1) The document discusses the fundamentals of computer processing including computing history, sizes of computers, literacy, central processing units, memory, storage devices, and input/output devices. 2) It also covers databases and database management systems including data organization, database structures, relational databases, creating databases, and query languages. 3) Key concepts are explained like database management systems, data redundancy, data independence, database administration, and knowledge discovery in databases.

1. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 7/E
Raymond McLeod, Jr. and George Schell
Chapter 9
Fundamentals of
Computer Processing
8-1
Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

2. Computing History
ENIAC - 1946
UNIVAC I
– First sold in 1956 to Census Bureau
IBM System 360 Line of Computers
– 1960’s
– Revolutionized computing
1954 -- first computer installed in a
business (another UNIVAC I at GE)
8-2

3. Computing History
Early 1970s -- minicomputers
Late 1970s -- microcomputers (TRS-80,
Commodore PET)
IBM PC
– 1982
8-3

4. Computer Sizes
Mainframes
– Large
– Centrally located
– Used by large organizations
Minicomputers
– Mid-sized
– Today’s server market descended from these
machines
8-4

5. Computer Sizes [cont.]
Microcomputers
– Made possible by microprocessor
– PC -- used by one person, or by a few people in the same
area
8-5

6. Literacy
Computer Literacy
– Ability to use computing resources
Information Literacy
– Understanding how and why information
affects the decision-making process
8-6

7. The Central Processing Unit
Computer (CPU)
Schematic Control Unit
Input Data
Primary Output
Storage Unit Information
Arithmetic and Secondary
Logic Unit Storage
Unit
8-7

8. Processors
Main unit where processing is performed
– Called CPU
– Microcomputer CPUs called microprocessors
Speed
– Megahertz (MHz)
– Word Size
8-8

9. Memory
Main memory
– Storage area where both data being processed
and program instructions being executed are
stored
Storage (secondary)
– Magnetized coding on the surface of a storage
device
8-9

10. Bits and Bytes
One kilobyte (1KB)
– 210 bytes (1,024)
One megabyte (1MB)
– 220 bytes (1,048,576)
One gigabyte (1GB)
– 230 bytes (1,073,741,924)
8-10

11. Different Memory Types
RAM - Random access memory
– Computer programs and data are loaded into
RAM to be executed by the computer processor
ROM - Read-only memory
– Information used by the operating system and
processor when the computer is started
DRAM - Dynamic RAM
– Allows buffering of data and increases
efficiency of RAM
8-11

12. Storage Devices
Tape or disk drive
Sequential storage
Random storage
High Capacity
– DVD, CD-ROM, CD-RW, Zip, Jaz
8-12

13. Input Devices
Keyboards
Microphones
Machine-captured data
– Scanners/barcodes
– Cost benefits
8-13

14. Output Devices
Displayed
– Monitor
» Resolution
» Pixals
» GUI
Printed
– Speed
– Quality
– Impact/nonimpact
8-14

15. Means of Displayed
Output
Producing Devices
Computer ABC123 Printers
Output
Speech
Computer Output
Devices
Plotters
Microfilm
8-15

16. Printers
Impact Nonimpact
Line Character Page Ink Laser
jet
Dot Daisy
matrix wheel
8-16

17. Multimedia
Use of more than one media at one time
– Image
– Video
– Audio
Pointing devices
Speech synthesis
Animated images
8-17

18. Hardware Changes
Power compared to price doubles every 18
months
Cultivate new information about computing
resources
– Trade journals
– Professional societies
– Continuing education
– WWW
8-18

19. Software
Two main types of software -- system and
application
System
– Performs fundamental tasks that all users of a
particular computer require
Application
– Processes user’s data
8-19

20. Three Main System
Software Types
Operating system
– Manages computer’s processes
» Schedule tasks
» Manage hardware and software resources
» Maintain system security
» Enable sharing
» Handle Interrupts
8-20

21. Three Main System
Software Types(cont.)
Utilities
– Routine that enables the user to perform certain
basic data processing activities
– Copy, erase, sort, merge, et cetera
Language translators
– Change programmer instructions into computer
instructions
– Highest form for translation is a natural
language 8-21

22. System Software Types (cont.)
Fourth generation languages
– Called 4GL
– Describes what is to be done by computer
– Does not describe explicitly how it will
be done
– DBMSs are related to this area
» SQL
» Query language
» SAS, SPSS
8-22

23. The Program is Translated Before the Data is Processed
Source
Program
1 Translate
2
Input Object Output
Data Program
8-23

24. Application Software
Prewritten software
– Standardized by business function
– Also called packaged application software and
off-the-shelf application software
– Advantages
» Available now
» Less expensive
8-24

