Acute Diarrhoeal Disease Definition Infectious agent Causes Symptoms Source Clinical Features Types tests Diagnosis Treatment Drugs procedure Prevention National programs

1. Acute
Diarrhoeal
Diseases
By
Sathya.T
MSC microbiology (2017-2018)
Tirupur Kumaran College
for Women, Tirupur

2. Diarrhea is defined as the passage of three or more loss
or liquid stools per day.
Diarrhea is the symptom of a infection in the intestinal
tract, which can be caused by a vareity of bacterial, viral,
and parasitic org’s.
Infection: Infectious disease
gastroenterology
* Acute diarrhea is defined as an abnormally frequent
discharge of semisolid or fluid fecal matter from the
bowel, lasting less than 14 days. * Second leading cause
of death in children
* It is both preventable and treatable.
* Each year diarrhea kills 525,000 children

3. Acute diarrhea is mostly common due to viral gastroenteritis
with rotavirus, which accounts40%
In travelers persons, bacterial infections occur.
various toxins such as Mushroom poisoning and drugs can
also cause acute diarrhea.
An electron microscopy micrography of rotavirus the cause,
of nearly 40% of hospitalizations from diarrhea.

4. Diarrhea may be divided into:
- acute if < 2 weeks,
- persistent if 2-4 weeks,
- chronic if > 4 weeks.
Acute diarrhea
>90% caused by infectious agents.
Remaining 10%
- medications
- toxic ingestions,
- ischemia ( loss of blood )

6. INFECTIOUS AGENTS:
* fecal – oral transmissions
* five high risk groups:
1) Travelers – enterotoxigenic or enteroaggregative
E.Coli, Camplyobacter, shigella, giardia.
2) consumers of certain foods:
-Salmonella, camplyobacter, or shigella from chicken.
- enterohemorrhagic E.Coli from uncooked burger.
- Bacillus cereus from fried rice or other reheated
foods.
-Staphylococcus aureus or salmonella from
mayonnaise or creams.
- Salmonella from eggs.
- Listeria from uncooked foods or soft cheeses .
- Vibrio , salmonella, acute hepatitis A from sea foods (raw).

7. 3) Immunodeficiant persons:
- Primary immunodeficiency (IgA)
- Secondary immunodeficiency states.(AIDS,
senescence)
4) Daycare attendee and their family members.
5) Hospitalized persons.

8. Dysentery
inflammatory
osmotic
Exudative
Secretory
damage to the mucosal lining
Loss of protein rich fluids
Decreasing absorbing fluids
Bac, viral, parasitic infections
Caused by tubeculosis, colon,
cancer, enteritits. •Water is drawn into the
bowels.
• excessive sugars
•Maldigestion
*Presence of blood or pus
*Occur in inflamatory bowel
disease
*E.Coli or food poisioning
No
structural
Damage
•Chloera
• isotonic
•Continous
even no food
* blood visible
in the stool.
* blood is a
trace of invasion
of bowel tissue..
*E.histolytica,
Salmonella

9. Causative agent:
* caused by a number of different agents.
* Caused by
bacteria Vibrio , salmonella, bacillus,
Shigella, E. Coli
Virus Norovirus, rotovirus.
* may occur in all ages, but mostly affect by children.

10. Source:

11. Clinical features:
Watery stool
vomiting
Fever
Dehydration

12. Symptoms:
*Stomach pains
*Abdominal cramps
* Bloating
*Weight loss
*Blood or pus in the stools

19. Tests :
*Stool test may be needed for young or old .
* Test is needed for the patients if they are:
- Signs for fever and dehydration.
- Stools with pus or blood
- Has severe pain
-Has low blood pressure
-Weakened immune system
-Has traveled to various places
-has recently received antibitiocs or
in hospitals.
-has diarrhea persisting more than 1
week

21. Diagnosis:
 Full Blood Count: Anemia or a raised platelet count will
suggest
Inflammation.
 Liver Function Test: testing albumin level
 Malabsorption : Check the absorption of calcium, vitamin B
12, and folate. They will also assess iron status and thyroid
function.
 Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate(ESR) and c-reactive
Protein(CRP):
Raised levels may indicate inflammatory bowel disease.
 Testing for antibodies: Detect celiac disease.

23. PREVENTION:

25. Measures
* rehydration ORS replces the water and
electorlytes lost in feacues
*Zinc suppleents reduce diarrheal
duration
*Reydration intravenous fluids
*Nutrient rich fooods
*Consulting doctor