This document discusses air pollution by haze. It defines haze as fine particulate matter resulting from emissions from industries and vehicles. Major causes of haze include nitrogen oxides, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, lead, and sulfur dioxide. Exposure to haze can cause various health effects like respiratory and cardiovascular issues. The WHO works to reduce health effects from outdoor air pollution by addressing emission sources.

1. Running head: AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1
AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1
Air Pollution by Haze
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Abstract
Air pollution is a critical problem of the modern world, which
has posed dangerous toxicological effects to the environment
and human health. Haze is among the most significant pollutants
of the new civilized world. Haze originates from various
emissions; however, industrial processes and vehicular
emissions contribute to significant factors that lead to the
formation of haze. As documented by the World Health
Organization, six principal air contaminants include ground-
level ozone, lead, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, and
Sulphur dioxide. Continuous exposure to factors that contribute
to the formation of haze promote various toxicological effects
on human life such as cardiovascular as well as respiratory

2. ailments, irritation of the eyes, long term chronic ailments like
cancer, and neuropsychiatric issues. Air pollution by haze is
reported to be a major environmental threat in the progression
and incidence of some health complications such as low birth
weight, asthma, Alzheimer and Parkinson’ diseases, lung
cancer, autism, fetal growth, psychological problems, and
ventricular hypertrophy. In this research paper, major causes of
pollution by haze are discussed, emission sources and
subsequent effects on human wellbeing.
Air Pollution by Haze
The social and economic activities of densely populated areas
release large volumes of fine particulate matters. While these
fine particulate materials unendingly pile beyond the ability of
atmospheric self-cleaning to eradicate it, the haze weather is
created. Haze weather is usually a mixture of the effects of
stable and static weather. Current scientific studies conducted
mostly in western Europe and North America demonstrate that
air pollution in urban areas as a result of haze is triggering
numerous health issues from eye itching to death. Increase in
the speed for urbanization and industrialization in major cities
of the world has led to growth in the badness of urban air
pollution. “Amounts of fine particles are usually in thousands of
micrograms in cubic meter across many cities of the world that
are going through modern industrialization” (Astrobum, Apr 30
2017). Grievous installments of air pollution have wrapped a
better part of the world. By November 2015, for instance, in
China, the cities located to the northern area of the country have
recently experienced high levels of haze due to the rise in
particulate matter. The particulate matter increased from 360 to

3. 700 µg/m3 up to 28 times much above the levels recommended
by the world health organization (WHO).
Exposure to particulate matter has often been linked with
numerous health problems; however, issues related to mortality
are undeniably the most important to address since they are also
among the prevalently amenable issues to the assessment of the
world. Most epidemiological data and evidence on quality of air
that would be employed in evaluating such approximations
originate from developed nation. According to Costa et al.,
(2014) deaths caused by air pollution is on the rise, and the
situation is worsening every year worldwide. Due to exorbitant
problems triggered by air pollution in the cities today, the paper
finds it critical to discuss the effects associated with haze in
affecting the quality of air. It is, therefore, significant to
describe the issue of haze in polluting the air, haze’s toxic
impacts on the health of humanity and give necessary
environmental frameworks as well as the necessary protocols in
the industry of air pollution.
Background
Ecologically, pollution of air can lead to severe environmental
hazards to essential components of survival such as air, water,
and soil. Moreover, it is a grievous risk to the diversity of life
on earth. Compelling studies on the correlation between
pollution of air and species diversity reduction vividly indicate
the destructive impacts of environmental contaminants on the
eradication of plants and animals’ diversity (Andersen et al.,
2015). Toxicants that are suspended in the air may also prompt
reproductive complications in animals’ species. Global climate
change, acid rain, and temperature inversion, as a result of the
release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, are among the
most significant environmental effects of air pollution.
Air Pollutants and Related Toxicities
Presence of haze in the atmosphere is a resultant of a
combination of various pollutants in the air. Urman et al.,
(2014) define air pollutants as every material found in the
atmosphere that is detrimental to human life or leads to serious

