7. REPORTED SPEECH TENSE CHANGE LIST
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Simple Present Simple Past
"I live in Paris." He said he lived in Paris.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
"I'm not feeling well." He said he wasn't feeling well.
Past Perfect
Present Perfect
He said he had never been
"I've never been there."
there.
Present Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Continuous
He said she had been working
"She's been working."
Simple Past Past Perfect
"I saw my mother." He said he had seen his mother.
Future Conditional
"There will be a He said there would be a
problem." problem.
Conditional Continuous
Future Continuous
He said he would be leaving
"I'll be leaving soon."
soon.
MODALS
Present Modals Past Modals
"I will go." He said he would go.
"I can swim." He said he could swim.
"It may rain." He said it might rain.
He said he had to go to the
"I must go to the bank."
bank.
He said he didn't need to phone
"I needn't phone her."
her.
THE FOLLOWING MODAL VERBS DO NOT CHANGE:
Would, could, might, ought to, needn't have, must have,
used to
Second Conditional
First Conditional
He said he would go if they
"I'll go if they go."
went.
8. LOS 100 VERBOS MÁS USADOS EN INGLÉS
THE 100 MOST USED VERBS IN ENGLISH
English Español English Español
accept aceptar, admitir, reconocer close/shut cerrar; concluir, terminar
allow permitir, dejar organize organizar
ask preguntar, pedir un favor u opinión pay pagar
believe creer play jugar
borrow pedir prestado put poner, colocar, instalar
break romper, destrozar, arruinar, acabar con rain llover
bring traer read leer
buy comprar reply responder
can/be able to poder, ser capaz de run correr
cancel cancelar, suspender say decir
change cambiar see ver
clean limpiar sell vender
comb peinar(se) send enviar
complain quejarse sign firmar
cough toser sing cantar
count contar, tener importancia sit sentar(se); colocar
cut cortar sleep dormir
dance bailar smoke fumar
draw dibujar, trazar; correr/descorrer/bajar las cortinas y persianas; sacar dinero
del banco speak hablar
drink beber spell deletrear
Drive conducir; llevar spend gastar; pasar el
tiempo
eat comer stand poner(se) de pie
explain explicar start/begin comenzar, empezar
fall caer(se) study estudiar; examinar,
investigar
fill llenar succeed tener éxito, triunfar
find encontrar, hallar, descubrir swim nadar
finish terminar, acabar take tomar, coger, agarrar; llevar, robar
fit caber, encajar talk hablar
fix reparar, arreglar; fijar, sujetar teach enseñar
fly volar tell decir, informar, contar
forget olvidar(se) think pensar, creer
give dar, regalar, donar translate traducir
go ir(se), salir travel viajar
have tener, poseer try intentar
9. hear oír turn off apagar, cerrar
hurt herir, dañar, lastimar, ofender turn on encender, abrir
know saber, conocer type escribir a máquina, teclear
learn aprender, enterarse understand entender, comprender
leave salir, marcharse, irse; dejar, abandonar use usar, utilizar, emplear
listen escuchar, prestar atención wait esperar
live vivir, residir wake up despertar(se)
look mirar, aparentar want querer, desear
lose perder watch observar, vigilar; tener cuidado con
make/do hacer, preparar, fabricar, confeccionar work trabajar
need necesitar, tener que worry preocupar(se), inquietar
open abrir; iniciar, inaugurar write escribir
10. GUÍA DE REFERENCIA RÁPIDA
QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE
THE VERB "TO BE"
SPANISH AFFIRMATIVE DIMINUTIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
YO SOY I AM I'M I'M NOT AM I?
TÚ ERES YOU ARE YOU'RE YOU AREN'T ARE YOU?
ÉL ES HE IS HE'S HE ISN'T IS HE?
ELLA ES SHE IS SHE'S SHE ISN'T IS SHE?
ESO ES IT IS IT'S IT ISN'T IS IT?
NOSOTROS
WE ARE WE'RE WE AREN'T ARE WE?
SOMOS
USTEDES SON YOU ARE YOU'RE YOU AREN'T ARE YOU?
