2. Cause of Japanese Expansionism
• Japan had to compete with
Western imperialism which
had to industrialize and
develop her capitalism
• Japan’s expansionist program
was planned and
implemented by the military,
the state bureaucracy, and
the big business combined
(zaibatsu), working hand in
hand.
• Japan decided to raise armed
conflict because of the
economic restriction on trade
by US.
Zaibatsu
3. Cause of Japanese Expansionism
The reasons for expansion:
Needed territories to accommodate its
excess population
Had to look for markets abroad since it had
no large consumer market at home
Had to expand to complete its
industrialization
4. Cause of Japanese Expansionism
The reasons for expansion:
Being poor in natural resources, it needed sources of
raw materials especially from Western powers or
from their colonies
Wanted to become a leader of Asian nations and
established the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere
5. Cause of Japanese Expansionism
The reasons for expansion:
Resurgence of militarism and ultranationalism
Japanese oligarchy
believed that a
strong economy
could only be
realized if it was
strong in its military
component
The Sino-Japanese
War (1894) led to
Japan’s annexation
of Taiwan. Also
controlled Korea
and Manchuria
Because of
discrimination
against Japanese
immigrants in the
US, some Japanese
ultranationalists
thought of a future
war.
6. The Declaration of War
• The bombings of Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941 after which Japanese
aircrafts hit the naval station in Cavite
and Claik Air Field and attacked US
installations throughout Luzon
8. The Declaration of War
• Japanese occupied the Philippines in 1942.
Bataan and Corregidor fell to the Japanese
• The Japanese had already investments in the
Philippines before the war so that they
operated hem plantations, canneries, and
other commercial ventures
9. Impact of Japanese Occupation
• Japan, in its proclamation on
January 3, 1942, said that its
purpose in the Philippines was to
liberate the Filipinos from the US
and promised its independence
when it cooperate and recognize
Japan’s program of establishing a
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere
• Occupation led to economic
hardships
• The Japanese enlisted the support
of the Filipino elite running the
government
10. Impact of Japanese Occupation
• Continuation of their
leadership
• Were genuinely pro-
Japanese like Artemio
Ricarte, Leon Villafuerte,
and Benigno Ramos
• It was their patriotic duty
to protect their fellow
Filipinos from the harsh
policies of the Japanese
• A means of survival
Some Filipinos cooperated with the Japanese for
different reasons
11. Impact of Japanese Occupation
• Traditional elite left their
towns and cities fearing for
their lives which resulted in
a vacuum in political and
social leadership while the
peasants took control of
their economic life without
the interference of the
landlords
12. Impact of Japanese Occupation
Guerrilla groups
emerged
• The Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa
Hapon (HUKBALAHAP)
operated in Central and
Southern Luzon
• Marciano Peralta and Tomas
Confesor with the American
soldiers in Panay
13. Impact of Japanese Occupation
The Japanese occupation led to social and moral breakdown
• Some Filipino women became sex slave (comfort women)
14. Impact of Japanese Occupation
•A new bourgeoisie emerged
•Nippongo was introduced in schools but
Filipinos did not learn the language
•The brutality of the occupation made
many Filipinos appreciate the Americans
16. Guerrilla Activities During the War
•After the fall of
Corregidor and Bataan,
some Filipino and
American officers
organized guerrilla
groups
•They harassed and killed
Japanese troops and
sabotage Japanese war
efforts as well as spies
and Japanese
sympathizers
Alamo Scouts
17. Guerrilla Activities During the War
• Guerrillas gathered
information about
Japanese movements,
strengths, weaknesses,
and other activities and
sent these to Gen.
MacArthur’s
headquarters in
Australia
• Guerrilla “newspapers”
were circulated to
provide truthful news
reports
18. The Return of the Americans
American forces under MacArthur landed in Leyte
in October 1944 and landings were also made in
Mindoro, Batangas, Lingayen, and Panay
19. The Return of the Americans
• Entered Manila, the second most
devastated city in the world after
Warsaw, Poland, by blanket
bombings by American forces
• The Commonwealth was
reestablished in Tacloban, Leyte
on October 23, 1944.
• General MacArthur declared the
liberation of the Philippines on
July 4, 1945
20. Nature of Philippine “Liberation”
Liberation meant the reoccupation of the
Philippines by the Americans (Constantino)
MacArthur implemented American policy in the
Philippines who did not entertain nor did not
like interference from other American officials
21. Nature of Philippine “Liberation”
MacArthur’s advisers developed a plan for the
administration of civil affairs during the reoccupation
Creation of Philippine Civil Affairs Unit (PCAU) to take
care of relief operation
Under the plan, President Osmeña could make
recommendations on the choice of provincial officials
and town mayors in the provinces that were under
military control but MacArthur had the final decision.
Recommendees should have the approval of the Counter
Intelligence Corps (CIC)
22. Nature of Philippine “Liberation”
• President Osmeña was
pressured by MacArthur to
restore the Philippine
Congress and many of its
members were those who
served under the Japanese-
sponsored government
• MacArthur and his group
adopted an anti-Huk policy
for they considered the
Huks as a threat to the
Commonwealth because of
their communist links. Sergio Osmena
