SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 6
Descargar para leer sin conexión
Ping Speed Test
Ping is a network utility that refers to the Ping Speed Test sent out across the network to another computer,
which then sends its own signal back. This signal, which is measured in milliseconds (ms), lets you know how
long it takes for a packet of data to travel from your computer to a server on the internet and back.
Testmyinternetspeed.org, That measurement is referred to as the latency between the computer and its
server.The etymology of the word “ping” goes back to World War II, when it was used as the technical term for
the sonar signal that submarines would send to measure their distance to another vessel in the ocean.
An onomatopoeia, the derivation is quite literally the metallic, high-pitched “ping” sound that was heard.Several
decades later, the term was borrowed to describe the process of one computer querying another computer to
determine if it was online. Consider this analogy: in the swimming pool game of Marco Polo, the computer
“ping” would be the “Marco!” and the receiving server would represent the reply of “Polo!”
Ping Speed Test
Ping is a network utility that refers to the Ping Speed Test sent out across the network to another computer,
which then sends its own signal back. This signal, which is measured in milliseconds (ms), lets you know how
long it takes for a packet of data to travel from your computer to a server on the internet and back.
Testmyinternetspeed.org,That measurement is referred to as the latency between the computer and its server.
How Does A Ping Test Work?
Ping tests use ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) to send an echo request to the target host and then
await a response, once a response is received, it logs the total time it took. If there is no response, it tells us
that the target host is not reachable.Some ping test tools also include the packet loss test to highlight if there
were any packet loss in the communication path.
Are Ping, Latency, And Lag The Same?
Latency is the delay in communication between two hosts, which makes the user experience slowness
and sometimes causes frequent disruption of the internet. Latency is represented in terms of
Round-Trip-Time (RTT). RTT is the total time it takes to send the request packet until a response is
received from the target host. This is measured in milliseconds(ms). Ping is actually a way to measure
the latency/delay between two communication hosts. There are many ping testing tools which vary in
their functionality, but the main principle remains the same, i.e. measuring latency between two hosts.
Latency may result in lag. Lag can be defined as the delay in online experience, where user requests are
sent but the response from the server takes too long, thus impacting the user’s experience. It is
commonly faced in online games with multi-user environments.
What Do I Need To Run A Ping Test?
Running ping tests is very simple. All you need is a ping test tool and the IP address or host name and in
some cases, the domain name of the host which you want to test.There are many ping test tools on the
internet, like the one on our website. Moreover, almost every operating system also comes with this ping
tool. In Windows and Linux environments, you can use CLI (Command Line Interface) to run ping tests.For
example, if you want to see the connectivity with a Google website, just write this command CLI ping into
Testmyinternetspeed.org
What does lag mean?
Another term that’s frequently conflated with Ping Speed test. But lag actually refers to the delay or
decreased speed that’s sometimes caused by high ping (or high latency). During gaming, high latency
can manifest in lag, which is the maddening delay between a player’s action and the game’s response -
affecting performance, causing freezing or stuttering, and even crashing games. And you can be
disconnected by the server if your ping (or latency) is high enough that it’s affecting the gameplay of other
players.
While lag is often caused by high latency, it can also be caused by issues related to the computer that’s
running the game. These include insufficient power in the central processing unit (CPU) or graphics card
(GPU), or lower system (RAM) or video (VRAM) memory.

Más contenido relacionado

Similar a Ping Speed Test

PART-1 : Mastering RTOS FreeRTOS and STM32Fx with Debugging
PART-1 : Mastering RTOS FreeRTOS and STM32Fx with DebuggingPART-1 : Mastering RTOS FreeRTOS and STM32Fx with Debugging
PART-1 : Mastering RTOS FreeRTOS and STM32Fx with DebuggingFastBit Embedded Brain Academy
 
CocoaConf: The Language of Mobile Software is APIs
CocoaConf: The Language of Mobile Software is APIsCocoaConf: The Language of Mobile Software is APIs
CocoaConf: The Language of Mobile Software is APIsTim Burks
 
The 1990s Called. They Want Their Code Back.
The 1990s Called. They Want Their Code Back.The 1990s Called. They Want Their Code Back.
The 1990s Called. They Want Their Code Back.Jonathan Oliver
 