THEY
ELLOS SON THEY ARE THEY'RE ARE THEY
AREN'T
PRONOUNS
SUBJECT OBJECT POSS. ADJ POSS. PRO REFLEXIVE
I ME MY MINE MYSELF
YOU YOU YOUR YOURS YOURSELF
HE HIM HIS HIS HIMSELF
SHE HER HER HERS HERSELF
IT IT ITS ITS ITSELF
WE US OUR OURS OURSELVES
YOU YOU YOUR YOURS YOURSELVES
THEY THEM THEIR THEIRS THEMSELVES
QUESTION WORDS
ENGLISH SPANISH
WHAT QUÉ
WHEN CUÁNDO
WHERE DÓNDE
WHO QUIÉN
WHICH CUÁL
HOW CÓMO
WHY POR QUÉ
11. DEMONSTRATIVES
SINGULAR PLURAL SPANISH
THIS THESE ESTO(S)
THAT THOSE ESO(S)
DAYS OF THE WEEK
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY
"SOME" AND "ANY"
EXAMPLES
THERE IS SOME WATER
SOME +
THERE ARE SOME GIRLS
THERE ISN'T ANY WATER
ANY -
THERE AREN'T ANY GIRLS
ANY (NORMALLY) ? IS THERE ANY WATER?
ARE THERE ANY GIRLS?
ESSENTIAL EXPRESSIONS
ENGLISH SPANISH
YES, PLEASE SÍ, POR FAVOR
NO, THANKS NO, GRACIAS
I DON'T UNDERSTAND NO ENTIENDO
WHAT IS YOUR NAME? ¿CÓMO TE LLAMAS?
MY NAME IS JOHN. ME LLAMO JOHN.
66 VERBOS FRASALES ESENCIALES
12. 66 ESSENTIAL PHRASAL VERBS (INTERMEDIATE)
PHRASAL VERB SPANISH TRANSLATION EXAMPLES
Agree with Estar de acuerdo I don't AGREE WITH you.
Be about to Estar a punto de I WAS ABOUT TO leave the house when he arrived.
Be back Regresar I'm working late so I won't BE BACK until 10.
Be out of Quedarse sin We ARE OUT OF eggs so we can't make a tortilla.
Be over Terminarse When the football match WAS OVER, we went to the pub.
Be up Estar levantado Phil ISn't UP yet so phone again in an hour.
Blow up Estallar (una bomba) The bomb BLEW UP killing six people.
Blow up Inflar We BLEW UP at least a hundred balloons.
Break down Averiarse My car BROKE DOWN on the way to San Juan.
Call back Volver a llama Could you CALL BACK later?
Carry on Seguir, continuar I'm sorry to interrupted you. Please, CARRY ON.
Carry out Cumplir (una promesa) The President CARRIED OUT his promise to
reduce taxation.
Carry out Llevar a cabo The execution was CARRIED OUT at seven o'clock in the
morning.
Clear up Poner en orden It took four hours to CLEAR UP after the party.
Come across Encontrar, dar con I CAME ACROSS an old friend on the subway.
Come back Regresar I'm COMING BACK on the fifth.
Come in Entrar COME IN and sit down.
Come on ¡Vamos!, ¡Date prisa! COME ON. We're going to be late.
Cut down on Consumir menos You must CUT DOWN ON cholesterol or you'll
have a heart attack.
Cut off Cortar, desconectar When we didn't pay the bill, the electricity was CUT
OFF.
Cut up Cortar en pedazos We CUT UP the birthday cake and gave everyone a
slice.
Do up Abrochar, atar I was five years old before I knew how to DO UP my
shoelaces.
Do with Tener algo que ver con, tener relación con What is MS DOS? It's got
something to DO WITH computers.
Do without Pasarse sin, prescindir de The shops are shut so we'll have to DO
WITHOUT sugar.
Draw up Pararse The car DREW UP at the zebra crossing.
Get back Volver, regresar Cinderella had to GET BACK by twelve o'clock.
Get in(to) Entrar I lost my keys so I couldn't GET INTO the house.
