Design Strategies for Gamified Physical Activity Applications for Older Adults

Dennis L. Kappen: University of Ontario Institute ofTechnology, Canada
Dr. Lennart E. Nacke : University of Waterloo Canada
Dr. Kathrin M. Gerling: University of Lincoln United Kingdom
Dr. Lia E.Tsotsos: Centre for Elder Research, Sheridan College, Canada
Twitter :3d_ideation

7/5/2016 Dennis L. Kappen Twitter :3d_ideation 2

7/5/2016 Dennis L. Kappen Twitter :3d_ideation; Dr. Lennart E. NackeTwitter @acagamic 3
 Reality Bites: Baby Boomer Generation
Source: Leslie Braunstein (2012)
http://urbanland.uli.org/industry-sectors/many-shades-of-
gray-baby-boomers-and-their-disparate-needs/
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-
quotidien/140926/dq140926b-eng.htm

Source: http://vintagefitness.com

 Determining Motivational Characteristics of
OlderAdults towards PhysicalActivity and
technology
 PhysicalActivity Applications which must be
Gamified and Adapted on demand

 Designing playful collaborative
applications that older adults
can engage in (Cza et al., 2008)
 Integration and configuration
of social media
 Prosumers: create and share
their own content with one
another. (Waycott et al.,2013)
 Social spaces (spatial and
online) (Eklund, 2012)
 Overcome emotional
loneliness (McLaughlin et al.,
2012)

 Paying for aTrainer/Gym Membership is Expensive
 Many Older Adults are on a Fixed Income
 Physical Activity is not their First Choice
 Lonely Environment at Home

 Much research has been done
on the topic of positive aspects
of gaming and devices for
older adults.
 Rehabilitation (Flores et al.,
2008; Alankus et al., 2011)
 Exergame; Physical and
Cognitive training ( Gerling et
al., 2010; Cho et al., 2002 )
 Leisure and Entertainment
(Wu et al., 2012)
 AdultTraining (Serious Games)
Image Source:
http://techcrunch.com/2008/12/15/study-shows-playing-rts-games-keeps-old-brains-healthy/

Qualitative
Research
Interviews
SDT*
KEG*
Thematic
Analysis
Focus
Groups
SDT + KEG
 Qualitative Research Method
 DeductiveThematic Analysis (Feredey et al., 2006)
Theoretical
Positioning
Data
Collection
Analysis
*SDT – Self-DeterminationTheory
*KEG – Kaleidoscope of Effective Gamification

 Relevant to SDT, do changes in intrinsic and
extrinsic motivations of older adults facilitate
fitness activity?

 What are the underlying factors and
challenges that facilitate or prevent fitness
activities for older adults in the context of
technology-supported PA?

 What are the challenges and
design strategies for designing
motivated gamified physical
fitness activities and
applications?
Source: https://pixabay.com/en/old-man-adult-senior-people-care-660831/

Kaleidoscope of
Effective
Gamification
(KEG) (2013)
Kappen, D.L. and Nacke, L.E. The
Kaleidoscope of Effective
Gamification : Deconstructing
Gamification in Business
Applications. Gamification 2013,
(2013), 119–122.

Kaleidoscope of
Effective
Gamification
(KEG)(2013)
PLAYER
VIEWPOINT
DESIGNER
VIEWPOINT

Kaleidoscope of Effective Gamification (KEG)(2013)

Kaleidoscope of Effective Gamification (KEG)(2013)
Motivated Behaviour Layer (MBL)

AGE
50+
FITNESS
ACTIVE
ADULTS
COMPUTERSKILLS
INTERNET
SAVVY
UNDERSTANDING MOTIVATIONSOF OLDERADULTSTO
ENGAGE INTECHNOLOGY FACILITATED PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY FROMAGE 50 ONWARDS
Active Lifestyle : engage in activity equivalent to walking more than 3 miles per day

 Location
 Sheridan Elder Research Centre (SERC), Oakville
 Participants
 19 participants
 45-60 minutes
 Method
 Semi-structured interviews
 Materials
 Audio recordings

Categorization of intrinsic and extrinsic fitness motivations based on the KEG +SDT