How does the internet work converted General (Your) Affiliate Link: https://w...
How does the internet work converted General (Your) Affiliate Link: https://w...How does the internet work converted General (Your) Affiliate Link: https://w...
How does the internet work converted General (Your) Affiliate Link: https://w...YonasBayu1
 
EE4414 Multimedia Communication Systems II
EE4414 Multimedia Communication Systems IIEE4414 Multimedia Communication Systems II
EE4414 Multimedia Communication Systems IIFranZEast
 
Cloudflare lower network latency = faster website loads
Cloudflare lower network latency = faster website loadsCloudflare lower network latency = faster website loads
Cloudflare lower network latency = faster website loadsVu Long Tran
 
A Comparative Approach to Handle Ddos Attacks
A Comparative Approach to Handle Ddos AttacksA Comparative Approach to Handle Ddos Attacks
A Comparative Approach to Handle Ddos AttacksIOSR Journals
 
Pears
PearsPears
Pearsthips
 
Ping presentation.pdf
Ping presentation.pdfPing presentation.pdf
Ping presentation.pdfpingTest1
 
DIY Internet: Snappy, Secure Networking with MinimaLT (JSConf EU 2013)
DIY Internet: Snappy, Secure Networking with MinimaLT (JSConf EU 2013)DIY Internet: Snappy, Secure Networking with MinimaLT (JSConf EU 2013)
DIY Internet: Snappy, Secure Networking with MinimaLT (JSConf EU 2013)Igalia
 
IR-Optimising-Your-Network.pdf
IR-Optimising-Your-Network.pdfIR-Optimising-Your-Network.pdf
IR-Optimising-Your-Network.pdfChandanPrajwal
 
GlobalDots - How Latency & Bandwidth Influence your Web Performance
GlobalDots - How Latency & Bandwidth Influence your Web PerformanceGlobalDots - How Latency & Bandwidth Influence your Web Performance
GlobalDots - How Latency & Bandwidth Influence your Web PerformanceGlobalDots
 
Commands used in Assessing Network layout & Security
Commands used in Assessing Network layout & SecurityCommands used in Assessing Network layout & Security
Commands used in Assessing Network layout & SecurityLearningwithRayYT
 
Nss Labs Dpi Intro V3
Nss Labs Dpi Intro V3Nss Labs Dpi Intro V3
Nss Labs Dpi Intro V3gueste47133
 
Networking:) Based on Ethical Hacking And Cyber Security
Networking:) Based on Ethical Hacking And Cyber SecurityNetworking:) Based on Ethical Hacking And Cyber Security
Networking:) Based on Ethical Hacking And Cyber SecurityManishKumarH
 
860 dspi ping_testing
860 dspi ping_testing860 dspi ping_testing
860 dspi ping_testingtrilithicweb
 

Similar a Ping Speed Test (20)

PART-1 : Mastering RTOS FreeRTOS and STM32Fx with Debugging
PART-1 : Mastering RTOS FreeRTOS and STM32Fx with DebuggingPART-1 : Mastering RTOS FreeRTOS and STM32Fx with Debugging
PART-1 : Mastering RTOS FreeRTOS and STM32Fx with Debugging
 
CocoaConf: The Language of Mobile Software is APIs
CocoaConf: The Language of Mobile Software is APIsCocoaConf: The Language of Mobile Software is APIs
CocoaConf: The Language of Mobile Software is APIs
 
The 1990s Called. They Want Their Code Back.
The 1990s Called. They Want Their Code Back.The 1990s Called. They Want Their Code Back.
The 1990s Called. They Want Their Code Back.
 
How does the internet work converted General (Your) Affiliate Link: https://w...
How does the internet work converted General (Your) Affiliate Link: https://w...How does the internet work converted General (Your) Affiliate Link: https://w...
How does the internet work converted General (Your) Affiliate Link: https://w...
 