Get off Bajarse (de un tren o autobús) You have to GET OFF the bus at the next
stop.
Get on Subirse (a un tren o autobús) Quick! GET ON the train, it's about to leave.
Get up Levantarse When I GOT UP this morning it was still dark.
Give back Devolver If you don't like the dress, the shop will GIVE you your money
BACK.
13. Give up Perder la esperanza, rendirse If you find phrasal verbs difficult, don't
GIVE UP.
Give up Dejar (de fumar o beber) You'll get cancer if you don't GIVE UP smoking.
Go ahead ¡Siga! Can I use the telephone? Yes, GO AHEAD.
Go away Irse, marcharse Are you GOING AWAY for Christmas?
Go back Volver, regresar She's GOING BACK to University to study French.
Go down Bajar The price of fruits GOES DOWN in the summer.
Go out Salir (por la calle) I always GO OUT and have a few drinks on Sunday
night.
Go up Subir The price of cigarettes WENT UP in January.
Hang on/Hold on Esperar HOLD ON for a minute.
Hang up Colgar (el teléfono) My boyfriend HUNG UP when I phoned him.
Keep up with Mantenerse (a la altura de) I can't KEEP UP WITH my friend when
we go cycling.
Knock down Derribar My grandfather's old house was KNOCKED DOWN last
year.
Leave behind Olvidar, dejar When I got to the airport, I realized I had LEFT my
passport BEHIND.
Let in Dejar entrar She opened the door and LET IN the cat.
Look after Cuidar My mother LOOKS AFTER the children when we go away.
Look for Buscar I spent two hours LOOKING FOR my glasses.
Look forward to Esperar con ilusión I'm LOOKING FORWARD TO the Easter
holidays.
Look out Tener cuidado LOOK OUT! There's a car coming.
Look up Buscar algo (en un diccionario) If you don't understand the word, LOOK
it UP in a dictionary.
Put in Meter, introducir PUT ten cents IN the machine and you'll get a cup of
coffee.
Put on Encender PUT ON the light, it's getting dark.
Put on Ponerse (la ropa) PUT your coat ON or you'll get sick.
Run out of Quedarse sin algo We RAN OUT OF gas so we had to get the bus.
Set off Ponerse en camino We SET OFF to Madrid at five o'clock to avoid the
traffic.
Take after Parecerse a Pablo TAKES AFTER his mother. They are both
optimistic.
Take off Despegar The flight was delayed for two hours and the plane eventually
TOOK OFF at six o'clock.
Take off Quitarse la ropa TAKE OFF your coat and make yourself comfortable.
Take out Extraer, sacar He TOOK OUT a cigarette and lit it.
Throw away Tirar (en la basura) Don't THROW these papers AWAY. They're
important.
Turn down Bajar (el volumen) TURN DOWN the radio. It's too loud.
Turn up Subir (el volumen) TURN UP the radio. I can't hear it.
Turn on Encender TURN ON the television, please, I want to see the news
14. DIFERENCIAS ENTRE IDIOMAS
Se parece… pero no es! --- Los “False Cognates”
Se dice que es un “False Cognate”: cuando una palabra en inglés, por la forma en
que se escribe o se pronuncia, se parece mucho a una palabra en español cuando
en realidad su traducción es otra.
Con la finalidad de ayudarlos a evitar errores o hacer mal uso del idioma, les
hacemos llegar la siguiente lista que contiene algunos de los “False Cognates”
más comunes:
Actually - Se parece a la palabra actualmente ; sin embargo, significa in reality o
really (en realidad o realmente). Actualmente se traduce como currently.
Approve - Aunque su traducción es aprobar no es correcto utilizarla con la idea de
aprobar un examen. Approve únicamente se utiliza con el sentido de aprobar una
idea, proyecto, acción etc. . Aprobar un examen sería to pass an exam.
Career - Se confunde frecuentemente con carrera universitaria cuando realmente
se refiere a carrera profesional (vida de trabajo). Carrera universitaria se traduce
como degree.
Compromise - Se puede confundir muy fácilmente con compromiso para “cenar” .
