1. Babatunde Salaam
C++ tutorials
Contents
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………
Programme structure ………………………………………………………………………….
Variables ……………………………………………………………………………………………
Assignments ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Input and output…………………………………………………………………………………
Loops …………………………………………………………………………………………………
Functions ……………………………………………………………………………………………
Arrays …………………………………………………………………………………………………
Recursion …………………………………………………………………………………………….
Selection………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Introduction
This tutorial is for people who want to learn C++ programing from scratch or who has
limited understanding about C++.
In the past few years programming in C++ has change and this tutorial will update people
on the new futures that have being added to C++ in the past years.
This tutorial can also be useful for other language users as the difference is not massive.
The tutorial is divided into various parts that’s will help leaners to understand the
language in a very easy way
All programs code that will be presented in this tutorial can be modify by readers and can
also be change into any form that best suits the reader as this is a very good way for
readers to learn.
At the end of this tutorial you should have full understanding about C++ programme and
be able to write a full C++ program.

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Programme structure
#includes<iostream>: this is writing at the beginning of every C++ code and it and
authoritative instruction. The #includes<iostream> tells the pre-processor to include to
include the iostream standard file. The #includes<iostream>: is like a header file that has the
rules of how the code you have writing works, it also contains everything needed for
input/output
Using namespace std; all codes in C++ are declared within namespace. The name space
allows the programmer to declare cout without retyping std before every count. For
example, if the programmer does not put using namespace at the beginning of the code
then he or she has to put STD at the beginning of every in and out put.
Int main () this is the line where the main function is being declared. This is the point where
every C++ programme starts their execution. Any other function writing before or after this
does not affect the job of the int main(), and the () stands for function declaration.
Cout << “Happy birthday”: the happy birthday is a statement and that is how every
statement is wringing in C++. And this statement must be visible after the code has being
declared. Cout shows the output of the statement. The purpose of cout in this code is to
output happy birthday and also the cout is already declared iostream.
endle; the endle means end of line which tells the reader that the line has ended and every
statement in C++ must always end with semicolon (;) because it shows the end of
statement.
return 0; this shows the end of function and also declaring the programme completed with
no error.

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Variables (int)
In programming we want to be able to perform other task rather than just writing simple
programmes like “happy birthday”. As a programmer we should be able to write
programmes that will be useful to everyone in their day to day life activity. For example,
writing a programme that allows people to calculate.
This type of programmes can be done by using variable. Variable in C++ allows programmer
to store data instead of repeating it again. For example, in the programme above I was able
to save my “price”, “paid” and “change” as a variable using int.
The two programmes are the same but written in a different way, the second programme
allows users to input their own values unlike the first one which already has the value
inputted to it by the programmer.
Int: the int can be describe as a variable where the values are stored. For example in the
first programme I was able to declare the value for price and paid using int.

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In the first programme, the programmer did not use cin because he/she did not request the
user to input any value and also because the input has already been giving as a variable with
the value unlike the second programme.
cout: this shows the output of a statement as describe in the previous topic.
change = paid-price; this is the formula that is used to calculate the change.

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Assignment (=)
Assignment is part of the C++ operators and since we understand how variables work and
the usefulness in the previous chapter we can now start learning assignment and their
usefulness.
In C++ most operators that are used are mostly sings which can be found on keyboard which
is better because it safes time typing up and also can be used in any country especially none
English countries.
In the programme above, the statement assign 20 to the variable boy and also the same for
the variable girl (boy = 20, girl = 10) the equal (=) sign is the sign that enables the variables
to be assign to each value. When using the assignment sign a variable has to be declared, for
example, the boy and girl are variable because they were already declared as an integer.
The assignment operation always takes place from right to left, and never the other way.

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Cin (Input) and cout (output)
As a programmer, we want to be able to interact with the users by enabling them to be able
to Input values or letter into the code, this means we have to trust them not to change the
programme. To be able to allow users to input letters or value of their choice into a
programme we have to make use of the cout and cin which means input and out.
Basically programmers let user input values or letter of their choice.
A perfect example is a calculator; users can input any number or value of their choice into a
calculator and get a calculated output.
The programme above is an example of cin(input) and cout (output) . The programme
allows users to input the value of their choice which allows them to have an out value they
have entered.
The cin is already inputted by the programmer (cin>>boy, cin>> girl)

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Loops (while and do-while loop)
As a programmer, there are statements that we would like to repeat and typing them over
and over again can take time. Using loop can help programmer avoid situations like this
because loop can help repeat a statement as many times as possible.
There two different types of loops.
The while loop
The main function of a while loop is to statement while the condition set in expression is
true.
The program enable the user to input numbers and the while loop enables them to reapet
the calculation process if they want. The program has given them the option to press yes if
they wish to try the calculation again or no if they do not want to.
At the start of the statement, while (running) was included in the program so as to enable
the statement to repeat every time the user wishes to repeat the calculation.
if (userInput == ‘n’) this is statement means that if the use input no then the programme
should stop running (running = false ;)

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The do while-loop
The do while loop execute the code that the while loop contains without checking if the
condition I true. The do while-loop has same function as a while loop except that it gives
the programme conditions. For example the above program tells the user to input any
number between 10 and 50. Any time a number between those two values are entered the
program keeps running until the value 10 is entered.
The do-while loop is usually used when the condition that has to determine the end of the
loop is determined within the loop statement itself, for example entering a value between
10 and 50 is a condition that has already been determine in the loop statement so the user
has to stick with it.

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Functions
When writing code in C++ it often occurs that their few codes in which we use more than
once in our program. Repeating them often consumes time so therefore we use function
which is a block of code which can be named and can be reuse anywhere in our code.
int area (int pi, int r) is an example of a function in the program above. The value for pi has
being declared before writing the function. This was done because pi has a fixed value so it
has to be declared first.
The functions where later used in the statement when the formula to calculate the area was
declared.
We can keep using this pi and r because they are already declared as a function at the
beginning of the code.

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Arrays
An array is used to store data collection of data. An array can also be refer to as collection of
variable stored using int. different values can be saved In an array without having to declare
different variables every time. For example we can save 10 different numbers in an array.
An example of how an array can be declared can be seen in the program below.
Float number [6] ={2,4,6,8,9,10} this is an example of an array been declared, the [6] stands
for the number of arrays that been declared and the number{2,4,6,8,9,10} are the numbers
stored in the array which can later be refer to in the program.
Recursion

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Recursion in C++ is when a function calls itself. Sometimes when writing a recursion
programme or code, it seems like the function will never end, but this can be change
sometimes. Therefore we can control the amount of time we want our function to reoccur.
The case in which we end our recursion is called a base case.
Recursion is similar to loop because it repeat the same code, but it is easer to express ideas
in recursion.
This is an example of a simple recursion programme that’s counts for ever until it stop by
the user.
Recurse (count +1); this tells the user the increment you want the recursion to be in. for
example, in this programme I want the increment to be 1.
Recurse (10); this tells the user where the count is going to start from. For example, in this
programme I want the count to start form 10.

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This is an example of recursion with base, this programme helps to find the factor of a doll.
This is similar to the first recursion programme that was writing except that this has an end
to its calculation.