EE4414 Multimedia Communication Systems II
EE4414 Multimedia Communication Systems IIEE4414 Multimedia Communication Systems II
EE4414 Multimedia Communication Systems II
 
Ettercap
EttercapEttercap
Ettercap
 
Cloudflare lower network latency = faster website loads
Cloudflare lower network latency = faster website loadsCloudflare lower network latency = faster website loads
Cloudflare lower network latency = faster website loads
 
A Comparative Approach to Handle Ddos Attacks
A Comparative Approach to Handle Ddos AttacksA Comparative Approach to Handle Ddos Attacks
A Comparative Approach to Handle Ddos Attacks
 
Network Testing ques
Network Testing quesNetwork Testing ques
Network Testing ques
 
Pears
PearsPears
Pears
 
Ping presentation.pdf
Ping presentation.pdfPing presentation.pdf
Ping presentation.pdf
 
DIY Internet: Snappy, Secure Networking with MinimaLT (JSConf EU 2013)
DIY Internet: Snappy, Secure Networking with MinimaLT (JSConf EU 2013)DIY Internet: Snappy, Secure Networking with MinimaLT (JSConf EU 2013)
DIY Internet: Snappy, Secure Networking with MinimaLT (JSConf EU 2013)
 
IR-Optimising-Your-Network.pdf
IR-Optimising-Your-Network.pdfIR-Optimising-Your-Network.pdf
IR-Optimising-Your-Network.pdf
 
GlobalDots - How Latency & Bandwidth Influence your Web Performance
GlobalDots - How Latency & Bandwidth Influence your Web PerformanceGlobalDots - How Latency & Bandwidth Influence your Web Performance
GlobalDots - How Latency & Bandwidth Influence your Web Performance
 
Commands used in Assessing Network layout & Security
Commands used in Assessing Network layout & SecurityCommands used in Assessing Network layout & Security
Commands used in Assessing Network layout & Security
 
Internet census 2012
Internet census 2012Internet census 2012
Internet census 2012
 
Nss Labs Dpi Intro V3
Nss Labs Dpi Intro V3Nss Labs Dpi Intro V3
Nss Labs Dpi Intro V3
 
Networking:) Based on Ethical Hacking And Cyber Security
Networking:) Based on Ethical Hacking And Cyber SecurityNetworking:) Based on Ethical Hacking And Cyber Security
Networking:) Based on Ethical Hacking And Cyber Security
 
From Data Push to WebSockets
From Data Push to WebSocketsFrom Data Push to WebSockets
From Data Push to WebSockets
 
860 dspi ping_testing
860 dspi ping_testing860 dspi ping_testing
860 dspi ping_testing
 

Último

Optimizing NoSQL Performance Through Observability
Optimizing NoSQL Performance Through ObservabilityOptimizing NoSQL Performance Through Observability
Optimizing NoSQL Performance Through ObservabilityScyllaDB
 
PLAI - Acceleration Program for Generative A.I. Startups
PLAI - Acceleration Program for Generative A.I. StartupsPLAI - Acceleration Program for Generative A.I. Startups
PLAI - Acceleration Program for Generative A.I. StartupsStefano
 
WSO2CONMay2024OpenSourceConferenceDebrief.pptx
WSO2CONMay2024OpenSourceConferenceDebrief.pptxWSO2CONMay2024OpenSourceConferenceDebrief.pptx
WSO2CONMay2024OpenSourceConferenceDebrief.pptxJennifer Lim
 
Powerful Start- the Key to Project Success, Barbara Laskowska
Powerful Start- the Key to Project Success, Barbara LaskowskaPowerful Start- the Key to Project Success, Barbara Laskowska
Powerful Start- the Key to Project Success, Barbara LaskowskaCzechDreamin
 
Measures in SQL (a talk at SF Distributed Systems meetup, 2024-05-22)
Measures in SQL (a talk at SF Distributed Systems meetup, 2024-05-22)Measures in SQL (a talk at SF Distributed Systems meetup, 2024-05-22)
Measures in SQL (a talk at SF Distributed Systems meetup, 2024-05-22)Julian Hyde
 
10 Differences between Sales Cloud and CPQ, Blanka Doktorová
10 Differences between Sales Cloud and CPQ, Blanka Doktorová10 Differences between Sales Cloud and CPQ, Blanka Doktorová
10 Differences between Sales Cloud and CPQ, Blanka DoktorováCzechDreamin
 
A Business-Centric Approach to Design System Strategy
A Business-Centric Approach to Design System StrategyA Business-Centric Approach to Design System Strategy
A Business-Centric Approach to Design System StrategyUXDXConf
 
Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - Data Summit 2024
Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - Data Summit 2024Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - Data Summit 2024
Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - Data Summit 2024Enterprise Knowledge
 
How Red Hat Uses FDO in Device Lifecycle _ Costin and Vitaliy at Red Hat.pdf
How Red Hat Uses FDO in Device Lifecycle _ Costin and Vitaliy at Red Hat.pdfHow Red Hat Uses FDO in Device Lifecycle _ Costin and Vitaliy at Red Hat.pdf
How Red Hat Uses FDO in Device Lifecycle _ Costin and Vitaliy at Red Hat.pdfFIDO Alliance
 
ASRock Industrial FDO Solutions in Action for Industrial Edge AI _ Kenny at A...
ASRock Industrial FDO Solutions in Action for Industrial Edge AI _ Kenny at A...ASRock Industrial FDO Solutions in Action for Industrial Edge AI _ Kenny at A...
ASRock Industrial FDO Solutions in Action for Industrial Edge AI _ Kenny at A...FIDO Alliance
 
THE BEST IPTV in GERMANY for 2024: IPTVreel
THE BEST IPTV in  GERMANY for 2024: IPTVreelTHE BEST IPTV in  GERMANY for 2024: IPTVreel
THE BEST IPTV in GERMANY for 2024: IPTVreelreely ones
 
Integrating Telephony Systems with Salesforce: Insights and Considerations, B...
Integrating Telephony Systems with Salesforce: Insights and Considerations, B...Integrating Telephony Systems with Salesforce: Insights and Considerations, B...
Integrating Telephony Systems with Salesforce: Insights and Considerations, B...CzechDreamin
 
Speed Wins: From Kafka to APIs in Minutes
Speed Wins: From Kafka to APIs in MinutesSpeed Wins: From Kafka to APIs in Minutes
Speed Wins: From Kafka to APIs in Minutesconfluent
 
Salesforce Adoption – Metrics, Methods, and Motivation, Antone Kom
Salesforce Adoption – Metrics, Methods, and Motivation, Antone KomSalesforce Adoption – Metrics, Methods, and Motivation, Antone Kom
Salesforce Adoption – Metrics, Methods, and Motivation, Antone KomCzechDreamin
 
What's New in Teams Calling, Meetings and Devices April 2024
What's New in Teams Calling, Meetings and Devices April 2024What's New in Teams Calling, Meetings and Devices April 2024
What's New in Teams Calling, Meetings and Devices April 2024Stephanie Beckett
 
The Metaverse: Are We There Yet?
The  Metaverse:    Are   We  There  Yet?The  Metaverse:    Are   We  There  Yet?
The Metaverse: Are We There Yet?Mark Billinghurst
 
Simplified FDO Manufacturing Flow with TPMs _ Liam at Infineon.pdf
Simplified FDO Manufacturing Flow with TPMs _ Liam at Infineon.pdfSimplified FDO Manufacturing Flow with TPMs _ Liam at Infineon.pdf
Simplified FDO Manufacturing Flow with TPMs _ Liam at Infineon.pdfFIDO Alliance
 
Introduction to FDO and How It works Applications _ Richard at FIDO Alliance.pdf
Introduction to FDO and How It works Applications _ Richard at FIDO Alliance.pdfIntroduction to FDO and How It works Applications _ Richard at FIDO Alliance.pdf
Introduction to FDO and How It works Applications _ Richard at FIDO Alliance.pdfFIDO Alliance
 
WebAssembly is Key to Better LLM Performance
WebAssembly is Key to Better LLM PerformanceWebAssembly is Key to Better LLM Performance
WebAssembly is Key to Better LLM PerformanceSamy Fodil
 
Oauth 2.0 Introduction and Flows with MuleSoft
Oauth 2.0 Introduction and Flows with MuleSoftOauth 2.0 Introduction and Flows with MuleSoft
Oauth 2.0 Introduction and Flows with MuleSoftshyamraj55
 

Último (20)

Optimizing NoSQL Performance Through Observability
Optimizing NoSQL Performance Through ObservabilityOptimizing NoSQL Performance Through Observability
Optimizing NoSQL Performance Through Observability
 
PLAI - Acceleration Program for Generative A.I. Startups
PLAI - Acceleration Program for Generative A.I. StartupsPLAI - Acceleration Program for Generative A.I. Startups
PLAI - Acceleration Program for Generative A.I. Startups
 
