1. School Choice in Finland The Catholic University of Chile Santiago 15. November 2010 Piia Seppänen post doctoral researcher CELE, University of Turku Finland

5. School choice policy in Finland in relation to features in compulsory schooling Since 1970’s comprehensive, 9 years. No academic or vocational tracks. Comprehensive pupil support free of charge. 2. The structure (comprehensive – parallel) 3. Governance (state – other actors) 4. Allocation of pupils to schools (catchment areas – open enrollment) 5. Pupil selection (no selection – total selection) 98% municipal (under 1% state) and 2% subsidised private schools (2008) All free of charge and non-profit organis. 1. Ownership of schools ( public – private) In Finland Features of comp.s. (‘extremes’)

7. School choice policy in Finland in relation to features in compulsory schooling A strong tradition of central state governance changed during 1990’s to municipal power with national steering. 3. Governance (state – other actors) Since 1970’s comprehensive, 9 years. No academic or vocational tracks. Comprehensive pupil support free of charge. 2. The structure (comprehensive – parallel) 4. Allocation of pupils to schools (catchment areas – open enrollment) 5. Pupil selection (no selection – total selection) 98% municipal (under 1% state) and 2% subsidised private schools (2008) All free of charge and non-profit organis. 1. Ownership of schools ( public – private) In Finland Features of comp.s. (‘extremes’)

10. School choice policy in Finland in relation to features in compulsory schooling School choice policy A named school place + pupil can apply to another school A right to a named school, otherwise oversubscription criteria. Pupil selection to so called specialised/emphasised classes (e.g. music, languages, sport, math, art), usually aptitude tests or previous success in particular subjects.  varies between cities 4. Allocation of pupils to schools (catchment areas – open enrollment) 5. Pupil selection (no selection – total selection) 98% municipal (under 1% state) and 2% subsidised private schools (2008) All free of charge and non-profit organis. Since 1970’s comprehensive, 9 years No academic or vocational tracks. Comprehensive pupil support free of charge. A strong tradition of central state governance changed during 1990’s to municipal power with national steering. 1. Ownership of schools ( public – private) 2. The structure (comprehensive – parallel) 3. Governance (state – other actors) In Finland Features of comp.s. (‘extremes’)

12. Some choice possibilities of a case pupil

14. The change in models of education governance in relation to admission models from the end of 1970's to the end of 1990's in EU member countries at the time (Green, Wolf & Leney 1999; modified in Seppänen 2006, see also Kivirauma, Rinne & Seppänen 2009) Netherlands Netherlands England & Wales 4. Institutional Autonomy in Quasi-Market Ireland & NI Ireland & NI Sweden Finland Denmark England & Wales 3. Local Control (with national 'steering' and some school autonomy) Belgium Germany Germany Spain 2. Regional Devolution (with some minor devolution and choice) Italy Greece Portugal Spain Luxembourg Luxembourg Austria Austria Belgium Italy Greece Portugal France Sweden Finland Denmark France 1. Centralised (with elements of devolution and choice) C. Selection by ability B. Open enrolment in comprehensive / partly comprehensive systems A. Zoned comprehensive In Year 1975/1980 and 2000

17. Espoo Data from four cities Espoo, Turku, Lahti and Kuopio in year 2000: - Statistics of an age cohort’s preferences (N 5152) over the 7th grade schools - A postal questionnaire of families (n 1523) SES & reasons for choice Turku Kuopio Lahti © Kuntarajat: Tilastokeskus KL/JAH 16.6.2010 Brief features of ‘the lived education markets’ in four Finnish cities ( Seppänen 2006) Sorce: The Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities Areas of municipalities (total 342): Town (62) Rural area (214) Denselypopulated area (66)

19. A mapping of pupils' applications for the 7th grade to other than allocated school between nine schools in a Finnish case city (Seppänen 2003)

21. Pupils’ applying to the 7th grade to the other than allocated school (popularity type) and those who didn't apply in relation to mother’s education (%) (Seppänen 2006) * those pupils who attended to the catchment area school are emphasized three times, so that the sample represents the population. Mother’s education, N 1490 (2886*), in four cities:

22. Pupils’ applying to the 7th grade to the other than allocated school (popularity type) in relation to mother’s education (%) (Seppänen 2006) Mother’s education, N 792, in four cities: