Hegel developed a comprehensive philosophical system using his dialectical method to account for the relationships between mind and nature, subject and object, and the various domains of reality. He believed that reality is in a constant state of becoming through contradiction and negation, ultimately reaching a rational unity. Some of Hegel's most influential works included The Phenomenology of Spirit, The Science of Logic, and The Philosophy of Right. While difficult to understand, Hegel aimed to develop a new form of speculative reason to overcome limitations in traditional philosophy. His work was an important influence on later continental philosophy and Marxism.

1. QUESTIONNAIRE : HEGEL
1. What theory Hegel sustains?
George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher,
one of the creators of German Idealism. His historicist and
idealist account of reality as a whole revolutionized European
philosophy and was an important precursor to Continental
philosophy and Marxism.
2. What philosophy type Hegel develops?
Hegel developed a comprehensive philosophical framework, or "system", to
account in an integrated and developmental way for the relation of mind and
nature, the subject and object of knowledge, and psychology, the state,
history, art, religion and philosophy. In particular, he developed a concept of
mind or spirit that manifested itself in a set of contradictions and oppositions
that it ultimately integrated and united, without eliminating either pole or
reducing one to the other. Examples of such contradictions include those
between nature and freedom, and between immanence and transcendence.
3. Where he was born?
Hegel was born on August 27, 1770 in Stuttgart, in the Duchy Württemberg
in southwestern Germany.
4. Where received their first studies?
Hegel attended the seminar of Tubinga ( a seminar of the Protestant Church
in Württemberg) where two fellow students were to become vital to his
development—his exact contemporary, the poet Friedrich Hölderlin, and the
younger brilliant philosopher-to-be Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling.
5. Which the first writings that realized Hegel?
In Tubingen Seminars Hegel composed the text which has become known
as the "Life of Jesus" and a book-length manuscript entitled "The Positivity
of the Christian Religion".While in Frankfurt Hegel composed the essay
"Fragments on Religion and Love". In 1799 he wrote another essay entitled
"The Spirit of Christianity and Its Fate" which was not published during his
lifetime. “Writings of Youth” have been study object and interpretation from
their publication at the beginning of the XX century.
6. Mention their main works?
Hegel published only four books during his life: “The Phenomenology of
Spirit” (or Phenomenology of Mind), his account of the evolution of
consciousness from sense-perception to absolute knowledge, published in
1807; “The Science of Logic”, the logical and metaphysical core of his
philosophy, in three volumes, published in 1811, 1812, and 1816 (revised
1831); “Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences”, a summary of his
entire philosophical system, which was originally published in 1816 and

2. revised in 1827 and 1830; and “The Elements of the Philosophy of
Right”, his political philosophy, published in 1822. In the latter, he criticized
von Haller's reactionary work, which claimed that laws were not necessary.
He also published some articles early in his career and during his Berlin
period. A number of other works on the philosophy of history, religion,
aesthetics, and the history of philosophy were compiled from the lecture
notes of his students and published posthumously.
7. Why was difficult to understand the writings of Hegel?
Hegel's writing style is difficult to read; he is described by Bertrand Russell
in the History of Western Philosophy as the single most difficult philosopher
to understand. This is partly because Hegel tried to develop a new form of
thinking and logic, which he called "speculative reason" and which includes
the more famous concept of "dialectic", to try to overcome what he saw as
the limitations of both common sense and of traditional philosophy at
grasping philosophical problems and the relation between thought and
reality.
8. What meant for Hegel “mind” and “spirit "?
"Mind" and "Spirit" are the common English translations of Hegel's use of the
German "Geist." Some have argued that either of these terms overly
"psychologize" Hegel , implying a kind of disembodied, solipsistic
consciousness like ghost or "soul." Geist combines the meaning of spirit—as
in god, ghost or mind—with an intentional force.
9. How explained Hegel the concept of Dialectical
The dialectical one as ontology, implies a conception of the reality in process
to circulate of three moments whose motor is the contradiction. The infinite
being is then, an entirety since anything is isolated and everything is in
relationship. But it is a relationship of opposition and not of indentidad.
The three moments of dialectical process are:
• First moment: Thesis. Position. Inmediatez. Indetermination. To
be in yes.
• Second moment: Antithesis. Negation or contradiction. Mediation.
(Vermittlung). Determination. To be for yes ,objetivación.
Alienation could be added.
• Third moment: Synthesis. Negation of the negation and
superación
The dialectical one as method, consists on to discover and to continue
rationally in movientio of the Idea, so the reason and the reality express their
true coincidence. Hegel, indeed, proposes a new logic different to the
Aristotelian form that is based on the principle of identity.
10. Which is the relationship between the theory Hegelian and
the Marxist theory?

