Presentation at “Global Health and Development” course, Università degli Studi Milano Bicocca

1. Roberto Polillo Information and Communication Technology Department Università degli Studi Milano Bicocca “ Global Health and Development” course Università degli Studi Milano Bicocca Villa Breme-Forno, Cinisello, 9 Febr 2011 Internet and ICT4D

3. 1. What is ICT4D

7. HDI divide in 2010 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index

8. Why ICT can contribute to development Information and Communication Supporting and managing interaction processes of any kind Collecting, storing, processing and making available data and information Providing media for human communication, interaction, collaboration and socialization

10. But ICT paradigms are changing fast… 1965 1985 2005+ Mainframe computing Client-server computing Cloud computing Mobile access

11. Evolution of ICT devices

14. The WSIS 10 targets (2003-5) 1. To connect villages with ICTs and establish community access points 2. To connect universities, colleges, secondary schools and primary schools with ICTs 3. To connect scientific and research centres with ICTs 4. To connect public libraries, cultural centres, museums, post offices and archives with ICTs 5. To connect health centres and hospitals with ICTs 6. To connect all local and central government departments and establish websites and e-mail addresses 7. To adapt all primary and secondary school curricula to meet the challenges of the information society, taking into account national circumstances 8. To ensure that all of the world ’ s population have access to television and radio services 9. To encourage the development of content and put in place technical conditions in order to facilitate the presence and use of all world languages on the Internet 10. To ensure that more than half the world ’ s inhabitants have access to ICTs within their reach

15. Target 5: Connect health centres and hospitals with ICTs "The health sector stands to benefit greatly from the use of ICTs and ICT applications, for example through the more efficient delivery of healthcare services and the provision of health information to the general public. The use of ICTs in the health sector also improves the collection, storage, retrieval and transmission of individual patient information. Furthermore, given the soaring use of mobile technologies worldwide, m-health (which refers to medical and public-health practices supported by mobile devices) holds huge promise for improving the delivery of health services to an increasing share of the world ’ s population. Thus, ICTs have the potential to contribute to more effective delivery of health services and to increase the efficiency of health systems. By the end of 2009, some progress had been made in establishing basic Internet access in health institutions, including in developing countries, but much more needs to be done if all health institutions are to enjoy Internet access by 2015. It is likely that progress will initially be made in the major cities of developing countries, and less so in the remote and isolated regions, even though ICTs can potentially bring even greater benefits in remote geographical areas. In addition to growing access to the Internet, health institutions are increasingly using ICTs for their own ends, for example through the connection of health institutions to HINARI (an online initiative to provide access to health research). While most countries have introduced some form of electronic patient records, in low-income countries this facility is not yet used intensively, and most patient records are still kept primarily in paper format. Over 75 per cent of countries report at least one m-health initiative. This is an area which has great potential for further growth, especially in the developing world. Mhealth or other applications, including telemedicine, can deliver healthcare services at a distance, by providing and exchanging information for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases and injuries. They can also promote research and evaluation, and helping in the education of healthcare providers."

16. (follows) "Governments in developing countries should therefore ensure the effective implementation of such initiatives. Governments need to recognize the importance of ICT access and use in the health sector, and the benefits it will bring for the health of citizens, not to mention the potential for cost savings, including through increased efficiencies. Policy-makers need to put in place and implement enabling framework conditions for e-health, which will be critical for increasing ICT in the health sector. Government support needs to be reflected in the policy environment as well as the funding environment. Today, funding constitutes an important barrier to the spread of e-health. Governments can look to alternative funding sources, such as donor or private funds, as well as public-private partnerships, in order to complement public funding used for providing Internet access to health institutions and supporting the use of ICTs for the delivery of health services. Interministerial cooperation is also crucial in the area of e-health. Any significant ICT initiatives in the e-health domain will need to be agreed on and governed by several ministries, usually those in charge of health, ICTs and finance. The successful development and implementation of e-health projects requires a common understanding by all parties of some of the key issues, including the strategic approach and goals, costs and financing mechanisms. Besides establishing basic Internet access, health institutions are starting to increase their use of ICTs, for example by introducing electronic patient records M-health has great potential for growth, and for delivering innovative health applications Substantial efforts are required if Target 5 is to be achieved by 2015, including interministerial cooperation and adequate funding." ITU, "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010

17. ICT4D: two basic approaches - ICT for productivity - From the experience and models of developed countries - Emphasis on [large] organizations - ICT for human development - From the needs of local communities and individuals - New models of services, collaboration and interaction based on local needs and experiences "TOP DOWN" "BOTTOM UP"