WSO2CONMay2024OpenSourceConferenceDebrief.pptx
WSO2CONMay2024OpenSourceConferenceDebrief.pptxWSO2CONMay2024OpenSourceConferenceDebrief.pptx
WSO2CONMay2024OpenSourceConferenceDebrief.pptx
 
Powerful Start- the Key to Project Success, Barbara Laskowska
Powerful Start- the Key to Project Success, Barbara LaskowskaPowerful Start- the Key to Project Success, Barbara Laskowska
Powerful Start- the Key to Project Success, Barbara Laskowska
 
Measures in SQL (a talk at SF Distributed Systems meetup, 2024-05-22)
Measures in SQL (a talk at SF Distributed Systems meetup, 2024-05-22)Measures in SQL (a talk at SF Distributed Systems meetup, 2024-05-22)
Measures in SQL (a talk at SF Distributed Systems meetup, 2024-05-22)
 
10 Differences between Sales Cloud and CPQ, Blanka Doktorová
10 Differences between Sales Cloud and CPQ, Blanka Doktorová10 Differences between Sales Cloud and CPQ, Blanka Doktorová
10 Differences between Sales Cloud and CPQ, Blanka Doktorová
 
A Business-Centric Approach to Design System Strategy
A Business-Centric Approach to Design System StrategyA Business-Centric Approach to Design System Strategy
A Business-Centric Approach to Design System Strategy
 
Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - Data Summit 2024
Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - Data Summit 2024Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - Data Summit 2024
Enterprise Knowledge Graphs - Data Summit 2024
 
How Red Hat Uses FDO in Device Lifecycle _ Costin and Vitaliy at Red Hat.pdf
How Red Hat Uses FDO in Device Lifecycle _ Costin and Vitaliy at Red Hat.pdfHow Red Hat Uses FDO in Device Lifecycle _ Costin and Vitaliy at Red Hat.pdf
How Red Hat Uses FDO in Device Lifecycle _ Costin and Vitaliy at Red Hat.pdf
 
ASRock Industrial FDO Solutions in Action for Industrial Edge AI _ Kenny at A...
ASRock Industrial FDO Solutions in Action for Industrial Edge AI _ Kenny at A...ASRock Industrial FDO Solutions in Action for Industrial Edge AI _ Kenny at A...
ASRock Industrial FDO Solutions in Action for Industrial Edge AI _ Kenny at A...
 
THE BEST IPTV in GERMANY for 2024: IPTVreel
THE BEST IPTV in  GERMANY for 2024: IPTVreelTHE BEST IPTV in  GERMANY for 2024: IPTVreel
THE BEST IPTV in GERMANY for 2024: IPTVreel
 
Integrating Telephony Systems with Salesforce: Insights and Considerations, B...
Integrating Telephony Systems with Salesforce: Insights and Considerations, B...Integrating Telephony Systems with Salesforce: Insights and Considerations, B...
Integrating Telephony Systems with Salesforce: Insights and Considerations, B...
 
Speed Wins: From Kafka to APIs in Minutes
Speed Wins: From Kafka to APIs in MinutesSpeed Wins: From Kafka to APIs in Minutes
Speed Wins: From Kafka to APIs in Minutes
 
Salesforce Adoption – Metrics, Methods, and Motivation, Antone Kom
Salesforce Adoption – Metrics, Methods, and Motivation, Antone KomSalesforce Adoption – Metrics, Methods, and Motivation, Antone Kom
Salesforce Adoption – Metrics, Methods, and Motivation, Antone Kom
 
What's New in Teams Calling, Meetings and Devices April 2024
What's New in Teams Calling, Meetings and Devices April 2024What's New in Teams Calling, Meetings and Devices April 2024
What's New in Teams Calling, Meetings and Devices April 2024
 
The Metaverse: Are We There Yet?
The  Metaverse:    Are   We  There  Yet?The  Metaverse:    Are   We  There  Yet?
The Metaverse: Are We There Yet?
 