25. Application Software (cont.)
Custom software
– Best for unique business operations
– Far less is created today because of wide
availability
– Programmer salaries have risen
8-25

26. Role of User-Friendly Software
Businesses need programmers to create
applications
– Employees
– Consultants
– Contracts with other companies
Simple intuitive software is user-friendly
Business users have expertise in their areas
– Need to work with technical experts
8-26

27. Software Change
Software changes almost as rapidly as
hardware
– IS professionals are routinely contacted
concerning system updates
– Professional societies and conferences
Changes in business needs
8-27

28. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 7/E
Raymond McLeod, Jr. and George Schell
Chapter 10
9-28
Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

29. The Database and Database Management
System

30. Data Organization
Data Field
– Smallest unit of data
Record
– Collection of related fields
File
– Collection of related records
9-30

31. Data Organization (cont.)
Folders
– Collection of related files
– Conceptually similar to a branch of the tree
Subfolder
– A folder within a folder
Movement of folders using GUI
9-31

32. Spreadsheet as a Simple
Database
Rows and columns of a spreadsheet can be
regarded as a simple database
Flat files
– Does not have repeating columns
– Spreadsheet table is a file and column is a field
Key fields
– Contains a value to uniquely identify each
record in a table
9-32

33. Data Structure vs. Spreadsheet
Terminology
Spreadsheet Term Data Structure Term
Table File
Column Field
Row Record
9-33

34. Database Structures
Database
– All data stored on computer-based resources of
the organization
Database Management System (DBMS)
– Software application that stores the structure of
the database, the data itself, relationships
among the data in the database, as well as forms
and reports pertaining to the database
9-34

35. Database Structures (cont.)
Relational structure
– Rows and columns
– Frees designers from need to specify
relationships prior to building the database
– Date and Codd described structure
– Does not rely on physical relationships
– Easy to understand
9-35

36. Relational Database Vendors
1. IBM
2. Informix Software, Inc.
3. Microsoft
4. Oracle
5. Sybase
9-36

37. The Database Concept
Database concept
– Logical integration of records in multiple files
Data redundancy
– Duplication of data
Data inconsistency
Data independence
– Keep data specifications separate from
programs, in tables and indexes
9-37

38. Tables
Book Name Author Required
Banking Principles Knox 25
Management Information Systems 8E McLeod and Schell 75
Personal Sales Techniques Wei
70
Quality Service, Quality Customer Brutus 54
9-38

39. Description of Book Table
9-39

40. Description of Student Table
9-40

41. Table Relationships
9-41

42. Salesperson Sales Customer Accounts
file statistics file receivable
file file
Accounts
Buyer Inventory Vendor
payable
file file file
file
Purchase General
order ledger
file file
9-42
A Database Consists of One or More Files

43. Creating a Database
Two approaches:
1. Process oriented approach (problem-
solving)
2. Enterprise modeling
9-43

44. Define
1. the Problem
2. Identify necessary Data Needs
Can Be
decisions
3.
Describe
information needs
Defined by
Taking a
4.
Determine
the necessary Problem-
Oriented
processing
Specify Approach
5. data needs
Data
6. Specifications
9-44

45. Strategic Planning for Information Resources
Create
enterprise
1. data model
Enterprise
Data Model
Data Needs Can
Develop
Be Defined by
2. Database Creating an
Enterprise
Model
Database
9-45

46. Rule for Required Field
9-46

47. Enforcing Value of BookName
9-47

48. Creating a Database
1) Describe the data
2) Enter the data
3) Use the database
– Query language
– Query-by-example
– Data manipulation language (DML)
9-48

49. Query-by-Example
ation can be generated from within DBMS
No need for separate statistical software
9-49

50. The Database Administrator
(DBA)
D B A Duties
Database planning; work with users and
others, define schema, etc.
Database implementation; creating the
database and enforcing policies and
procedures
Database operations
Database security
9-50

51. Knowledge Discovery in
Databases (KDD)
Data warehousing
– refinement in the database concept to make it
» very large
» very pure
» very retrievable
9-51

52. The Knowledge Discovery in
Database (KDD) Process
1. Define the data and the task
2. Acquire the data
3. Clean the data
4. Develop the hypothesis and search model
5. Mine the data
6. Test and verify
7. Interpret and use
9-52

53. DBMS Advantages
Reduce data redundancy
Achieve data independence
Enable integration of data from multiple
files
Retrieve data and information quickly
Improve security
9-53

54. DBMS Disadvantages
Requires a firm to:
Obtain expensive software
Obtain a large hardware configuration
Hire and maintain a DBA staff
9-54