18. "What happens when you start to connect the world’s poor into the infrastrucure for a digital economy? What happens is some of the basic assumptions about barriers to development might no longer apply " R.Heeks

20. "How we see ICT4D depends fundamentally on the place from which we are looking" Tim Unwind "ICT4D", Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009

21. 2. ICT development and digital divide

22. How can we measure and compare ICT development? (can be downloaded from the net at no cost) Two important sources, highly recommended:

23. Global ICT developments, 1998-2009 Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010 4,6 Billions subscriptions 12%

24. Mobile cellular subscription by level of development, 1998-2009 Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010 1,4 Billions Subscriptions (China+India alone: 1,2 B) 3,2 Billions subscriptions

25. Mobile cellular penetration by 2009* ITU, "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010 CIS: Commonwealth of Independent States

26. "Available data suggest that by the end of 2008 almost three quarters of the world's rural inhabitants were covered by a mobile cellular signal, up from 40% in 2003. The lowest coverage is in Africa, where just over 50% of the rural population is within reach of a mobile cellular network. This still represents a significant improvement from 2003, when coverage stood at only 20%" ITU, "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010

27. Rural population covered by a mobile signal, 2002-2008 ITU, "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010

29. Internet Users by level of development, 1998-2009 Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010 1,7 Billions People (1/3 in China)

30. Internet penetration, by region, 2009* ITU, "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010

31. Broadband divide, 1998-2009 Fixed broadband subscribers Mobile broadband subscribers Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010 «Mobile broasband subscriptons can be expected to increase significantly in the near future, though.»

33. IDI is based on an ICT development model 3 stages in the evolution towards the information society 1 2 3 Access sub-index Use sub-index Skills sub-index 11 indicators IDI

34. IDI components Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2009

35. IDI 2008: Examples Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010

36. IDI and GNI per capita correlation Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010

37. HDI & DOI correlation for selected countries Source: Silvia Masiero, Digital Technologies and Human Development, Think! Paper, Oct 2010 DOI: Digital Opportunity Index is a first version of IDI, 2004-2006 CUBA INDIA INDONESIA EGYPT COLOMBIA PERU CHINA MEXICO MALAYSIA RUSSIA CHILE UAE ESTONIA KOREA SPAIN ITALY US FINLAND CANADA SINGAPORE UK SWEDEN BRASIL

39. Digital divide CAGR 2002-2008: 6,8% CAGR 2002-2008: 6,4% Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010

40. Digital divide Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010 ACCESS USE SKILLS

41. Digital divide by IDI values Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010

42. Evolution of digital divide, 2002-2008 Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010 Argentina Chile Nicaragua Cuba Italia

43. 3. Internet evolution and ICT4D

44. At the beginning, our view of the internet was like this... A network of computer networks…

45. (una rete telefonica con i PC al posto dei telefoni…)

47. ... then our view changed (circa 1995+)... A gigantic hypertext …

49. Then the crisis… Nasdaq Composite Index 10 March 2000: 5049 9 Oct 2002 : 1114 Google IPO 19 Aug 2004 IPO Netscape 9 Augt 1995:

50. ... Then our view changed again (circa 2005+) A network of people …

52. Xmas 2006 TIME Man of the Year Xmas 2010

53. Then the cloud (2010+) ... A gigantic computer …

54. Three big revolutions… These tools can change completely the approach of ICT4D, and its results… Never, in the story of technology, we had at our disposal a set of powerful tools like those resulting from the evolution of the internet in the last few years…

60. t - Hw client - Client maintenance - Recurrent fees (applications and connevctivity) Entry barrier (CAPEX) Sustainability (OPEX) 2. Software as a service Entry barrier

61. 2. Software as a service Developing country Developed country A new role for NGO?

62. Evolution 2. Web 1.0 Provider hosting my site with my data 1. Local infrastructure My data and applications 3. Web 2.0 My data, and 3d party applications as a service broadband Low cost PC

64. Application virtualization

66. 4. Some examples

68. The network Policlinico Milan La Mascota Managua Phase 1 Phase 2 VPN

71. www.cure4kids.org: growth Start: Oct 2002 Oggi: 23.000 utenti in 176 Paesi

72. 5. Some conclusions

78. In three words… 1. Connect, connect, connect 2. Learn and experience the new paradigms 3. Understand local needs

79. Thank you! [email_address] www.rpolillo.it