The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes throughout the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), and blood. The heart pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. It has four chambers and uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow. The cardiovascular system is regulated by both intrinsic and neural factors. Diseases can occur if the circulatory system is not functioning properly.
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The Circulatory System: A Complete Guide to the Heart and Blood Vessels
1. The Circulatory SystemThe Circulatory System
(complete Info. Ppt)(complete Info. Ppt)
By- Dr. Armaan singhBy- Dr. Armaan singh
2. Interesting Facts
The heart beat is strong enough to squirt blood 30 feet
The longer a boy’s ring finger is, the less likely they are to have a
heart attack (according to one study)
The human heart beats ~35 million times per year
The heart pumps ~1,000,000 barrels of blood in a lifetime
Most heart attacks occur between 8-9 a.m.
3. Interesting Facts
The blue whale has the largest heart – it
weighs ~ one ton
The hummingbird has a heart that beats
1000 times per minute
Your entire volume of blood goes through
your entire body once every minute
Humans have ~60,000 miles of blood
vessels in their bodies (more than twice the
circumference of the earth!)
Your heart beats 100,000 times and pumps
~2000 gallons of blood every day
Pig and baboon hearts have been
transplanted into humans
8. Pericardial Tamponade
Bleeding into pericardial space
after chest trauma
Excess blood restricts
expansion of heart during
pumping
Causes shock or death if not
corrected
9. Heart Wall
3 layers:
Epicardium: outer wall joined with pericardium
Myocardium: the actual cardiac muscle that contracts
Endocardium: lines heart chambers & vessels
10. Heart Chambers
Four chambers:
2 atria: top of heart –
receive blood from veins
2 ventricles: bottom of
heart – pump blood
through arteries
11. Heart Chambers
Septum: divides left from
right heart
Valves: keep blood flowing
in one direction
Four valves:
2 AV valves,
2 semilunar valves
Heart sounds (Lupp-
dupp) from valves closing
12. Atrioventricular
Valves
AV valves: between atria
and ventricles
Bicuspid (mitral) valve:
on the left
Tricuspid valve: on the
right
When valves are open blood drains from atria
into ventricle
When ventricle contract, valve flaps are
forced shut, blocking blood from reentering
13. Semilunar Valves
Located in arteries leaving
ventricles
Pulmonic valve: at base of
pulmonary artery
Aortic valve: at base of aorta
When ventricles contract, valves are forced open & let blood flow
When ventricle relaxes, backflow of blood fills flaps of valve & forces
them to shut
14.
15.
16. Blood Vessels
Arteries: carry blood
away from the heart
Veins: carry blood to
the heart
Capillaries: connect
arteries to veins &
exchange gases with
tissues
17. Arteries
Carry blood at high pressure
Very thick, stretchy walls that expand
in size
Most carry oxygenated blood (red)
Damaged arteries spurt in time to
heart beat
18. Arteries
Aorta: largest vessel
(diameter of a garden hose) –
receives blood from left
ventricle
Arteriole: smaller vessels
connecting arteries to
capillaries
19. Veins
Carry blood at low pressure
Have valves to prevent backflow
of blood against gravity
Most carry de-oxygenated blood
(purple)
Damaged veins ooze blood
20. Veins
Vena Cava: dump all blood from the
body into the right atria
superior vena cava: receives blood
from upper body
inferior vena cava: receives blood from
lower body
Venules: smaller vessels connecting
veins to capillaries
21.
22. Capillaries
Connect arteries and veins
Walls are one cell thick
Allow exchange of gases through thin walls
Drop off oxygen delivered from heart by arteries
24. Atherosclerosis
Narrowing of
vessel lumen
due to
plaque/fat
formation on
inside of walls
Causes: diet
high in fat,
cholesterol, salt;
inactive
lifestyle;
smoking
Risks: high BP,
enlarged heart,
embolus
blocking
25. Coronary
Artery Disease
When Atherosclerosis affects the arteries that supply the heart muscle
Symptoms: short of breath after simple exertion, angina (chest pain)
Risk: MI, cardiac arrest, death
26. How is CAD
treated?
Medication
Angioplasty (balloon surgery)
– balloon is inserted and
inflated in blocked vessel to
compress fatty mass against
the artery wall
27. How is CAD Treated?
Stent – wire mesh inserted into the artery to
expand its lumen
Coronary Artery Bypass – arteries are removed
from leg and grafted into the heart to restore
circulation
30. Aneurysm
Weaking in the wall of a vessel, causing it to balloon outwards.
Rupture of the site causes
Stroke (if in the brain)
Death (in a large artery – aorta).
31.
32. Cardiac
Circulation
Coronary arteries exit the aorta & supply oxygen/blood to heart muscle
(myocardium)
Coronary veins pick up & return deoxygenated blood from myocardium
33. Defects in
Coronary
Circulation
Angina Pectoris: impaired circulation to
myocardium causes oxygen deprivation & pain
Myocardial infarction: “heart attack” – blockage
of circulation to section of myocardium causes
the muscle to infarct (die)
34. Pulmonary Circulation
Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood through pulmonary
artery to the lungs
The blood picks up O2 from the lungs and dumps CO2 into the
lungs
Oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium thru the
pulmonary vein
45. Play the Game
Number the parts 1 – 17 (just write the correct order on a piece of
paper). Pass your paper to a classmate when you finish. We will grade
them as a class.
46. Congestive Heart Failure
Heart is ‘worn out’ from hypertension, multiple MI, atherosclerosis, or
age
Heart pumps too weakly to meet tissue needs
If one side is weaker than the other, blood will back up in system
47. Congestive Heart Failure
Left ventricle is failing:
Pulmonary congestion
Pulmonary edema (blood in lungs)
causes suffocation
Right ventricle is failing:
Peripheral congestion
Edema in distal body parts (ankles,
feet)
51. Conduction System of the Heart
Heart is under two types of control:
Autonomic Nervous system
Sympathetic: speeds up contractions
Parasympathetic: the “brakes” that slows down contractions
Intrinsic Conduction System
Also called “nodal system”
Heart determines its own rate of contractions
52. Intrinsic Conduction
System
Nodes are heart tissue that
stimulate heart muscle to
depolarize (contract)
Depolarization moves from base to apex
Different areas of the heart have different nodes, each with a different
rate
Node rate gets slower as it moves downwards
Faster nodes will override slower nodes
55. SA node fires, atria
contract (depolarize)
Impulse travels to AV
node, then travels
thru bundle of His,
bundle branches, &
Purkinje fibers –
ventricles contract
(depolarize)
Contraction of
ventricles has
‘wringing’ action,
pushing blood upward
and out through large
arteries
56. Parts of the
Conduction
System
SA node:
“The Heart’s Pacemaker”
In atria
Normally sets the pace of 60 – 70
SA can increase rate when stimulated by drugs, fever, or sympathetic
NS (exercise, stress, emotion)
57. AV Node:
Between atria &
ventricles
Special tissues transmit signal from SA to AV node
Intrinsic rate: 40 - 60
58. Parts of the
Conduction
System
Bundle of His:
Transmits impulse to
ventricles
Rate: 30 – 40 beats/min
Bundle Branches:
Within ventricular muscles
Rate: 20 – 30 beats/min
Purkinje fibers:
Terminal end of branches
59. What if Damage Occurs?
If SA node is damaged or its signal is blocked, the AV
node takes over setting the pace (40-60/min)
If AV node is next damaged, the bundles set the rate
(20 – 40/min)
