Mobile Computing by Tapesh Chalisgaonkar

MOBILE COMPUTING 2012
AMRAVATI POLYTECHNIC
BHANKHEDA. Page 1
A Paper Presentation on
WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF COMPUTING

BHANKHEDA. Page 2
CONTENTS
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Distinction Between Wireless And Mobile.
 Mobile Devices.
 Challenges In Mobile Computing.
 Merits.
 Demerits.
 Applications.
 Conclusion.
 Bibilography.

BHANKHEDA. Page 3
ABSTRACTS
Mobile Computing has been undergoing a bit of renaissance lately. A Few years ago it
was a simple matter of finding a data compatible mobile phone, a PC card modem, and a
matching cable and installing it as modem. then people started to use PDA’s as well. Cell phones
started to come with infrared ports to allow communication with laptops. Then cell phones started
to come with modems built in. The connecting methods of mobile computing, its introduction,
connection types, factors affecting connections, mobile applications and its limitations are
explained.

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INTRODUCTION
Wireless networking technology has engendered a new era of computing, called mobile
computing. mobile computing is an umbrella term used to describe technologies that enable people
to access network services any please , any time , and any where. Ubiquitous computing and
nomadic computing are synonymous with mobile computing. mobile computing helps user’s to be
productive immediately by reducing the training requirements associated with traditional
automated data collection methods and provides a higher Level of portability than keyboard based
systems field based uses can access any information available from the system at any time to make
critical business decisions this information is available at the point of use wherever and
whenever they need it.Portable devices like laptop and palmtop computers give mobile users
access to diverse sources of global information any where and at any time.One of the most
important and highly publicized recent developments in the PC world has been the introduction
of the pen interface. by using stylus to replace the keyboard , mobile computers are turning
thousands of computer illiterate people especially those Involved with field based data collection
into computer users. the market potential and breadth of application requirements for mobile
computing has Prompted Numerous hardware and Software Companies to focus their efforts in
providing solutions to the vertical form oriented market place .
The pen interface allows users to interact with the computer in a very natural familiar way
by entering text, numbers and graphics in “electronic ink “ directly on the screen the pen interface
also provides users with highly intuitive and efficient applications, whether tapping graphical icons
to navigate through applications or selecting of options from scrolling lists and check boxes .
Mobile computing applications can closely simulate the original paper one form line
providing users with a familiar look and feel through the use of the latest PCMCIA technology data
storage is large, fast and more efficient with minimal power consumption and the highest level of
ruggedness. While communications via modem Or wireless is also tightly integrated, fulfilling the
requirements of the mobile user and standardized ports give users across to printers, barcode readers
and various other peripheral devices.

BHANKHEDA. Page 5
DISTINCTION BETWEEN
“WIRELESS” AND “MOBILE”
Wireless refers to the method of transferring information between computing devices, such
as a personal data assistant (PDA), and a data source, such as an agency data base server, with out
a physical connection. Not all wireless communication technologies are mobile. For example,
lasers are used in wireless data transfer between buildings, but can’t be used in mobile
communications at this time.
Mobile simply describes a computing device that is not restricted to a desktop. A mobile
device may be a PDA. A smart cell phone or web phone a laptop computer or any one of the
numerous other devices that allow the user to complete computing tasks without being tethered, or
connected, to a network. Mobile computing does not necessarily required wireless communication
.in fact it may not require communication between devices at all.

BHANKHEDA. Page 6
MOBILE DEVICES
Here we have seven different types of mobile devices
I. Laptop computers.
II. PDA’s and, handheld PC’s.
III. Pagers.
IV. Smart phones and cellular phones.
V. Task devices, such as bar code readers.
VI. Bluetooth.
VII. Bridge.
 Laptops are typically used and supported in the same way as desktop PC’s. in fact many
organizations have replaced desktops with their portable cousins , as the work force has grown
increasingly mobile.

BHANKHEDA. Page 7
 PDA’s however, Are the least planned for and supported devices. they are undergoing
rapid evolution and are being brought into organizations in the same way the earliest PC’s were
.that is adventurous early adopters buy the devices for their personal use and then ask IT
departments to integrate the devices in to the corporate IT environment. at present PDA’s are most
often used for storing and synchronizing personal information such as addresses, schedules and E-
mail .however the medical industry has developed numerous applications for PDA’s .at least one
web ring( a collection of websites with a common topic) has been created to discuss medical
software that automates functions such as patient and diagnostic data entry ,patient monitoring and
diagnosis ,and messaging .in a hospital setting, these applications may include wireless
communication between staff members handheld devices and a base station at which patient
information is stored .
 Smart phones that allow users to access phone calls, two way radio transmissions, paging
and data transmissions on one device are also finding applications in hospitals and other situations
that have intense and constant need for time sensitive communications.
 Pagers that support one and two way text messaging are also used in similar situations .third
party vendors most often provide support for these devices .
 Task devices such as the parcel tracking devices used by FEDERAL EXPRESS(Fed ex)
and the UNITED PARCEL SERVICE (ups) delivery personal are most often bought as part of a
complete system from a third party vendor. Because they are frequently mission critical most
corporations support task devices as rigorously as desktop computers.
 Bluetooth, a short range wireless standard that specifies radio connections between devices
within a ten meter range of each other. Bluetooth is designed as a personal area network (PAN or
WPAN for “wireless personal area network”)technology with a wide variety of theoretical uses
.

