The data-driven economy promises the creation of enormous amounts of economic activity and growth opportunities. However these projections lie to a large extent in the development of new services. Currently, the results in terms of service creation remain below the expectations of open data promoters. Indeed most services created are not sustainable and / or do not use the variety of datasets. They are to a wide extent relying on a limited number of very popular datasets. To increase the reuse and the value extracted by services from data, our hypothesis is that service innovation approaches can help understand the mechanisms that drive the creation of services. We therefore propose a review the current approaches to encouraging the creation of services based on data, an analysis of the creation of services from two open data platforms, in the UK and in Singapore, and a description of the roles that the data can have in the design of services based on a theoretical framework of service innovation. Muriel Foulonneau 1, Slim Turki 1, Géradine Vidou 1, Sébastien Martin 2 1 Public Research Centre Henri Tudor, Luxembourg-Kirchberg, Kirchberg 2 Université Paris 8, Vincennes-Saint-Denis, France muriel.foulonneau@tudor.lu slim.turki@tudor.lu geraldine.vidou@tudor.lu Proceedings of 14th European Conference on eGovernment – ECEG 2014 12-13 June 2014 Brasov, Romania

1. From Open Data To Data-Driven
Services
Muriel Foulonneau, Slim Turki, Géradine Vidou, Sébastien Martin
ECEG 2014 – 14th European Conference on e-Government
12-13 June 2014 - Brasov, Romania

2. Data-driven economy promises
Data-driven economy promises the creation of enormous amounts
of economic activity and growth opportunities.
Lie to a large extent in the development of new services.
Results in terms of service creation remain below the
expectations of open data promoters.
Most services created are not sustainable and / or do not use the
variety of datasets; relying on a limited number of very popular
datasets.
June 12, 2014 From Open Data To Data-Driven Services 2
Open data: Unlocking innovation and
performance with liquid information

3. Objectives
Increase the reuse and the value extracted by services from data
Service innovation approaches can help understand mechanisms
driving service creation.
1. Review current approaches to encourage the creation of
services based on open data
2. Analysis of the creation of services from two open data
platforms
3. Identification of the roles that the data can have in the design
of services based on a theoretical framework of service
innovation.
June 12, 2014 From Open Data To Data-Driven Services 3

4. Approaches to encourage creation of
services based on open data

5. From Open Data To Data-Driven Services
Competitions
Opening Datasets
• Datasets available, open licence,
sufficient quality
• Interesting for citizens and reusers
Identification of datasets
• Portals aggregate metadata on
datasets
Datasets accessibility
• Harmonization of metadata
vocabularies (DCAT)
Datasets discoverability
• Lowest possible barrier to reuse
Intellectual Property Rights
June 12, 2014 5
Publicizing datasets and apps
• Make datasets known to reusers
• Events, virtual community channels
Publicizing new datasets
• Section in open data portals to show
services and apps using datasets
Publicizing services to show reuse
and encourage service usage
Training & support
• World Bank platform, basic knowledge to get
data and represent it into maps.
• Open Knowledge Foundation, School of data
Training
• APIs to lower technical barrier and time to
develop services
• Reusers do not address format
heterogeneity and less knowledge required
Support
Hackathons
Off-site competitions
Calls for contribution

6. Analysis of the creation of services
from two open data platforms

7. Observation
Open datasets and services created based on open data listed
Cases selected due to
(i) expressed willing of supporting authorities to promote creation of
services based on open data sets
(ii) availability of data concerning open datasets and developed services
June 12, 2014 From Open Data To Data-Driven Services 7

8. June 12, 2014
315 apps listed
• Economy, Environment,
Transparency, Society, Local
services, Education, Citizen life
78% reuse only a single dataset
• Sketchmap.co.uk uses 19
datasets.
Most reused datasets
• Code-Point® Open
• National Public Transport Access
Nodes (NaPTAN)..
17869 datasets and 315 apps
8
102 apps listed
• Mobility, Tourism, Environment,
Security, Religion, Business, Open
jobs in public administrations.
85% reuse only a single dataset
• Only 13 apps use more than one
dataset
Most re-used dataset
• “Singapore map (OneMap) data”
used in 33 apps.
• Traffic and parking datasets used
in 19 apps.
No more than 100 from 5000
publicly-available datasets are
used
From Open Data To Data-Driven Services

9. June 12, 2014 From Open Data To Data-Driven Services 9
Distribution
of Apps
based on
datasets
published
Distribution
of datasets
by topic
 Discrepancy between the low number of geographic and transportation datasets and
the very large proportion of transportation services.
 While transportation datasets appear to have a high reusability potential, education
datasets attract less reusers in proportion of their quantity.
 Quite uneven potential of datasets for reuse.
 Domain is clearly not the only element to take into consideration when assessing the
reusability of a dataset.

