1. Development of Improved
Cocoa Clones for Farmers:
Malaysia Cocoa Clones

2. Historical Aspects: Planting materials
• 1950’s-1960’s
Amelonado and its hybrids, but, were unsuitable to the local
environment because of susceptibility to dieback disease and
poor tolerance to expose (high light intensity); poor yielder
(e.g. Aml x Pa7, Aml x SCA9)
• 1970’s-1990’s
Trinitario and Forestero hybrids of the Upper Amazon origin;
higher yielding and more tolerant to dieback disease than the
Amelonado hybrids
(e.g. UIT1 x Na33, UIT1 x SCA6, Pa138 x SCA9, Pa156 x IMC 67)
• 2000’s onwards
Locally selected superior clones; more superior with regards to
yield and generally to disease i.e. vascular streak die-back and
black pods
(e.g. PBC 123, KKM 22, QH 1003, MCBC1)

3. Historical Aspects: Agencies involved
• 1950’s-1960’s
government agencies (e.g. Department of Agriculture)
• 1970’s-1990’s
government and private plantation agencies
(e.g. Department of Agriculture, Sime Darby Plantations)
• 2000’s onwards
government, private plantation agencies, individual
farmers/smallholders

4. Genetic Materials
• Mainly forestero and trinitario, some
criollio
• Introduced mainly from the Intermediate
Quarantine facility of the Reading
University, UK
• Two years quarantine period or until
certified disease or disorder free
• Presently over 1000 accession each of the
introduced and locally selected materials

5. Steps in the Development of Planting Materials
1. Selecting clones to be introduced from Intermediate
Quarantine Facility
2. Quarantine requirement (at least 2 years)
3. Local suitability evaluation (6-10 years)
4. Generation of hybrids population and evaluation of
desired crosses/progenies (>8 years)
5. Selection of elite individual tress from hybrid
population and evaluation (6-10 years)
6. Local verification trials (6-10 years)
7. Selection of clones for commercial planting (2-4 years
after local verification completion)
8. Establishment of budwood garden
9. Distribution of superior clones
10. Monitoring of clones performance in the cocoa growers
field

6. Criteria for Recommended Clones
• High yielding: >2t/ha/year
• Average dried beans: >1.0g
• Pod index: 25
• Bean number per pods: >30
• Shell content: <12%
• Cocoa butter: >50%
• Disease tolerance: VSD, BP
• Insect pest tolerance: Helopeltis, Cocoa pod
borer (most preferred)

7. SOME RECOMMENDED MALAYSIA CLONES
• PBC 112, 123, 159, 236 ,etc
• KKM 1,5, 22, 25, 28, etc
• QH 22, 37, 441, 1003, 1176, etc
• MCBC1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
PBC 123 MCBC 1 QH 1003

8. Technical Information some of MALAYSIA CLONES
DBY POD ADBW FAT CPC
CLONE PYT BNP
(kg/ha/yr) VALUE (g) (%) (%)
KKM 22 58.1 2420 24.0 1.09 38 57.0 31.0
MCBC 1 68.9 3590 19.2 1.30 39 56.0 34.3
PBC 123 58.7 2550 23.0 1.04 42 53.0 33.8
QH 1003 50.5 2030 24.9 1.36 31 53.0 31.9
MCBC 8 59.9 3510 17.1 1.50 40 54.7 33.1
BR 25 67.3 2690 25.0 1.00 40 45.0 40.5
KKM 1 68.4 3930 17.4 1.06 51 56.0 34.0
KKM 4 51.0 2040 25.0 1.06 38 54.0 36.0
KKM 5 43.8 2020 21.7 1.07 42 49.0 42.0
KKM 25 72.5 2440 29.7 1.30 24 52.0 39.0
MCBC 9 90.7 3760 24.1 1.29 33 51.3 33.5
PBC 112 38.3 1530 25.0 1.01 38 56.0 27.0
PBC 139 43.4 2250 19.3 1.18 44 57.0 25.3
QH 22 75.1 3510 21.4 1.15 42 55.0 28.3

9. How Does A Farmer Obtains the Clones?
• Nearby MCB’s R&D centres
• Private nurseries
• Farmers’ group nurseries
• Farmers’ nursery entrepreneurs
Who Verify the Authenticity of Clones?
• MCB’s cocoa breeders
• Trained extension staff

10. How are the Clones Distributed ?
• Grafted seedlings
• Budsticks (e.g. for mature grafting/field grafting)
How much is the seedling cost ?
• Seeds : RM0.06-0.10
• Ungrafted: RM1.50-2.00
• Grafted : RM3.00-5.00

11. Welcome to
MALAYSIAN
INTERNATIONAL COCOA
FAIR 2013
4-9 OCTOBER 2013
Sunway Pyramid Convention Centre
Kuala Lumpur
www.koko.gov.my

12. Thank You
HAYA RAMBA
Manager / Cocoa Breeder
MALAYSIAN COCOA BOARD
COCOA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE
LOT 248 BLOCK 14 BIOTECHNOLOGY PARK
94300 KOTA SAMARAHAN
SARAWAK MALAYSIA
TEL. : 6082-465912
FAX. : 6082-465911
EMAIL : hayaramba@koko.gov.my