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
 Bridge, a device that connects two local area networks (LAN’s), or two segments of the
same LAN. bridges simply forward packets from one segment to another without analyzing or
routing messages . this allows them to connect dissimilar networks (ex :a bridge can connect an
Ethernet and Token ring network).

BHANKHEDA. Page 9
CHALLENGES IN MOBILE COMPUTING
I. PHYSICAL
Wireless and mobile environments bring different challenges to users and service.
Providers when compared to fixed ,wired networks .physical constraints become much more
important, such as device weight, battery power, screen size, portability, quality of radio
transmission, error rates . mobility brings additional uncertainties, as well as opportunities to
provide new services and supplementary information to users in the locations where they find
themselves. the major challenges in mobile computing are described including ;bandwidth, high
error rate, power restrictions ,security ,limited capabilities, disconnection and problems due to
client mobility.
II. LOW BANDWIDTH
Wireless networks deliver lower bandwidth than wired networks. as a result, mobile
applications have to be carefully designed to control the bandwidth consumption.
Software techniques to improve effective bandwidth usage include data compression logging
requests to combine multiple short ones , lazy write back, difference based updates, caching , pre
fetching, usage of proxy, priority scheduling etc.
III. HIGH ERROR RATE
The network quality varies as the mobile computer moves across the heterogeneous network
connections . the wireless environment exhibits higher error rates, which results in retransmission and
affects the quality of service . by minimizing the usage of wireless transmission , the data is less
exposed to transmission errors. in addition ,error correction schemes can be employed to improve
performance . however , these schemes add to the communication overhead and reduce the usable
band width.

BHANKHEDA. Page 10
IV. POWER LIMITATION
Mobile computers are concerned with the limited power supply, an issue that does not
appear in distributed wired environment. Hardware improvements on batteries can help to lengthen
the life of a charge and reduce the battery weight. In addition effective software operations can
help to lower the power consumption. examples include: shifting the processing to a fixed host,
aggressively caching and pre fetching data to reduce disk traffic, and transmitting less data while
receiving more.
V. SECURITY AND PRIVACY
Security and piracy are of specific concerns in wireless communication because of the ease
of connecting to the wireless link anonymously. Common problems are impersonation , denial of
service and tapping. The main technique used in encryption . in personal profiles of users are used
to restrict access to the mobile units.
VI. LIMIT CAPABILITIES
Unlike stationary computers mobile computers are similar in physical size and have smaller
storage capacity. PDA’s like info pad and parc tab are designed to have extreme portability and provide
ubiquitous information access. However, their application relies heavily on the interoperability of the
pads and other servers. even ordinary laptops typically have less RAM and smaller hard disks than
stationary computers.
VII. DISCONNECTION
Disconnection and be voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary disconnection occurs when
mobile users want to disconnect the mobile unit from the network temporarily, like working on a
plane. Involuntary disconnection is mainly due to network failures.
The mobile application should not be disrupted under these circumstances. some
applications are designed to run entirely locally on the mobile unit, but it may not be feasible for

BHANKHEDA. Page 11
distributed applications where users have to communicate with one another. Again, pre fetching
and lazy write-back are some useful techniques that allow to work under disconnection.
The CMU CODA file system allows shared files to be modified even during
disconnections.
Upon reconnection, application-specific conflict resolution schemes are used in the file
servers to reconfile any update conflicts maybe by various clients. it also uses concurrency control
and pre fetching techniques .however ,this approach is designed mainly for file systems and does
not for all kinds of applications .
7. MOBILITY
There are two types of mobility described(a)mobility of clients and(b)mobility of resources
.mobility of clients raises the issues of unique naming of the clients and finding their current
locations. unlike stationary computers ,where information on location is configured statically
mobile computers have to configure information dynamically mobility of resources addresses this
problem. When a mobile host moves into a new cell or administrative domain , it has to discover
the resources available there . at the same time , any server that needs to communicate with the
mobile host has to identify its new location. Location transparency should be provided to the
mobile applications by the underlying runtime system so that the users are not aware of the effects
of mobility.

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MERITS
The benefits of automating data collection applications with mobile computing are the
reduction of hard and soft costs, enhancement of revenue potential , and a distinct competitive
advantage through:
 Improving the data collection process.
 Improving data accuracy.
 Reducing paper work.
 Facilitating collection of more useful information.
 Eliminating redundant data entry.
 Reducing administrative costs.
 Reducing billing errors.
 Reducing data backlog.
 Improving information flow.
 Allowing faster adaptation to change the business conditions.
 Increasing responsiveness and customer satisfaction.
 Providing access to unavailable information.