Simplified FDO Manufacturing Flow with TPMs _ Liam at Infineon.pdf
Simplified FDO Manufacturing Flow with TPMs _ Liam at Infineon.pdfSimplified FDO Manufacturing Flow with TPMs _ Liam at Infineon.pdf
Simplified FDO Manufacturing Flow with TPMs _ Liam at Infineon.pdf
 
Introduction to FDO and How It works Applications _ Richard at FIDO Alliance.pdf
Introduction to FDO and How It works Applications _ Richard at FIDO Alliance.pdfIntroduction to FDO and How It works Applications _ Richard at FIDO Alliance.pdf
Introduction to FDO and How It works Applications _ Richard at FIDO Alliance.pdf
 
WebAssembly is Key to Better LLM Performance
WebAssembly is Key to Better LLM PerformanceWebAssembly is Key to Better LLM Performance
WebAssembly is Key to Better LLM Performance
 
Oauth 2.0 Introduction and Flows with MuleSoft
Oauth 2.0 Introduction and Flows with MuleSoftOauth 2.0 Introduction and Flows with MuleSoft
Oauth 2.0 Introduction and Flows with MuleSoft
 

Ping Speed Test

  • 1. Ping Speed Test Ping is a network utility that refers to the Ping Speed Test sent out across the network to another computer, which then sends its own signal back. This signal, which is measured in milliseconds (ms), lets you know how long it takes for a packet of data to travel from your computer to a server on the internet and back. Testmyinternetspeed.org, That measurement is referred to as the latency between the computer and its server.The etymology of the word “ping” goes back to World War II, when it was used as the technical term for the sonar signal that submarines would send to measure their distance to another vessel in the ocean. An onomatopoeia, the derivation is quite literally the metallic, high-pitched “ping” sound that was heard.Several decades later, the term was borrowed to describe the process of one computer querying another computer to determine if it was online. Consider this analogy: in the swimming pool game of Marco Polo, the computer “ping” would be the “Marco!” and the receiving server would represent the reply of “Polo!”
  • 2. Ping Speed Test Ping is a network utility that refers to the Ping Speed Test sent out across the network to another computer, which then sends its own signal back. This signal, which is measured in milliseconds (ms), lets you know how long it takes for a packet of data to travel from your computer to a server on the internet and back. Testmyinternetspeed.org,That measurement is referred to as the latency between the computer and its server.
  • 3. How Does A Ping Test Work? Ping tests use ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) to send an echo request to the target host and then await a response, once a response is received, it logs the total time it took. If there is no response, it tells us that the target host is not reachable.Some ping test tools also include the packet loss test to highlight if there were any packet loss in the communication path.
  • 4. Are Ping, Latency, And Lag The Same? Latency is the delay in communication between two hosts, which makes the user experience slowness and sometimes causes frequent disruption of the internet. Latency is represented in terms of Round-Trip-Time (RTT). RTT is the total time it takes to send the request packet until a response is received from the target host. This is measured in milliseconds(ms). Ping is actually a way to measure the latency/delay between two communication hosts. There are many ping testing tools which vary in their functionality, but the main principle remains the same, i.e. measuring latency between two hosts. Latency may result in lag. Lag can be defined as the delay in online experience, where user requests are sent but the response from the server takes too long, thus impacting the user’s experience. It is commonly faced in online games with multi-user environments.
  • 5. What Do I Need To Run A Ping Test? Running ping tests is very simple. All you need is a ping test tool and the IP address or host name and in some cases, the domain name of the host which you want to test.There are many ping test tools on the internet, like the one on our website. Moreover, almost every operating system also comes with this ping tool. In Windows and Linux environments, you can use CLI (Command Line Interface) to run ping tests.For example, if you want to see the connectivity with a Google website, just write this command CLI ping into Testmyinternetspeed.org
  • 6. What does lag mean? Another term that’s frequently conflated with Ping Speed test. But lag actually refers to the delay or decreased speed that’s sometimes caused by high ping (or high latency). During gaming, high latency can manifest in lag, which is the maddening delay between a player’s action and the game’s response - affecting performance, causing freezing or stuttering, and even crashing games. And you can be disconnected by the server if your ping (or latency) is high enough that it’s affecting the gameplay of other players. While lag is often caused by high latency, it can also be caused by issues related to the computer that’s running the game. These include insufficient power in the central processing unit (CPU) or graphics card (GPU), or lower system (RAM) or video (VRAM) memory.