3. Hegel's Dialectic Marx's Dialectic
"Two Trees" - comparison of Hegel and Marx's view of reality.

4. 11. Which were the main ideas Hegelianism?
Hegel's main philosophical project was to take these contradictions and
tensions and interpret them as part of a comprehensive, evolving, rational
unity that, in different contexts, he called "the absolute idea" or "absolute
knowledge".
According to Hegel, the main characteristic of this unity was that it evolved
through and manifested itself in contradiction and negation. Contradiction
and negation have a dynamic quality that at every point in each domain of
reality—consciousness, history, philosophy, art, nature, society—leads to
further development until a rational unity is reached that preserves the
contradictions as phases and sub-parts by lifting them up (Aufhebung) to a
higher unity.
Antithesis
Thesis Synthesis
NATURE
IDEA SPIRIT
Idea-outside-
Idea-in-itself Idea-in-and-for-itself
itself
Time (as "used
Structure: Logical or
Physical through"
a fundamental Rational
Space-Time time or time of
manifestation Dialectic
self-consciousness)
Science
as
LOGIC GEOMETRY HISTORY
fundamental
discipline
12. What Hegel thought about the philosophy of Heraclitus?
According to Hegel, "Heraclitus is the one who first declared the nature of
the infinite and first grasped nature as in itself infinite, that is, its essence as
process. The origin of philosophy is to be dated from Heraclitus. His is the
persistent Idea that is the same in all philosophers up to the present day, as
it was the Idea of Plato and Aristotle." For Hegel, Heraclitus's great
achievements were to have understood the nature of the infinite, which for
Hegel includes understanding the inherent contradictoriness and negativity
of reality, and to have grasped that reality is becoming or process, and that
"being" and "nothingness" are mere empty abstractions. According to Hegel,
Heraclitus's "obscurity" comes from his being a true (in Hegel's terms
"speculative") philosopher who grasped the ultimate philosophical truth and
therefore expressed himself in a way that goes beyond the abstract and
limited nature of common sense and is difficult to grasp by those who
operate within common sense. Hegel asserted that in Heraclitus he had an
antecedent for his logic: "... there is no proposition of Heraclitus which I have
not adopted in my logic."
13. What idea has Hegel about God?

5. -Here we see Hegel's Dialectic.
There is the Thesis of God, His
antithesis in material Nature, and
the Synthesis of the two in Spirit.
-Space and Reason can be
considered the physical
ramifications of the existence of
Nature and the Idea, respectively.
The reality of Nature can be found
in Space (consider Space as
space-time or the material world in
which Nature exists) and the
existence of the Idea is found in
Reason.
-Just like in the case of our old
favorite Triad (the Father, Holy
Spirit, and Son) we are pretty sure
the Thesis (Father/Idea) and the Synthesis (Son/Spirit) are God, but the
Antithesis (Nature/Holy Spirit) is much more vague.
The difference in the way Thought affects Nature and the way it affects
History is that Nature is not conscious of its effect, whereas Spirit is the
conscious manifestation of the Idea. Spirit has a desired end, the promotion
of Freedom. Nature has no desired end, nor a consciousness with which to
conceive anything.
14. What Hegel sustained about of the Logic?
The same act of the knowledge is the introduction of the contradiction. The
excluded principle of the third, something or it is A or it is not A, it is the
proposition that he wants to reject the contradiction and when making in fact
incurs in contradiction: A it should be +A or -A, with that which the third term
is already introduced A that it is not neither + neither - and for the same
thing it is +A and -A. A thing is herself and it is not her, because in fact all
thing changes and he becomes herself another thing. This means is the
formal logic and the establishment of the dialectical logic.
15. Why Hegel is known as philosopher of renaissance?
In the latter half of the 20th century, Hegel's philosophy underwent a major
renaissance. This was due to:
(a) the rediscovery and reevaluation of Hegel as a possible philosophical
progenitor of Marxism by philosophically oriented Marxists;
(b) a resurgence of the historical perspective that Hegel brought to
everything; and
(c) an increasing recognition of the importance of his dialectical method

6. 16. Realized a synthesis of the philosophy Hegelians
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