.

1. PRESENT
PERFECT-PAST
SIMPLE
TRANSFORMATION
PATTERNS

2. Past simple
It's a long time SINCE I last visited
London
1. present perfect
I haven't visited London FOR a long time.
2. Past simple
I last visited London a long time AGO
3. Past simple
The last time I visited London was a long time
AGO

3. We haven't visited this city
BEFORE
present perf (neg)
1. We have NEVER visited this city before
 present perf (affirm)
2. It's the first time we have EVER visited this
city
 present perf (affirm)

4. She came to live here 13 years
AGO
1. She has lived here FOR 13 years
“ Lleva viviendo aquí 13 años”
2. She has learned English FOR 4 years
(present perf)
“ Lleva 4 años aprendiendo inglés”

5. HOW LONG is it since you broke
your arm?
WHEN did you break your arm?

6. I have NEVER read such a
boring book
 It is the most boring book that I have EVER
read