4. effects on the environment. According to the data shared by the
WHO, haze pollution, nitrogen oxides, ground-level O3 lead
(Pb), and sulfur oxides are the six key air pollutants which are
detrimental to the ecosystem as well as human health. Other
than the six major air pollutants there are other pollutants
suspended in the air including gaseous pollutants, smokes,
fumes, volatile organic compounds, halogen, mists,
hydrocarbons, dust, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
which when they are highly concentrated in the air can make
human beings to be susceptible to exuberant diseases that are
dangerous such as cancers. The most critical air pollutants,
together with their toxic impacts on various human body parts
and organs as well as associated diseases, have been briefly
elaborated below.
Haze
Haze is comprised of fog, whereby the main elements of haze
are fine particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, ground-level O3,
carbon monoxide, lead (Pb), and CO sulfur oxides. These
harmful gases are released when there is high emission in the
industries which goes beyond the existing capacity of the
atmosphere to hold such pollutants. Nowak eta l., (2014) argues
that the release of nitrogen and Sulphur dioxide is varied across
many industries; therefore, it leads to disparity in the demand
for energy and emissions. Scholars have demonstrated that
industrial development in the cities of the world has the most
profound impacts on the ecological system when compared with
tertiary and primary industry.
Over the years, major cities of the world have prioritized
industrial development as the most fundamental factor of
economic improvement and job creation. As a result, the cities
are compelled to optimize the industrial design in order to
accelerate the upgrading of industries, which in turn promotes
the development of tertiary industries. As these industries
dominate the cities, the rate of electricity consumption
increases, and the energy consumption is among the key factors
that aggravate the release of nitrogen oxides and Sulphur

5. dioxide. The presence of heavy industry that is constructed for
the usage of pollutants like Sulphur dioxide and traditional coal
from burning materials that are mixed with fog and dust in the
atmosphere are the key components of that lead to the formation
of haze.
Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrogen oxides are among the most critical air pollutants that
may easily make humanity to be vulnerable to dangers of
respiratory infections. They are traffic-oriented air pollutants
since they are released from motor engines. Nitrogen oxides
irritate deep in the lungs, and when inhaled in high amounts,
they can promote pulmonary edema. Exposures to nitrogen
oxides at 2.5 to 5.0 ppm have been demonstrated to impact on
the killer cells significantly, and T-lymphocytes more so the
CD8+ cells which serve a crucial role in developing strong body
immune against viruses (Fang et al., 2016). The most prevalent
nitrogen related toxicity complications include wheezing and
coughing although fever, headache, bronchospasm, throat, eyes
or nose irritations, dyspnea chest pain, and pulmonary edema
may also accompany the toxicity of nitrogen oxides.
Ground level Ozone (O3)
O3 is a colorless gas that constitutes a major part of the
atmosphere. It is located on the surface of the ground and in the
upper locales of the troposphere. Ground level ozone (GLO) is
emitted due to chemical reactions between volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides released because of
human activities and natural sources. GLO is closely associated
with increased risks of respiratory ailments, especially asthma.
GLO is believed to be a potential oxidant, and it has the ability
to combine with electrons coming from other molecules. O3
promotes a range of toxic problems in experimental animals and
humans at concentrations that happen in most of the city areas.
These impacts include biochemical, functional, morphologic,
and immunologic changes. Due to the toxicant’s low solubility
with water, it easily gets absorbed into the human lungs when
inhaled. Rylance et al., (2015) asserts that on the concept of

6. ecological effects, ground-level ozone has the ability to reduce
the assimilation of carbon in trees triggering deforestation,
which in turn may affect world food security when emitted for
the long term.
Carbon Monoxide
CO is an odorless and colorless gas, emitted when fossil fuels
are combusted, especially when the approach of burning the
fuels is not the right one, for instance burning wood and coal.
Carbon monoxide has a high affinity to hemoglobin, which is
oxygen carried in the human body. The affinity of CO is
approximated to be 250 times higher than that of oxygen.
Depending on the levels of accumulation of CO and the period
as well as the length of exposure, meek to severe poisoning may
be reported. According to Lelieveld et al., (2015) the most
common symptoms of poisoning associated with CO include
weakness, dizziness, vomiting, nausea, headache, and
eventually lost consciousness.
The ischemia, hypoxia, and apoptosis are the well-known
mechanisms of toxicity that surround CO. These toxicity lead to
loss of fresh air as a result of the competitive accumulation of
CO in the heme groups of hemoglobin. Exposures of CO that are
above 5% have been demonstrated to cause cardiovascular
alterations. From the report given by the health institute effects
after conducting a series of studies to assess the effects of CO
and its sociability in causing cardiovascular changes in order to
determine angina pectoris with the levels of CO between 2 to
6%. The outcomes proved that immature angina occurs under
such circumstances; however, there is undercity of ventricular
arrhythmias; therefore, the minimization in ambient CO can cut
on the dangers of myocardial infarction to persons who are
predisposed to these pollutants.
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur dioxide is a highly reactive gas and a very serious air
pollutant. It is often released from use of fossil fuels, industrial
processes in the cities, and natural volcanic activities. Sulfur
dioxide is extremely hazardous to human health, plant, and

