTONUN KULLANIM
ALANLARI
22. • Kıyı ve liman inşaatları
• Açık deniz yapıları
• Atık su tesisleri
• Temel kazıkları
• Su kanaletleri
• Barajlar
• Beton ya da betonarme
yeraltı su boruları
• Sülfat etkisindeki
endüstriyel zeminler
• Arıtma tesisleri
• Tünel kaplamaları
SÜLFATLARA DAYANIKLI ÇİMENTONUN
KULLANIM ALANLARI
23. 1. Hammadde Üretim ve Hazırlama: Çeşitli kazı ve yükleme sistemleri ile
üretilen kalker, marn, kil, demir cevheri gibi hammaddeler stoklanır.
Stoklardan alınan hammaddelerin tane büyüklükleri önce kırıcıda 0-30
mm'ye azaltılır. Daha sonra değirmenlerde öğütülür. Değirmenden çıkan
malzemede maksimum %1 rutubet olmalıdır. Elde edilen malzemeler bant
üzerinde taşıma esnasında kimyasal analize tabi tutulur ve otomatik olarak
istenilen özelliklerde karıştırılarak farin stoğunda biriktirilir.
ÇİMENTO ÜRETİMİ
24. 2. Pişirme: Fırın içine gelen
farin döner fırında yavaş yavaş
pişerek 1400°C lik kısımda
sinterleşir. Fırında pişirilen
malzeme, ağırlığının %35′ini
kaybeder. Daha sonra fırından
alınan klinker 100°C ye
soğutularak klinker silolarına
alınır. Fırının sonunda 1000°C
sıcaklığa düşen hava,
siklonlardan beslenen farinin ve
pişirmede kullanılan kömürün
kurutulmasında kullanılır.
(CaCO3+ Isı–> CaO + CO2)
25. 3. Çimento Öğütme ve Paketleme: Silolarda biriktirilen
klinker, imal edilecek çimento türüne göre belli oranlarda
alçı, tras, kalker ve uçucu kül gibi ilave malzemeler
katılarak değirmenlerde öğütülerek paketlenir.
26.
27. Türkiye'de Çimento Standartları
Türkiye'de çimento üretimine ilişkin ilk geliştirilen standat 1959
yılının 6/640 numaralı standardıdır.1975 ve 1985 yılları arasında eski
standartları iptal eden ve çimento çeşitlerini 6'dan 11'e çıkaran 6
farklı standart geliştiren Türkiye, 2000 yılında Avrupa standartlarını
norm haline getirmiş ve EN 197 standardını benimsemiştir.
29. Kum, çakıl, kırma taş, cüruf gibi çeşitli
büyüklükteki taneli malzemelere agrega denir.
Agregalar bir
bağlayıcı yardımı ile
bağlandıkları zaman
beton, harç, asfalt
gibi sağlam kütleler
meydana getiren
cisimlerdir.
30. Agregalar, doğada doğal
olarak bulundukları gibi iri
taş parçalarının
konkasör adı verilen taş
kırma makinelerinde
kırılması sonucunda da
elde edilebilirler.
Konkasörde elde edilen
agreganın irisine kırma
taş, incesine kırma kum
denir. Kırma taş ve kırma
kuma mıcır adı verilir.
(Konkasör)
32. İri Agrega ( Çakıl )
Kırma taş, çakıl veya bunların karışımından elde edilen ve 4 mm
çaplı eleğin üstünde kalan malzemelerdir.
İnce Agrega ( Kum )
Doğal kum, kırma
kum veya bunların
karışımından elde
edilen 4 mm çaplı
elekten alta geçen
malzemelerdir.
Karışık ( Tüvanan ) Agrega
Doğal agrega ocağından doğrudan doğruya elde edilen elenmiş
ince ve iri agrega karışımıdır.
34. Doğal Agrega
Doğal agrega, kum
ocaklarından, dere
yataklarından ya da
deniz kıyısından elde
edilir.
Yapay Agrega
Yapay agrega ise
taşların konkasör ile
kırılmasıyla mekanik
olarak üretilir.
35. AGREGALARIN KULLANIM
ALANLARI
Konut
Sanayi tesisleri
Hastane gibi her türlü binada
Karayolu yapımında
Boru hattı
Beton santrallerinde
Zemin kaplama alanlarında
Demir yolarında
Sıcak asfalt yapımında
Havaalanlarında, baraj inşaatlarında,
şeker fabrikalarında
36. Agregalarda Aranan En Önemli
Özellikler
Sert, dayanıklı ve boşluksuz olmaları,
Zayıf taneler içermemeleri (deniz
kabuğu, odun, kömür gibi),
Basınca ve aşınmaya dayanıklı
olmaları,
Toz, toprak ve betona zarar verebilecek
maddeleri içermemeleri,
Yassı ve uzun taneler içermemeleri,
Çimentoyla zararlı reaksiyona
girmemeleridir.