Compromise viene siendo comprometer algo o una situación o hacer concesiones
para llegar a un arreglo.
Compromiso en Español se traduciría como commitment, obligation, promise
(compromiso, obligación, promesa).
Embarrassed - No significa embarazada. Su traducción mas cercana es apenado/
a. La traducción correcta para embarazada es pregnant.
Eventually - Se confunde frecuentemente con eventualmente cuando su
traducción correcta es finalmente, a la larga o en algún momento dado en el
mediano o largo plazo.
For - La preposición for se confunde frecuentemente con por. La traducción
correcta de for es para y a su vez por se traduce al Inglés con by.
15. Lecture - Se parece mucho a lectura cuando realmente se refiere a: platicar o una
plática sobre un tema en lo particular. Lectura se traduce como reading o
simplemente text.
Parents - Que se confunde frecuentemente con parientes, se refiere
UNICAMENTE a PADRE y MADRE; no a todos los parientes que vendrían siendo
relatives.
Realize - Aunque realize se puede traducir como realizar, en la mayoría de los
casos se utiliza con el sentido de darse cuenta , entender de pronto o caer en
cuenta.
Scientific - Se parece mucho y se traduce como científico, pero hay que tener en
cuenta lo siguiente: Scientific se refiere a científico (que se atribuye a la ciencia, no
a la persona que la practica), mientras que científico (la persona) se traduce por
Scientist.
Otras palabras confusas
Win - El verbo “win” muchas veces se aplica mal cuando se utiliza con la idea de
“ganar dinero por un trabajo”. “Ganar dinero por un trabajo” se puede traducir por
“to earn/make money”.
“Win” se utiliza para: “ganar un torneo, concurso, premio, dinero en la lotería etc.”.
Ahora bien, tampoco hay que confundir “win” con “vencer” que se traduce por
“beat”, por ejemplo:
Mexico won the game (ganó el juego)
Mexico beat Croatia 1-0 (le ganó al oponente)
Politics/Politician – “Politics” se refiere a “política” (la ciencia, las regulaciones de
un país) mientras que “politician” se traduce por “político/a” (la persona).
Library/Bookstore - “Library” se refiere a “biblioteca” mientras que “librería” es
“bookstore” en Inglés.
Apartment/Department – “Apartment” se traduce como “departamento” (la
vivienda) mientras que “Department” se refiere al “departamento de una empresa”
Ejemplo: I work in the Sales Department --- Trabajo en el Departamento de
Ventas
I live in a small apartment --- Vivo en un departamento pequeño
Verbos Compuestos --- Los “Phrasal Verbs”
16. Otras palabras que frecuentemente se prestan a confusión son: los verbos
compuestos o “phrasal verbs”. Se componen básicamente de un verbo + una
preposición. El significado del verbo cambia en función de la preposición utilizada.
A continuación encontrarán una lista de algunos de los verbos compuestos más
comunes:
Verbo Significado Verbo Significado
Burn up
Quemarse y desaparecer (papel, cigarro)
Give in
Rendirse, ceder
Burn down
Quemarse y colapsar (edificio)
Give up
Rendirse
Burn out
Quemarse y dejar de funcionar (eléctrico)
Look into
Investigar
Break down
Colapsar o dejar de funcionar
Look after
Cuidar
Call off
Cancelar
Look for
Buscar
Call up
Llamar por teléfono
Look out (for)
Tener cuidado
Call down
Regañar, reprender
Look over
Leer o ver cuidadosamente
Come to
Recobrar el sentido, volver en sí
Look like
17. Parecerse
Come over
Visitar
Move out
Salirse de la casa
Come down (with)
Enfermarse
Move over
Poner a un lado
Come up
Surgir de pronto (idea, tema de discusión)
Run around
Estar ocupado yendo de un lugar a otro
Come back
Regresar
Run out of
Terminarse, quedarse sin (suministros)
Get up
Levantarse de la cama
Run into
Toparse con algo o alguien
Get along
Llevarse bien con algo o alguien
Run across
Encontrar accidentalmente
Get away
Conseguir marcharse
Run away
Escaparse, darse a la fuga