7. animal life. Individuals suffering from lung infections, seniors,
and children as well as those people who are excessively
exposed to Sulphur dioxide stand a high risk of getting lung and
skin infections (Lelieveld et al., 2015). The most alarming
health problems related to exposure to Sulphur dioxide include
aggravation of already infected cardiovascular ailments,
dysfunction, and irritation. The gas is characterized as sensory
irritant hence causing mucus and bronchus spasm discharge in
human beings. People who reside in cities that are highly
industrialized with excessive emissions, even with slight
exposure to Sulphur dioxide is believed to be able to cause
bronchitis.
Relying on the information of environmental protection agency
(EPA), situated in the United States of America, the annual
standards of Sulphur dioxide level is about 0.05 ppm. Since it is
soluble in water, it leads to soil acidification and formation of
acid rain. The gas reduces oxygen levels in the water bodies
resulting in the death of marine life, that is both plants and
animals. Lelieveld et al., (2015) suggest continuous exposure to
Sulphur dioxide can damage eyes by implicating the corneal
opacity and lacrimation. Furthermore, the exposure to the gas
damages the mucous membranes, respiratory systems, and skin.
According to the clinical findings of the effects of Sulphur
dioxide on biodiversity, the exposure to this pollutant leads to
bronchospasm, pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and obstruction
to acute airwave.
Lead
Lead is a heavy metal and toxicant commonly used across
various industries. The pollution related to the use of lead can
come from both the outdoor and indoor sources. Lead is
released particularly from motor engines designed to run on
petrol containing lead tetraethyl. Irrigation water wells, battery
plants, wastewaters, and smelters are other significant sources
that emit lead into the atmosphere. Assessment of the level of
lead in the blood of traffic officers indicates pollution of
environment could be attributed to exposure of lead. Edward,

8. (April 1, 2013) posits that children and fetuses are the most
vulnerable species to lead exposure. Lead is believed to have a
high affinity of accumulating in the soft body tissue, blood, and
bones. Due to its readiness of excretion, lead is a severe threat
to the kidneys, nervous system, liver as well as other important
organs of in the body.
Exposure to lead is mostly chronic and devoid of symptoms. It
affects various parts of the body, such as the reproductive
system, cardiovascular, and the renal system. However, the
primary target of lead infection has been demonstrated to be the
nervous system. “The metal interrupts the normal operation of
intracellular second messenger connections via the use of N-
methyl-D-aspartate receptors.” Edward, (April 1, 2013).
Additionally, lead can substitute calcium as a secondary
messenger to enhance modification of protein through different
cellular functions like protein kinase deactivation or activation.
The most prevalent symptoms associated with lead poisoning
include anemia, headaches, aggression, abdominal pain, memory
loss, sleep disorders, reduced sensations, loss of concentration,
and irritability. Continuous exposure to lead triggers health
problems such as joint and muscle pain, renal and digestive
malfunction, infertility, and high blood pressure.
Various studies have demonstrated that combustion of fossil
fuels forms the largest portion of air pollution. Depending on
the source of air pollution, air contaminants can be categorized
as natural and anthropogenic. From the anthropogenic context,
air pollution happens as a result of agricultural and industrial
activities of human beings, energy acquisition, as well as
transportation. Whereas from natural pollutants understanding,
pollution occurs from different factors of emissions, including
forest fire, volcanic eruptions, and seawater. Since air pollution
is a dreadful factor to biodiversity, authorities need to develop
practical measures to eradicate air contamination.
Organization Profile
The WHO plays a crucial role in protecting the environment
against pollution originating from haze factors of pollution. The

9. objective of WHO through public health, environmental and
social determinants of health care to reduce the effects of
outdoor air contamination to the public health. The actions and
services provided in reducing the effects of air pollution to
public health are through tackling the primary sources that lead
to outdoor air pollution such as incomplete combustion of fossil
fuels from vehicular transportation, advancing energy efficiency
techniques in manufacturing and buildings as well as generation
of power (World Health Organization, 2014).
The WHO believes that reducing the health problems resulting
from urban air pollution exceeds the efforts of individuals and
needs substantial action by the authorities at the international,
regional, and national levels. The public health sector is an
integral creating awareness about a multisectoral measure to
avoid exposure to the air pollution from outdoor sources. This
can be achieved through support and engagement to the
practices of other related sectors such as industries, transport,
energy, and housing to establish and implement long-lasting
programs and policies focused on reducing air pollution and in
turn lead to quality public health.
The WHO has two main sources of funding which are
contributions by member states who give a relative share
depending on the country’s population and wealth. According to
United States Environmental Protection Agency, (2019) since
2006 the member states contributions make up to 25% of all the
WHO revenues. Government funding through assessed
contributions play a big role in the budgeting of WHO in the
fight against air pollution. The second means of funding for
WHO is from voluntary contributions which total up to 75% of
the annual revenues of WHO. These voluntary contributions are
primarily given by private interests.
Literature Review
Today, haze has slowly become the center for social interest.
The available academic debates about haze, basically
concentrate on describing the severe impacts of haze on the