BHANKHEDA. Page 13
DEMERITS
The demerits of the mobile computing are discussed as follows:-
Information access via a mobile device is plagued by low available band width,
poor connection maintenance, poor and addressing problems. Unlike their wired counter parts,
design of software for mobile devices must consider resource limitation, battery power and display
size. Consequently, new hardware and software techniques must be developed. for example,
application need to be highly optimized for space, in order to fit in the limited memory on the
mobile devices.
Mobility brings additional uncertainties , as well as opportunities to provide new
services and supplementary information to users in the location where they find themselves. in
general, most application software, operating systems, and network infrastructures are intended for
more conventional environments , and so the mobile, wireless user has great difficulty exploiting
the computational infrastructure as fully as he or she might . there is an emerging consensus among
researchers that a new architecture and dynamic infrastructure is an appropriate way to address this
problem .
Day by day as the standard of the mobile computing is increasing the boons of
mobile computing are changing to banes. eg : the most deadly terrorist attack occurred on
September 11th
, 2001.

BHANKHEDA. Page 14
APPLICATION
New technical and application developments have established that mobile systems can be a
cost effective, efficient and productive solution in several different types of application
environments . they are :-a new generation of satellites , especially low earth orbit systems
(LEOS)are under development with the internet in mind .companies like Teledesic and Orbcomm
are actively promoting internet access .
Vertical industries where mobile technology has already been successfully adopted include
consumer goods. Delivery and root sales , government , healthcare , market research ,
pharmaceuticals , transportation and utilities .
 CONSUMER GOODS
Typical applications include inventory, merchandising , order entry and sales automation.
features found in these applications usually provide access to stock and pricing information,
monitor promotion , and perform shelf space analysis including number of facings and product age
. customer detail helps reps to act more as consultants than order takers .
 DELIVERY AND ROUTE SALES
With fierce competition and an increasing inventory , having timely and accurate information is
more important than ever.
 GOVERNMENT
Applications center around assessments, inspections, and work orders. Most of these
applications involve auditing some sort of facility or process(food service, restaurant, nursing
home, child care, schools, commercials and residential buildings).

BHANKHEDA. Page 15
 HEALTH CARE
The focus in this industry has been on automating patient records, medication, dispension,
and sample collection. A common goal is to leverage mobile computing in the implementation of
positive patient identification.
 MARKET RESEARCH
Automating the survey the process has enabled these companies to get their data more accurately
and quickly while being able to customize their queries at will.
 PHARMACUTICALS
In addition to the reps need to perform account management and cell reporting functions
,the FDA’s requirements for physician signatures for all drug samples dispensed was an ordered
complication that was eliminated through the use of mobile technology.
 TRANSPORTATION
 Transforming freight damage inspection from paper to mobile computing greatly
expedites the process and reduces cost by providing online pre-shipment inspections. This
technology also offers a more efficient means of storing and transmitting maintenance inspection
reports . in conjunction with GPS(global positioning systems),
 Mobile computing allows companies to provide better customer service by being
continuously aware of exactly where any given shipment is when in transit.
 UTILITIES
Eliminating the rekeying of data and providing a means to perform on site analysis are
instrumental to an industry that is required to perform inspection on routine basis.

BHANKHEDA. Page 16
WIRELESS INTERNET IN FUTURE
There’s more happening than many people suspect. the difficulty , though is to provide the
right network , the right device , the right price and the right applications. Wireless is not wired,
and there are numerous advantages and disadvantages. The wireless industry “mindset” is different
from the computer communities. these different philosophies produce what we call a “wireless-
web culture clash”. Also much of the information we obtain via the internet isn’t worth paying for
in a mobile environment. the internet will change is already changing the way mobile companies
and computer companies offer products and services, and deal with customers. Indeed, many
wireless subscribers will demand these changes, ranging from online customer service to electronic
bill paying to creating profiles that automatically transmit personalized information via the internet
to wireless devices. We are in a period of tremendous change. It’s mobile computing jungle where
old technologies must evolve to survive and where proponents of new technologies are jockeying
for dominance. it’s a dangerous and exciting time where existing business models can crumble
and more nimble , innovative companies can usurp established institutions.
Uncovering these developments, analyzing there impact and recommending solutions to
corporations is what wireless internet and mobile computing consulting is all about.

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CONCLUSION
 Mobile computing is rapidly becoming popular, and user demand for useful wireless
applications is increasing.
 Additionally, this paper shows how these behavioral extensions serve as a powerful
abstraction for practical systems.
 In this paper, we have looked at issues related to portable devices, merits, demerits and
applications in mobile environment.
 Because of these banes of mobile computing the security level should be improved.

BHANKHEDA. Page 18
Refrences
 Terry Watson:- application design for wireless computing.
 Application design for wireless computing; M –mail a
case study of dynamic application portioning in mobile computing.
 Christine julien and gruia – catalin roman : active co-ordination in adhoc networks.
 Raymond j.Brunsting:- quality of service issues in wireless networks.

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