5. Scientists have developed solutions to :
• Increase agricultural productivity.
• Enhances breeders’ ability to make improvements in crops and livestock.
• Enables improvements that are not possible with traditional crossing of
related species alone
6. HISTORY
In 1990 -The first food product of biotechnology (an enzyme used in cheese production and
a yeast used for baking) appeared on the market .
In1995, farmers have been growing GE crops.
In 2003, 7 million farmers in 18 countries were planting biotech crops.
8. GENETIC ENGINEERING
• inserts fragments of DNA into chromosomes of cells
• uses tissue culture to regenerate the cells into a whole organism with a different
genetic composition from the original cells.
• This is also known as rDNA technology
• produces transgenic organisms.
9.
10. TISSUE CULTURE
• manipulates
• cells
• anthers
• pollen grains
• other tissues
• so they live for extended periods under laboratory conditions or become whole,
living, growing organisms
• Examples of crops produced using tissue culture include citrus, pineapples,
avocados, mangoes, bananas, coffee and papaya.
11. EMBRYO RESCUE
• used to facilitate “wide crossing” by producing whole plants from embryos that
are the result of crossing two plants that would not normally produce offspring.
12. MOLECULAR MARKERS
• use molecular markers to select plants or animals that possess a desirable gene, even in
the absence of a visible trait.
13. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
• methods use to detect genes or gene products that are very precise and specific.
• Molecular diagnostics are used in agriculture to more accurately diagnose crop/livestock
diseases.
14. VACCINES
• Biotechnology-derived vaccines are used in livestock and humans.
• Cheaper
• better
• safer than traditional vaccines
• stable at room temperature
• do not need refrigerated storage
15. SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION
• Removes the cell walls of cells from different organisms and induces the direct
mixing of DNA from the treated cells, which are then regenerated into whole
organisms through tissue culture.
16. FLOWERS
• gene identification and transfer techniques used to improve the color, smell, size
and other features of flowers.
• used to make improvements to other common ornamental plants, in particular,
shrubs and trees.
• Some of these changes are similar to those made to crops, such as enhancing the
cold resistance of a breed of tropical plant, so it can be grown in northern gardens.
17. MICROPROPAGATION
• Involves taking small sections of plant tissue, or entire structures such as
buds, and culturing them under artificial Conditions to regenerate complete
plants.
18. Benefits
Following are a few examples of benefits resulting from
applying currently available genetic engineering
techniques to agricultural biotechnology.
Increased crop productivity
Enhanced crop protection
24. CONCLUSION
• Scientists working in the field of agricultural biotechnology should become aware
of these risk and benefits,
• As well as their professional responsibility to ensure that their research is applied
only for the benefit of humankind and not to cause harm.