10. health of humanity, more specifically serious damage to the
cardiovascular and respiratory system. Some contemporary
studies have even posited that continuous exposure to high
levels of accumulated haze can affect fertility in male. Looking
at economic understanding, the available research can be
categorized into two contexts. First and foremost, haze is
believed to be the reason for the devastating losses incurred in
the medical treatment and transportation economies. From the
examination issued by the world bank in 2008, the cumulative
health loss incurred economically due to the effect of urban air
contamination globally hit 700 billion yuan a decade ago.
Subsequently, in 2007, the economic sabotage as a consequence
of air contamination in the area of pearl river delta reached 43.2
yuan. The relevant economic losses in the world in 2010
because of air pollution by haze in major cities such as Xi,
Beijing, and Shanghai totaled to over 7.89 billion metrics.
Secondly, the haze has triggered the need for protective goods
such as air purifiers and masks. As much as the pharmaceutical
sector has seen tremendous growth, the issue of haze has
significantly shaped. World Health Organization, (2014) have
disclosed that this era of haze should be blamed to a high
concentration of aerosols within the air in a potential
atmospheric circulation condition. Based on this regard, United
States Environmental Protection Agency, (2019) demonstrate
that the primary source of issues of haze should be attributed to
human factors more than it can be accounted to natural factors
that cause environmental impacts. Due to the economic
development and increase in industrial level, the haze has
greatly increased in the atmosphere. In recent years the effects
of haze in major cities have been seriously devastating. Costa et
al., (2014) performed a biological evaluation on the case of
haze in Asian countries and found that economic effects of haze
in areas with active industrial growth are extremely severe.
Literature Analysis
A literature review by (Vallero, 2014) indicates that seasonal
haze cases, as well as related inimical effects, have become a

11. societal crisis across the world. While many emerging
epidemiological and experimental research studies have been
reported by (Edward, (April 1, 2013) as the plausible health
implications of the prevailing toxic contaminants of haze, the
current consistency among the documented findings by these
pieces of research studies is vaguely understood. In order to
tackle that shortage, (Lave & Seskin, 2013) focused on
critically discussing the manifestation of psychological and
physical health hazards of haze for the current literature in
different countries. From the assessment obtained from
taxonomic literature study of (Vallero, 2014) eight online
databases across different clinical and environmental disciplines
was conducted in addition to 30 peer-reviewed studies and
concluded that the effects of haze have become so severe that it
cannot be overlooked.
The available evidence about the health implications of
haze in regard to the field survey, time series analysis,
laboratory tests, and modeling by (Bing (April 10,2019)
demonstrated that human activities form about 75% of the
emission of haze. According to, Maojing, (2018) no abstraction
can be assumed on the physical symptoms that have been
documented about haze since no particular symptoms
highlighted across different study reviews other than feeling
discomfort in the throat. Consistent literature reviews show that
growth in respiratory morbidity, particularly for asthma, while
the elderly and children are reported to be the most susceptible
population of haze-related respiratory diseases (World Health
Organization, 2019). A consensual summary by (Lave & Seskin,
2013) on the correlation between haze and morbidity of
cardiovascular indicated that the condition is unfeasible since
the available contents are geographically limited of any cases
that have been reported to increase. Various simulations and
modeling studies show an increase in respiratory mortality
levels because of exposure to seasonal haze concentrations over
many years. Furthermore, the available evidence about the risks
of cancer is implausible, whereby motor engine and industrial

