1. Life History and the Cost of
Reproduction
Group 4

2. • Reproduction or
procreation is
the biological
process by which
new "offspring"
individual
organisms are
produced from
their "parents”.

3. Douglas fir tree
Ecologists refer to
the reduction in
future
reproductive
potential resulting
from current
reproductive
efforts as the cost
of reproduction.

4. Reproductive strategies
• There are a wide
range of
reproductive
strategies
employed by
different species.

5. Other types of reproductive strategies
• Polycyclic organisms
• Semelparous organisms
• Iteroparous organisms

6. Life without reproduction
• The biological study of how the
origin of life led from non-
reproducing elements to
reproducing organisms is called
abiogenesis.

7. Lottery principle
• George C. Williams used
lottery tickets as an analogy in
one explanation for the
widespread use of sexual
reproduction.

8. REFERENCES:
• Williams G C. 1975. Sex and Evolution. Princeton
(NJ): Princeton University Press.
• Judson, Olivia (2003) Dr.Tatiana's Sex Advice to All
Creation: Definitive Guide to the Evolutionary
Biology of Sex. ISBN 978-0-09-928375-1
• "Timeline of same-sex procreation scientific
developments". samesexprocreation.com.
• T. M. Sonneborn. Mating Types in Paramecium
Aurelia: Diverse Conditions for Mating in
Different Stocks; Occurrence, Number and
Interrelations of the Types. Proceedings of the
American Philosophical Society, Vol. 79, No. 3
(Sep. 30, 1938), pp. 411-434. American
Philosophical Society. JSTOR 984858.