This PowerPoint was created to help present material about social reform in the progressive era to my 8th grade students

14. Minority Problems: attempts at reform

18. Booker T. Washington was the foremost black educator of the late 19th and early 20th centuries . He also had a major influence on southern race relations and was the dominant figure in black public affairs from 1895 until his death in 1915. Washington called for Negroes to give up higher education and politics in order to concentrate on gaining industrial wealth. Though Washington offered little that was innovative in industrial education, which both northern philanthropic foundations and southern leaders were already promoting, he became its chief black exemplar and spokesman. In his advocacy of Tuskegee Institute and its educational method, Washington revealed the political adroitness and accomodationist philosophy that were to characterize his career in the wider arena of race leadership.

20. One of Theodore Roosevelt's first controversial actions as president was to invite African-American leader Booker T. Washington to dine with him privately at the White House in October 1901. This recognition solidified Booker T. Washington's control over the limited political patronage given to African Americans, and raised an outcry among southern Democrats. Roosevelt defended his actions, but did not again openly socialize with Washington or any other African-American leader.

21. DuBois (1868-1963) had a different prescription for curing the ills of the black community. He believed that only though education could blacks gain status and that Washington's idea promoted black submission to whites. DuBois' wrote many books and essays expressing his beliefs about racial assimilation, cooperation, and the use of education to end prejudice . DuBois openly broke with the stance of Booker T. Washington in 1903 with the publication of The Souls of Black Folk . The Souls of Black Folk was a very popular analysis of the conflicts blacks were subjected to in society. Another great achievement was that of the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which he founded along with a number of other black and white leaders who shared his beliefs in 1909. He served as director of publicity from 1919-1934. He was also a consultant to the United Nations and edited his magazine, Crisis , from 1910 -1932. By 1914, the NAACP had grown to 50 branches with 6,000 members.