4. What is LTE?
In Nov. 2004, 3GPP began a project to define the long-term
evolution (LTE) of Universal MobileTelecommunications
System (UMTS) cellular technology
Higher performance (Data rates && Reduced delay/latency )
Backwards compatible
Wide application
Works with IP network
LTE is the next generation of Mobile broadband technology
By Hussein AL-Sanabani
5. Evolution of Radio AccessTechnologies
LTE (3.9G) :
3GPP release 8~9
LTE-Advanced :
3GPP release 10+
802.16d/e
802.16m
By Hussein AL-Sanabani
7. LTETARGETs
Packet-Domain-Services only (e.g.VoIP) TCP/IP- based layers
Higher peak data rate/ user throughput 150 Mbps DL/75 Mbps UL @20MHz bandwidth
Reduced delay/latency user-plane latency<10ms
Improved spectrum efficiency up to 200 active users in a cell @5MHz bandwidth
Mobility optimized for low-mobility (up to 15Km/h), supported with high performance for
medium mobility (up to 120 Km/h), supported for high mobility (up to 500 Km/h)
Multimedia broadcast & multicast services
Spectrum flexibility ( Support of scalable bandwidth: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz)
Support for interworking with legacy networks
Cost-efficiency:
1. Cost-effective when add new node (upgrade) in LTE network.
2. Cost-effective migration from legacy networks
Coverage up to 30 Km By Hussein AL-Sanabani
12. Network Architecture – E-UTRAN
User Equipment
Evolved Node B (eNB) Functionalities:
1) Provides radio resource management functions, and handover
events
2) Provides admission control and scheduling
By Hussein AL-Sanabani
13. Network Architecture
Evolved Packet Core
Mobility Management Entity key control-node for the LTE
access-network.
Functionalities: deals with the control plane.
1) Manages mobility and provides security
Responsible for control procedures, such as authentication and
security, and storing of users’ position information
By Hussein AL-Sanabani
14. Network Architecture
Evolved Packet Core (Cont)
Serving Gateway Functionalities: deal with the user plane
1) Responsible for routing and forwarding user data packets
2) Provides Mobility
Acts as mobility anchor for inter-eNB handovers and for
mobility between LTE and other 3GPP
(mobility interface to other networks such as 2G/3G).
By Hussein AL-Sanabani
15. Network Architecture
Evolved Packet Core (Cont)
Packet Data Network Gateway Functionalities: deal with
the user plane
1) Provides connectivity to the UE to external packet data
networks (IP networks (Internet)).
2) Performs policy enforcement, packet filtering for each user,
support charging, etc.
3) Act as the anchor for mobility between 3GPP and non-3GPP
technologies (WiMAX)
By Hussein AL-Sanabani
20. Difference between OFDM and OFDMA
LTE uses OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
more advanced form of OFDM where subcarriers are allocated to
different users over time
By Hussein AL-Sanabani
21. LTE downlink OFDMA
LTE provides QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM as downlink modulation schemes
Cyclic prefix is used as guard interval
15 kHz subcarrier spacing
Scalable bandwidth By Hussein AL-Sanabani
22. LTE Uplink (SC-FDMA)
l Similar to OFDM signal, but…
in OFDM, each sub-carrier only carries information
related to one specific symbol,
in SC-FDMA, each sub-carrier contains information of
ALL transmitted symbols.
By Hussein AL-Sanabani
23. SC-FDMA vs. OFDMA
A salient advantage of SC-FDMA over OFDMA is
low to Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) :
Increasing battery life
By Hussein AL-Sanabani
25. Advantages of LTE
Provides low latency
Increased data transfer speed
High spectral efficiency
Support of variable bandwidth
FDD andTDD within a single radio access technology
More cost effectiveness
Compatibility and interworking with earlier 3GPP Releases
Efficient Multicast/Broadcast
Improvements over 3G network
By Hussein AL-Sanabani
31. Researches (1)Researches (1)
Title:
An efficient power-saving transmission mechanism in LTE
macrocell-femtocell hybrid networks
Author:
Yao-Liang Chung
Institute:
Department of Communication Engineering, NationalTaipei
University
Published on:
2014 Information Networking (ICOIN), International Conference
By Hussein AL-Sanabani
32. Research: 1 contcont..
This paper discusses how to improve the energy - saving
performance by using LTE macrocell-femtocell hybrid networks.
This mechanism is able to greatly improve the energy -saving
performance, while maintaining the required data rate, by
intelligently activating /deactivating each Femto Group (FG).
The results of this paper demonstrate that the proposed
approach is able to achieve a much better energy -saving
performance, when compared it with the existing approaches .
By Hussein AL-Sanabani
34. Researches (2)Researches (2)
Title:
LTE forVehicular Networking: A Survey
Author:
Araniti, G. ; Campolo, C. ; Condoluci, M. ; Iera, A.
more authors
Institute:
University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria
Published on:
2013 Communications Magazine, IEEE (Volume:51 , Issue: 5 )
By Hussein AL-Sanabani
35. Research: 2 contcont..
In this paper discuss the usability of LTE to support vehicular
applications, as they currently do by IEEE 802.11p (e.g., road
safety and traffic efficiency services). And also support the
applications mainly benefit from this promising cellular technology
(e.g., VoIP, file sharing, video streaming, web browsing, social
networking, blog uploading, gaming, cloud access).
They say how to Take advantage from strengths of LTE (high
capacity, wide coverage, high performance) to face the well-
known drawbacks of IEEE 802.11p (poor scalability, low capacity,
intermittent connectivity).
LTE has overcome over IEEE 802.11p in terms of coverage (e.g.,In
rural areas where the car density is low.
By Hussein AL-Sanabani
3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership Project.
A group of standard bodies produce technical specification for telecom industry.
system architecture evolution(SAE)
Backhaul: A link/system between core network and distributed point.
QuadratureAmplitudeModulation(QAM)
Operates in control plane and provides authentication(It handles the signalling related to mobility and security for E-UTRAN access.)
Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
Multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance.
Antenna diversity, also known as space diversity, is any one of several wireless diversity schemes that uses two or more antennas to improve the quality and reliability of a wireless link. Diversity plays an important role in combatting fading and co-channel interference and avoiding error bursts.
Beamforming or spatial filtering is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception.
space-division multiple access (SDMA) to allow multiple transmitters to send separate signals and multiple receivers to receive separate signals simultaneously in the same band.
Multi layer transmission:-Different data streams sent simultaneously on different antennas with same frequency
Carrier aggregation?
Extends the maximum transmission bandwidth, up to 100 MHz, by aggregating
up to five LTE carriers – also known as component carriers (CCs)
Self Optimizing networks (SON)?The intent is to substantially reduce the effort required to introduce
new nodes to the network.
•Examples of use cases :
• Adding a new eNB
• Self configuration
• Self Healing
• Continuous optimization
• Interference control
• Capacity and coverage optimization
International Telecommunications Union(ITU)
International Mobile Telephony (IMT)
femtocell is a small, low-power cellular base station.
Green Dynamic Configuration Algorithm (GDCA )where the FBS sleeping parameter N was designed to be static.
Fig. 7 . The comparison of the total energy consumption of all FBSs
between GDCA with static N and GDCA with dynamic N, under the
considered violently fluctuating traffic -load pattern.
Consumption
Consuming
IEEE 802.11p is the standard that supports ITS applications in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs).