LSM Trees
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Lightning talk on LSM trees. A high level overview given at Cassandra meetup
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LSM Trees
- 2. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com PAGE© Pythian Cassandra ● Senior Engineer at Pythian (recently acquired Blackbird) o Lead of Cassandra practice ● Experience o Worked with Cassandra since 0.8 (2011) o Java/Python developer About Me Chris Lohfink 1
- 3. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com PAGE© Pythian Cassandra • Fault tolerance • Multiple DCs • Large data sets • Data model gotchas • Unstable releases • Bootstrapping • Repairs • Unit tests - My Opinions - 2 Cassandra
- 4. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com PAGE© Pythian Cassandra ● Can be good, bad, or ugly ● Same as with everything else Where is Performance? 3
- 5. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com PAGE© Pythian Cassandra Lies, Dirty Lies, & Benchmarks 4
- 6. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com PAGE© Pythian Cassandra 5
- 7. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com PAGE© Pythian Cassandra 6
- 8. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com PAGE© Pythian Cassandra ● An LSM-tree is composed of two or more tree-like components, each optimized for their type of storage o A small in-memory tree o One or more on disk trees ● Used in Cassandra, HBase, LevelDB, Google Big Table, SQLite4 & more Log Structured Merge Tree LSM-Tree 7
- 9. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com PAGE© Pythian Cassandra Log Structured Merge Tree One tree in memory, one or more on disk Memory Disk ReadsWrites 8
- 10. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com PAGE© Pythian Cassandra Log Structured Merge Tree Match Cassandra nomenclature Memtable SSTable ReadsWrites 9
- 11. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com PAGE© Pythian Cassandra • Very Fast Writes – Cost of IO amortized across large batches – Append only • Comparable Reads – Comparable best-case – Potential for very slow Log Structured Merge Tree 10 Characteristics
- 12. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com Pythian PAGE© Pythian© Pythian Cassandra Write Path Represent numbers of shovels in stock Memtable SSTables Temp -20 Shovels 0 State MN 11
- 13. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com Pythian PAGE© Pythian© Pythian Cassandra Write Path Decide we need to include humidity Memtable SSTables Temp -20 Shovels 0 State MN Humidity 10 12
- 14. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com Pythian PAGE© Pythian© Pythian Cassandra Write Path Its Minnesota so the Temperature changed Memtable SSTables Temp -20 Shovels 0 State MN Humidity 10 Temp 80 13
- 15. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com Pythian PAGE© Pythian© Pythian Cassandra Write Path Shovel demand drops so its time to put some in stock again Memtable SSTables Temp -20 Shovels 0 State MN Humidity 10 Temp 80 Shovels 25 14
- 16. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com Pythian PAGE© Pythian© Pythian Cassandra Write Path Reached memtable limit, flush to disk Memtable SSTables Temp -20 Shovels 0 State MN Humidity 10 Temp 80 Shovels 25 Humidity 10 Temp 80 Shovels 25 15
- 17. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com Pythian PAGE© Pythian© Pythian Cassandra Write Path We still in Minnesota and its been a few days so adjust Temp Memtable SSTables Temp -20 Shovels 0 State MN Humidity 10 Temp 80 Shovels 25 Temp 10 16
- 18. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com Pythian PAGE© Pythian© Pythian Cassandra Read Path Check the current temp, take most recent from all SSTables and the Memtable Memtable SSTables Temp -20 Shovels 0 State MN Humidity 10 Temp 80 Shovels 25 Temp 10 17
- 19. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com Pythian PAGE© Pythian© Pythian Cassandra Compaction Create new SSTable thats the merged result Memtable SSTables Temp -20 Shovels 0 State MN Humidity 10 Temp 80 Shovels 25 Temp 10 Humidity 10 Shovels 25 Temp 80 State MN 18
- 20. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com Pythian PAGE© Pythian© Pythian Cassandra Compaction Delete old SSTables Memtable SSTables Temp 10 Humidity 10 Shovels 25 Temp 80 State MN 19
- 21. www.pythian.com twitter: cnlohfink | e-mail: clohfink@blackbirdit.com Pythian PAGE© Pythian© Pythian Cassandra Questions? 20
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