 Need Satisfaction Discussion
 3 groups of
 one physical trainer
 older adult
 facilitator
 Focus on
 Physical Activity
 Motivations
 Barriers

 Embracing Digital
Technology
 Self-DeterminationTheory
+ Kaleidoscope model
 Autonomy
 Competence
 Relatedness
 Collaboration vs.
Competition

7/5/2016 Dennis L. Kappen Twitter :3d_ideation 25Mapping of Fitness Attributes from themes in relation to SDT and KEG

 Motivations-Mental, Physical, and Contextual
Source: http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/growingstronger/exercises/stage2.html

PERFORMANCE BASED ACHIEVEMENT BASEDENGAGEMENT BASED
 Intrinsic Motivation- Competence

CUSTOMIZATION INDEPENDENCEPURPOSE
 Intrinsic Motivation-Autonomy

SHARING PREFERENCESRELATIONSHIPS
 Intrinsic Motivation- Relatedness

 Extrinsic Motivations
 Self-determined extrinsic motivation (Dacey et al.,2008)
 Non self-determined extrinsic motivations (Dacey et al.,2008)
 Tangible rewards
 Intangible rewards
 Barriers to Entry (Fitness Activity)
 Amotivation
 Goal Setting and Accountability

 Barriers/Amotivation
 Motivations
 Small achievable steps
 Simple routines that reinforce small
successes
 Praise, wellbeing and health are
rewarding
 Self-monitoring and external
feedback
 Togetherness and sociability at a
common workout place

 Challenges:
 10,000 steps a day
 exercise adherence
 Prioritizing Ability
 Appropriate Game Elements
 Technology Usage and Personal
Relationships
 Feedback
 Limitations
 Active OlderAdults
 Attitudes towards technology-
supported Physical Activity

7/5/2016 33Dennis L. Kappen Twitter :3d_ideation; Dr. Lennart E. NackeTwitter @acagamic

www.gamefulplay.ca
www.touchpoint.info
Twitter :3d_ideation
.com

 www.yayimages.com/image/fileid/22735678
 https://www.heartmath.org/articles-of-the-heart/science-of-the-heart/stress-and-cognitive-decline/
 http://www.medpagetoday.com/resource-center/atrial-fibrillation/Cognitive-Decline-Without-
Stroke/a/47578
 http://monsterwebsearch.com/tags/adult-home-care
 http://www.gamespot.com/news/68-of-us-households-gaming-youth-usage-rises-6211774
 http://www.webpronews.com/mobile-games-survey-nearly-half-of-adults-are-mobile-gamers-2012-06
 Czaja, S. J., & Lee, C. C. 2008. InformationTechnology and Older Adults. In: Sears, A. & Jacko, J.A. (Eds.):
The HumanComputer Interaction Handbook. NewYork, NewYork, USA: Lawrence ErlbaumAssociates.
 http://www.joystickdivision.com/2010/10/5_proven_ways_video_games_are.php
 http://www.shockmd.com/2009/08/13/motives-for-online-gaming/
 Source:
 https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/how-gyms-are-tailoring-personal-training-for-
seniors/2015/03/17/9e56bf8c-c662-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html
 http://www.123rf.com/photo_7639131_healthy-elderly-woman-doing-dumbbell-exercise-with-personal-
trainer-at-home-smiling.html
 http://brainblogger.com/2014/10/24/exercise-reduces-the-risk-of-alzheimers-disease/
 "Aerobics class" by Bill Branson (Photographer) -This image was released by the National Cancer
Institute, an agency part of the National Institutes of Health, with the ID 2375 (image) (next).This tag
does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See
Commons:Licensing for more information.English | Français | +/−. Licensed under Public Domain via
Wikimedia Commons -
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerobics_class.jpg#/media/File:Aerobics_class.jpg
 "Aqua Aerobics" by www.localfitness.com.au - Own work. Licensed underCC BY-SA 3.0 viaWikimedia
Commons -
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aqua_Aerobics.JPG#/media/File:Aqua_Aerobics.JPG

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Design Strategies for Gamified Physical Activity Applications for Older Adults