12. emissions are confirmed to play an integral part in cancer
complications more than mere exposure to haze.
By reviewing the research and associated literature reviews
concerning haze pollution, it is found that there are two key
classes of haze contamination which are major factors
influencing the production of haze and studies underlying the
release of haze into the environment. In their literature review
Nowak eta l., (2014) found that the principal components of
haze are particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and Sulphur
dioxide. In the literature review by (Andersen et al., 2015)
demonstrate that inhalable particulate matter combines with fog
to create haze. Natural factors basically contribute to the causes
of haze pollution, while social-economic elements are the main
causes of grievous pollution by haze across the world. From the
literature analysis of Rylance et al., (2015) reported that haze is
believed to be the result of development techniques that are
devoid of advanced technological improvements with coal
counting as the primary source for the formation of haze.
Numerous reviews on the development of high proportion of
heavy metal industries indicate that in the industrial sector,
huge levels of dust from construction sites, and vehicular
emission which is the main mode of transport around the world
are the key sources of haze production. More studies by
(Lelieveld et al., 2015) have indicated that factors like energy
price distortion, environmental regulation, and fiscal
decentralization are imperatively associated with haze
contamination, while clustering of the industrial mix will
sufficiently increase the scope of pollution by haze.
Original Argument
Various scales have been developed specifically for studying
contamination of air together with the accompanying effects on
different receptors. For example, fossil fuel gases are solely a
world air pollution problem. Other contaminants, such as
particulate matter, can trigger a local episode air pollution issue
as a result of emissions coming from a boiler used by a single

13. family. On a regional or global scale, atmospheric
transportation and particulate matter can lead to the formation
of Arctic haze (Astrobum, Apr 30 2017). Air pollution is
studied in different paradigms such as air pollution from
indoors caused by construction materials inflows of outdoor
pollution, furnishings, and combustion procedures. Furthermore,
air pollution can be seen in local air pollution associated with
small scale sources of polluting air that adds to existing urban
or regional air degradation sources such as boilers meant to
serve a single family in the surrounding neighborhood.
Urban air pollution is a global environmental concern that is
afflicting millions of lives. Although there exist some worst
performers, significant progress has been realized across many
countries of the developed world in the past decades. Urman et
al., (2014) asserts that urban air pollution is taken as a
geographical scale of contamination of air studies because of
the accumulation of adverse effects emerging from the high-
density population as well as representing a complex mixture of
sources of air pollution which calls for a customized action
needed in order to execute environmentally friendly change.
Regional air pollution is facilitated by mechanisms that enable
transportation of atmospheric substances and different
dispersions elements which may influence receptors thousands
of miles away from the source causing pollution. The pollution
of air plumes basically emerges from sources that are stationary
or from sources that are considered to be agglomerated, such as
urban locations (Lave & Seskin, 2013). Global air pollution,
which is prompted by consistent pollutants having a duration
needed in order for them to decompose, for example, persistent
organic pollutants of fossil fuel combustion gases pose
dangerous health effects. Moreover, global air pollution
includes episodes such as arctic haze as well as atmospheric
clouds that are usually brown in color, which leads to adverse
environmental problems.
The existing boundaries between the different scales of air
pollution do not represent the multi-layer, or they are not strict

14. to the complex problem surrounding the topic of air pollution.
Urman et al., (2014) argue that the measures put in place to
fight local air pollution may not be effective and adequate to
avoid the negative impacts associated with air pollution to
occur. For example, even if the precursors of ozone layers are
minimized in Europe, as a technique to reduce the concentration
of ground-level ozone will be problematic because of other
emerging issues that contribute to air pollution in the northern
hemisphere.
Since multiple scales of air pollution are responsible for air
pollution, avoiding pollution of air caused by numerous effects
due to the improvement of efficiency of energy mechanisms that
are spread at different scales. For some energy use efficiency
measures, they can bring benefits of a larger scope to the end
user, for example, measures that cause minimized exposure as
well as related impacts local air pollution or significant
pollution coming from indoors. However, in many of the
scenarios of avoiding air pollution, the benefit may be enjoyed
across the society more often depending on the amount and
location of emission, means of transport available and
meteorological conditions put in place to safeguard the
environment. According to Rylance et al., (2015) the effects of
avoiding air pollution turn out to be beneficial to most
societies, but the measures put in place to fight air pollution are
not enforced, and therefore, they fail along the way.
Societal understanding is the most common among the studies
evaluating the impacts of avoided air pollution of energy
efficiency techniques. According to Costa et al., (2014)
alterations in the quality of air can be contributed by utilizing
energy efficiency methods more so when implemented on a
large-scale setting. However, their gaps in the techniques used
in assessing the avoided air pollution measures since the
approaches are evaluated based on the end user perspective. The
contrary between societal and end-user understanding comes in
the sense of modal shift studies, whereby the effects of
polluting air are determined for both the people who choose to

15. alter the means of transportation which brings a positive
environmental change to the entire society. In such studies, the
overall society is believed to be a recipient of change through
avoided air pollution effects as a result of modal shift; however,
the end user, the society members who decide to use a different
means of transportation receives severe impacts of respiratory
complications. Another gap that fails the avoided pollution
approaches is the lack of sufficient budget to finance the
methods of protecting the environment.
References
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pollution/en
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Running head: AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1
Air Pollution by Haze
Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Date