Resumen del tema 4 del circulatorio y excretor. Bilingüe inglés. 3º ESO.

1. UNIT 4.
CIRCULATORY AND EXCRETORY
SYSTEMS

2. ESTÁNDARES
1.1 Determina e identifica, a partir de gráficos y esquemas, los distintos
órganos, aparatos y sistemas implicados en la función de nutrición
relacionándolo con su contribución en el proceso.
3.1 Diferencia las enfermedades más frecuentes de los órganos,
aparatos y sistemas implicados en la nutrición, asociándolas con sus
causas.
4.1 Conoce y explica los componentes de los aparatos circulatorio,
excretor y su funcionamiento.

3. CONTENTS - INDEX
 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
 BLOOD COMPOSITION
 BLOOD CIRCLULATION
 THE HEART
 EL CICLO CARDÍACO
 BLOOD CIRCUITS
 ILLNESSES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
 THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
 THE KIDNEYS
 URINARY TRACT
 FORMACIÓN DE LA ORINA
 ILNESSES OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

4. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 The circulatory system uses blood to distribute nutrients and
oxygen among the cells. It also picks up the waste substances
produced by cells.
 The circulatory system is composed of the blood, blood vessels
and heart.
BLOOD VESSELSBLOOD HEART

5. 1.1 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
 It’s formed by interstitial
plasma liquid between
cells.
 Blood renew interstitial
plasma.
 The circulatory system
connects digestive,
respiratory and excretory
systems.

6. White blood
cells
Platelet
s
Red blood
cells
The blood is made up of blood cells suspended in a liquid called blood
plasma.
Blood plasma: is the liquid part of the blood. It
transports the nutrients, waste substances, hormones,
antibodies...
1.2 BLOOD COMPOSITION
About
5 litres
Blood cells are
produced in the bone
marrow, which is
found inside certain
bones.

7. White blood cells/LEUKOCYTES (7,000/mm3): there are fewer
white blood cells than red ones. These cells protect the body
from infections. Types: Granulocytes
(neutrophils,eosinophils,basophils), Monocytes, Lymphocytes
Red blood cells/ERYTHROCYTES
(5million/mm3): they are disc-shaped and have
no nucleus. They contain a substance called
haemoglobin, which makes them red and
transports oxygen.
Platelets/THROMBOCYTES (300,000/mm3): they are
fragments of cells. They contain substances that allow the
blood to coagulate, which prevent haemorrhages.

8. THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
It transports nutrients and oxygen to all
cells.
It collects waste substances from cells.
It transports hormones around the body.
It helps to regulate temperature.
It protects the body from infections.

9. 2. BLOOD CIRCULATION
2.1 BLOOD VESSELS They carry blood around the body
ARTERIES VEINS CAPILLARIES
Transport the blood from
the heart to the organs.
Transport the blood from
the organs to the heart.
Very small vessels that
join arteries and veins
endings.
Their walls must be thick
and elastic.
Their walls are thinner
and less elastic than
arteries
They have a very thin
epitelial Wall.
They divide into smaller
vessels called arterioles
They divide to form
venules.
Through their walls,
substances exchange with
the body cells.

10. Artery
Vein
Connectiv
e tissue
Endotheliu
mSmooth muscle
tissue
Connectiv
e tissue
Capillarie
s
Endotheliu
m
Smooth muscle
Organs He
Organs HBLOO
D
BLOO
D
Veins
Arteries
Capillary
Artery Vein

12. 2.2. THE HEART
 It’s a muscular, hollow organ that pumps the blood through the blood
vessels.
 It’s located on the left side, in the thorax.
 The outside is covered by a double membrane, the Pericardium.
 Its walls are made up of a muscular tissue called Myocardium.
 The inside is covered by a thin layer of cells, the Endocardium.
 Involuntary movement called heartbeat (75/minute).
 Parts:
 Two atrium (Upper part)
 Two ventricules (Lower part)
 Atrium and ventricule are connected by:
 Mitral valve: Left part.
 Tricuspid valve: Right part.

13. Heart Structure
Veins arrive to the
atriums, and arteries
leave from ventricles

14. Vías de entrada y salida
 A las aurículas LLEGAN las venas:
 A la Aurícula izquierda: 4 venas pulmonares (2 de cada pulmón)
 A la Aurícula derecha: 2 venas cavas (superior e inferior) con sangre
de todo el cuerpo.
 De los ventrículos SALEN las arterias:
 Del ventrículo derecho: Arteria pulmonar (se divide en dos, una para
cada pulmón)
 Del ventrículo izquierdo: Arteria aorta (impulsa sangre a todo el
cuerpo)
 La sangre que sale de los ventrículos se regula por las válvulas
sigmoideas o semilunares, situadas en las arterias.
 El aporte de oxígeno y nutrientes al tejido del corazón (miocardio) lo
realiza las arterias y venas coronarias.

16. 2.2.1. EL CICLO CARDÍACO
 Ciclo cardíaco: Secuencia de movimientos coordinados
alternantes del corazón: Contracción (Sístole) y relajación
(Diástole). Se recoge sangre de las venas y se impulsa por las
arterias.
 Movimientos del ciclo cardíaco:
 Diástole auricular: Las aurículas se dilatan al entrar la sangre
procedente de diversas partes del cuerpo.
 Sístole auricular: Las aurículas se contraen. La sangre pasa al
ventrículo cuando las válvulas (mitral/tricúspide)se abren.
 Diástole ventricular: Los ventrículos se dilatan al recibir la
sangre.
 Sístole ventricular: Los ventrículos se contraen. Se impulsa la
sangre por las arterias cuando se abren las válvulas

17. SÍSTOLE
AURICULAR
SÍSTOLE
VENTRICULAR
DIÁSTOLE
VENTRICULAR
DIÁSTOLE
AURICULAR
EL CICLO CARDIACO

19. 2.3 BLOOD CIRCUITS
 Blood circulation is double, complete
and closed:
• Double because the blood passes
through the heart twice.
• Complete because the oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood do not mix.
• Closed because the blood does not leave
the blood vessels.

20. Blood is constantly pumped around a
circuit of blood vessels by the heart.
In human beings, this circuit has two
parts: pulmonary circulation and
systemic circulation.
The pulmonary circulation:
transports deoxygenated blood away
from the heart, to the lungs, and
returns oxygenated blood back to the
heart.
The systemic circulation:
transports oxygenated blood from the
heart to the rest of the body, and
returns deoxygenated blood back to
the heart.
TYPES OF CIRCUITS
Vena
Cava

21. Arteria aorta
Vena cava
Arteria pulmonar
Vena pulmonar

22. 3.THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
 It collects excess interstitial plasma, and
returns it to the blood.
Lymph node with an electronic
microscope.

24.  It is made up of:
 Lymph Vessels.
 Lymph Capillaries.
 Lymph Nodes: located in various
parts of the body, they release
lymphocytes, which protect us from
infections.
• The heart doesn’t pump the lymph, the lymph is moved through the
lymph vessels because of the contractions of the muscles that
surround them.
• The lymph vessels empty into the subclavian veins.
The lymph nodes in the armpits,
groin and neck are clearly
noticeable, especially in times of
infection.

25. 3.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:
 Maintains the fluid balance in the
internal milieu.
 Collects the products of fat
digestion from the small
intestine.
 It protects the body

26. 5.2 ILLNESSES OF THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
HIGH BLOOD
PRESSURE
Blood pressure that excedes normal ranges.
ATHEROSCLEROSI
S
Cholesterol plaques build-up in the internal walls of
arteries.
ANEURISM Abnormal dilatation of a blood vessel. It can rupture and
cause death.
HEART ATTACK Lack of blood and oxygen in the myocardium, due to an
obstruction.
ENDOCARDITIS Inflammation of the endocardium caused by bacteria
infection.
ANAEMIA A decrease in the number of red blood cells.
THROMBOSIS The formation of a blood clot inside an artery.

27. 4.EXCRETORY SYSTEM
 The excretory system removes waste substances from
the blood and discharges them from the body. This process
is called excretion.

28.  It is made up of the urinary system and other organs and systems
which contribute to the excretion of waste products (CO2, Urea, uric
acid, toxic substances):
Respiratory
system
Removes
carbon dioxide
and water
Liver
Processes toxins and removes
substances resulting from the
metabolism of proteins. These
substances are added to bile.
Sweat glands
Remove water and
salt through our
skin
Urinary
system
Removes waste
substances in
form of urine.

29. 4.1 THE URINARY SYSTEM
 It has two parts: the Kidneys and the Urinary Tracts.

30. 4.1.1 THE KIDNEYS
 Two organs located
behind the abdomen,
each side of the spine.
 Three parts:
 Crust: External
section.
 Renal medulla:
Internal section. It
produces urine.
 Renal pelvis: It
collects urine.
Renal Arterie
Ureter
MEDULLA
Renal Vein
RENAL
PELVIS
RENAL
CORTEX

31.  The nephron is the structural and
functional unit of the kidney. They
filter and form the urine.
 Each kidney has over a 1 million
nefrons.
 Parts of nephron:
 Glomerulus: Ball of capillaries (In
the crust)
 Bowman’s capsule: Bag around
the glomerulus. Filtration is made
here. (In the crust)
 Convoluted tube: Long tube
(proximal, distal and loop of Henle)
It reabsorbs water and other
substances. (In the renal medulla)
 Collecting tube: It carries the
urine to the renal pelvis.

32. 4.1.2 URINARY TRACT
 They’re exit channels for urine.
They connect the kidneys with
the exterior.
 It’s made up:
 URETERS: They carry the
urine from kidneys to the
bladder. About 28 cm long.
 BLADDER: It’s an elastic bag
to store urine (250-400ml).
Micturition reflex makes the
bladder contract and release
urine.
 URETHRA: It’s the duct that
connects with the exterior. In

33. 4.2 FORMACIÓN DE LA ORINA:
 FILTRACIÓN: Paso de las sustancias del plasma sanguíneo por las
paredes del glomérulo al interior de la cápsula de Bowman. Se forma
orina primaria, que contiene sustancias útiles y de desecho.
 REABSORCIÓN: Paso a la sangre de las sustancias que son
necesarias. Solo se reabsorbe lo que es útil.
 El líquido filtrado y no reabsorbido pasa por el túbulo renal. La orina se
vierte al conducto colector, que desemboca en la pelvis renal.
 De la pelvis renal, la orina es llevada por los uréteres para ser
almacenada en la vejiga. Se expulsa por la uretra al exterior.
 Nuestro cuerpo elimina una media de 1.5 l de orina al día. (Depende del
agua bebida, temperatura, etc)

35. 5.4 ILLNESSES OF THE EXCRETORY
SYSTEM
RENAL
FAILURE
Insufficient filtration of blood leading to less urine production and
inadequate elimination of waste substances.
NEPHRITIS Kidney inflammation due mainly to infectious causes.
CYSTITIS Inflammation of the bladder. Caused by an infection. Frequent and
urgent desire to urinate.
INCONTINENCE Involuntary loss of urine when coughing or sneezing.
STONES Solid structures caused by the build-up of salt or uric acid. They can
cause renal colic with great pain if the stones are big. Medication to
solve the Stone , laser or ultrasound therapy.