10. How to increase open data reuse and the
number of created services?
Open data portals describe many datasets, available in a variety of
formats and with many different access modes
Data producers make their data available for reuse but reuse does
not always happen.
Understand the service creation process and how data sources
can be integrated in this process.
June 12, 2014 From Open Data To Data-Driven Services 10

11. Service design process
Idea
Generation
• Ideation phase, birth of the idea
• Born spontaneously or from systematic
exploration of various fields of innovation
• Can be triggered by a stimulus, call for ideas,
ideation contest.
Maturation
• Exploring the idea related issues
• Validate or not options
• Investigate which other technologies and
services are out there already.
Concept
Evaluation
• Idea has reached a level of maturity,
• Assess the potential of the idea by a group of
experts who can decide to invest in its
development
June 12, 2014 From Open Data To Data-Driven Services 11
Service
System
Context
Innovativenes
s &
Sustainability
SynopsisResources
Target
Synopsis: summary of the concept of the service
Context (time, space technological components, regulatory context, etc.)
Target: customers of the service and the reason why they would buy it
Resources required (HR, technologies, organization, partners, financial resources…).
Service system: way in which resources are combined (key activities, key partners as stakeholders)
Innovativeness and sustainability: innovative aspects of the service system, expected impacts.

12. Roles of data in the service design
process
Data can play different roles:
1. the service is based on data,
2. the service uses data as a resource, and
3. the service is validated or enriched with data but the data is
not directly used or is not directly visible in the service.
June 12, 2014 From Open Data To Data-Driven Services 12

13. 1- Service based on data (1/4)
When the availability of the data is used as impulse to the service
ideation process, it represents the core of the service concept.
• The objective of the ideation process is to determine with one or more
datasets which services could be designed based on them.
• The data producer should wonder who currently uses the data; who else
could be interested by these data; and if there is any combination of these
data with other data which could be of interest to a stakeholder.
June 12, 2014 From Open Data To Data-Driven Services 13

14. 1- Service based on data (2/4)
The service allow visualizing the data
publicspending.net to view
budgetary data
nosdeputes.fr, activity of French
members of parliaments
handimap.org, paths through cities
for disabled citizens
The Narrative science company
generates texts from data to make it
more user friendly; sport new s articles
from the raw results of local
competitions
June 12, 2014 From Open Data To Data-Driven Services 14

15. 1- Service based on data (3/4)
Google ngrams benefits from the Google book digitization
program:
• Millions of books from various countries at various times digitized;
• Optical Character Recognition process to enable full text search
functionalities
• By combining the bibliographic data (including the date of publication) and
the individual words used in each book, Google ngrams allows visualizing
the evolution of the use of particular words over time.
June 12, 2014 From Open Data To Data-Driven Services 15
Evolution of the words "republic"
and "democracy" between 1800
and 2000
The service gives a new meaning to the data.

16. 1- Service based on data (4/4)
Data, main resource or one of the main resources.
Analyse the characteristics of the datasets and their impact on the
feasibility of the service:
• update frequency
• data quality (reliability, completeness etc.)
• data source
• maintenance processes,
• intellectual property rights attached and conditions of use
• cost
• accessibility, including its technical accessibility (e.g., API, data dump …)
• formats (e.g., RDF/XML, JSON, spread sheet)
• interoperability with other datasets, typically to mix it with third party
datasets
• documentation including its underlying semantic model to adequately
interpret and use it.
June 12, 2014 From Open Data To Data-Driven Services 16
At the maturation phase

17. 2- Services with data as resources
Delivery service
• Location and traffic data are not the core of the concept.
• However they are resources that will help design the service.
Data enrichment
• can use Wikipedia for the translation of a dataset of postcodes to
automatically fill the city in an address form.
As for the services based on data, characteristics of the datasets
should be analysed
June 12, 2014 From Open Data To Data-Driven Services 17
Idea
Generation
• Concept defined without any specific relation with the datasets
Maturation
• Investigating service feasibility, datasets have to be taken into
consideration as necessary resources

18. 3- Service validation
• A dataset of postcodes can be used to validate postcodes provided by
users in a form.
• Recommendation systems are often tested against standard datasets:
Authors of new algorithms can then test their algorithm against the dataset
to verify that it can accurately predict the ratings provided by users.
• Datasets used to validate business models, through gathering economic
indicators, from statistical institutes
• Simulation environments require many datasets to recreate the context of
execution of a service (traffic related services)
External datasets do not appear in the final service.
• Critical role to increase the quality of the service and ensure its viability.
June 12, 2014 From Open Data To Data-Driven Services 18
Datasets used in the service design phase but not in the service itself
Concept
Evaluation
• use external datasets only for testing a service concept or validating
data which are already hold by the service designer.
• Datasets can be used for validating the data already used in the
service.

19. Conclusion
Understand the roles that the data can have in a service
• Data can help at the maturation and the validation phases of the service
design.
• New opportunities for the reuse of data
Different approach to measuring the impact of opening datasets
beyond the mere number of services created.
• Benefit of opening data could be adequately measured
Open datasets reuse is not only a matter of promotion but also a
matter of asset value, i.e., the characteristics of the datasets
are critical to ensure their effective reuse by service designers.
June 12, 2014 From Open Data To Data-Driven Services 19

20. From Open Data To Data-Driven
Services
Muriel Foulonneau, Slim Turki, Géradine Vidou, Sébastien Martin
slim.turki@tudor.lu @sl_tu
ECEG 2014 – 14th European Conference on e-Government
12-13 June 2014 - Brasov, Romania
Thank you for your attention.

21. Welcome to Luxembourg
#EDF2015
data-forum.eu
November 16-17, 2015