60. What is a Pacemaker?
If heart is unable to generate
impulse, or pace is too slow,
mechanical pacemaker is
surgically implanted to
provide artificial impulses
63. Abnormalities in
ECG
Heart Monitor hooked up with pads on chest
Abnormalities in ECG used to diagnose heart damage
Diagnostic signs: changes in shape of wave, distance between waves,
lack of waves…
64. Irregular Heart Rhythms
Tachycardia: heart is beating too fast
Bradycardia: heart is beating too slow
Heart Block: no connection between atria & ventricles – ventricles
beat at their own rate
Ventricular Fibrillation: heart is ‘shivering’ – no contractions or pulse
(cardiac arrest)
Asystole: dead heart – no electrical activity
69. Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac Cycle: The events
within one heartbeat. Three
main stages:
Mid-to-late diastole: SL
valves are closed, AV open;
atria contract; blood is forced
into ventricles
Ventricular systole:
ventricular pressure forces AV
closed; SL forced open; blood
rushes out of ventricles; atria
relax & refill
Early diastole: SL shut; AV
70. Heart Sounds
Cardiac cycle heard with a stethoscope
Two sounds: “lub dup” (pause) “lub dup” (pause) …..
Lub = closing of AV valves (ventricular systole)
Dup = Closing of semilunar valves (between ventricular systole &
diastole)
Murmurs: abnormal heart sounds that usually indicate valve
problems
71. Valve Disorders
Leaky Valves: caused by
incompetent or deformed
valves that force the heart to
re-pump blood because of
backflow
73. Mitral Valve Prolapse
The most common
valve disorder
(5-10% of people)
Mitral valve opens
(prolapses) into atrium
when shutting & allows
blood backflow
74. Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output: the amount of blood pumped by each
side of the heart per minute
Cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume
Stroke volume = the amount of blood pumped with each
contraction
75. What is the cardiac output if….
HR = 75 bpm; SV = 70 ml/beat?
This is the normal cardiac output for a resting adult.
How is the output affected with exercise?
Do you think it increases or decreases?
76. What affects Stroke Volume?
(you don’t have to write this down)
Increase in Stroke volume:
Increased venous blood return
exercise (muscles force blood into heart)
Slow hr (more time to fill ventricles)
Decrease in stroke volume
Decreased venous return
Hemorrhage (less blood volume)
Tachycardia (not enough time to fill)
77. What affects Heart Rate?
(you don’t have to write this either)
Increase:
Decline in SV (heart
compensates by hr)
Babies and kids
Females
During exercise
Sympathetic NS
Decrease:
Parasympathetic NS
Getting older
Males
Being fit (heart is more
efficient)
Cold temperatures
78. Taken to assess overall health status
Arterial pulse
Blood Pressure
Respiratory Rate
Temperature
79. Arterial Pulse
Alternating expansion and recoil
of arteries with each heart beat
Measured in beats per minute
Normal resting pulse: 60 – 100
bpm
Taken at pulse points: place
where pulse is easily palpated
(felt)
81. Blood Pressure
Pressure of the blood against artery walls
Measured as systolic/diastolic (ex. 120/80)
Systolic: pressure at peak of contraction
Diastolic: pressure during ventricular relaxation
Can be taken by:
Auscultation (listening for pulse)
Palpation (feeling for pulse)
Normal: 100 + age / 60-90
82. What Determines
the BP?
Cardiac Output (blood pumped per min)
Peripheral Resistance
friction inside vessel that hampers flow of blood
Usually results from narrowing of arteries
83. What affects BP
Increases BP:
Atherosclerosis
Thick blood
Drugs/nicotine
Obesity
Decreases BP:
Shock/blood loss
MI
Drugs
Physical fitness
84. Problems with BP
Hypotension (low BP):
Systolic < 90mm/Hg
Cause: MI; warning sign of shock; athletes
Hypertension (high BP)
Systolic >140; Diastolic >90
Heart is forced to work hard for extended time
Vessels damaged due to higher pressure
Causes: obesity, diet, exercise, smoking, genes
Risks: heart attack, stroke