2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2. El cromosoma eucariótico
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
Relación existente entre el DNA, las histonas y la
cromatina de título del patrón
• Haga empaquetamiento del el estilo de texto
Niveles declic para modificar DNA en los cromosomas
del patrón
Diferencias entre eucromatina y heterocromatina
– Segundo nivel
Bandeos Tercer nivel
• cromosómicos y su relación con la
compactación del DNA
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
Función y estructura de centrómeros y telómeros
El paisaje genómico: la complejidad de las secuencias del
DNA eucariótico
2
3. La célula eucariota
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
En un principio, el material genético se identifico como una masa densa y
de título del patrón
granular denominada cromatina: reacción con ciertas tinciones – Material
oscuro, coloreado.
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
del patrón
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
3
4. La célula eucariota
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
Durante la división celular la cromatina se compacta en unidades
de título del patrón
discretas, los cromosomas.
El ciclo celular consta, básicamente, de dos fases:
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
Interfase Mitosis
del patrón
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
Actividad celular » Quinto nivel
sintética
y Huso acromático
núcleo discreto Cada célula hija posee dos copias de
cada cromosoma
(homólogos)
4
5. Empaquetamiento del DNA
Hagacaracterísticas comunes de la organización del material
Una de las
clic para modificar el estilo
de título del patrón
genético es su alto grado de compactación: masa compacta que
ocupa un espacio bien delimitado.
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
El genoma humano tiene unas 3.000 megabases (1-2m) y un
del patrón
núcleo ocupa unas 6µm.
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
5
6. Empaquetamiento del DNA
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
Doble hélice
de título del patrón
Nucleosoma (Octámero de Histonas)
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
del patrón
Solenoide (Histona H1)
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
Composición del Cromosoma
(Cromatina)
» Quinto nivel
Proteínas : básicas -> histonas
ácidas -> no histonas (~30%)
DNA
RNA (1%)
Tasa de empaquetamiento: 1:50.000-100.000 6
7. Empaquetamiento del DNA
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
de título del patrón
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
del patrón
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
7
8. Empaquetamiento del DNA
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
de título del patrón
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
del patrón
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
8
9. Empaquetamiento del DNA
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
de título del patrón
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
del patrón
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
Existe una matriz proteica que forma el
esqueleto del cromosoma.
9
10. Empaquetamiento del DNA
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
Las fibras de DNA se unen al esqueleto en sitios específicos
denominados MARs (o SARs) del patrón
de título
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
del patrón
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
10
11. El cariotipo humano y de ratón
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
de título del patrón
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
del patrón
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
Bandas cromosómicas (Bandas G)
Los genes tienden a localizarse en las
regiones entre bandas (>%G-C)
11
12. Centrómero y telómero
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
Centrómero Telómero
de título del patrón
Elemento de DNA responsable de la
segregación en mitosis y meiosis (no
Elemento de DNA que sella los extremos de los
cromosomas y les confiere estabilidad.
distingue entre cromosomas).
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
Integridad estructural
Está compuesto de proteínas de unión a Asegura la replicación de los extremos del
del patrón
los microtúbulos y puede poseer gran
cantidad de DNA repetitivo
cromosoma
– Segundo nivel Papel en el apareamiento cromosómico y
la arquitectura tridimensional del núcleo
• Tercer nivel Envejecimiento celular y cáncer
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
12
13. El Telómero
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
de título delextremos cromosómicos
patrón
El problema de la replicación de los
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
del patrón
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
13
14. El Telómero
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
de título del patrón
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
del patrón
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
14
15. El Telómero
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
de Estructura deldel telomérico
título tapón patrón
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
del patrón
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
15
16. El Telómero
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
de título del patrón
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
del patrón
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
Síndrome de Werner
16
Mutación en el gen WRN, que codifica una helicasa que
17. 13 / 11 / 2008
Los números del genoma humano
Haga clic genes estimado 20.000-25.000
Total de para modificar el estilo
de título del patrón
Genes identificados 19073
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
Genes mitocondriales 37
Genes secuencia conocida 12527
Descripción fenotípica 374
del patrón
Otros 6172
– Segundo nivel localización física
Genes con 11419
• Tercer nivel
1097
717
617
– Cuarto 429 532 683
nivel
Genes localizados por cromosoma
508
406 427 413 717 601
» Quinto nivel
641
206 356 328
443 664 160 727 277 139 286 45
17
18. Características de los genes humanos que codifican proteínas.
Haga clic paraMediana Promedio elTamaño muestra
Característica
modificar estilo
de título del patrón
Tamaño exones 122 bp 145 bp 43.317
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
Número exones 7 8.8 3.501
del patrón
Tamaño intrones 1.023 bp 3.365 bp 27.238
– Segundo nivel
3’ UTR 400 bp 770 bp 689 (crom. 22)
• Tercer nivel
5’ UTR – Cuarto nivel 240 300 463 (crom. 22)
» Quinto nivel
Secuencia codificadora 1.100 bp 1.340 bp 1.804
(CDS) 367 aa 447 aa
Extensión genómica 14 kb 27 kb 1.804
18
19. Los genes humanos varían enormemente
en tamaño y cantidad de exones
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
de título del patrón
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
del patrón
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
19
20. La densidad de genes no es homogénea
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
de título del patrón
Región del HLA de tipo III en el cromosoma 6p21.3
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
del patrón
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
Gen de la distrofina en el cromosoma Xp21
» Quinto nivel
20
21. La densidad génica se correlaciona con el bandeo cromosómico
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
de título del patrón
Xp21
• Haga clic para modificar el estilo de texto
6p21.3
del patrón
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel BANDAS G
– Cuarto
Claras nivel oscuras
» en GC
Comparativamente ricas Quinto nivel Comparativamente ricas en AT
Sensibles a la DNAsa Insensibles a la DNAsa
Condensación tardía en el ciclo celular Condensación temprana en el ciclo celular
Replicación temprana Replicación tardía
Alta densidad génica Baja densidad génica
Pobres en secuencias repetidas Ricas en secuencias repetidas
21
22. Aunque es raro, existen genes solapados y anidados
Haga clic para modificar el estilo
A) Región del HLA de tipo III en el cromosoma 6p21.3
de título del patrón
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del patrón
– Segundo nivel
B) Intrón 26 del gen de la neurofibromatosis tipo 1
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
22
23. El tamaño de los genomas
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No existe una
clic para entre
de título del patrón
el tamaño del genoma y complejidad
genética
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Existe una tamaño mínimo del genoma
del patrón
necesario para incrementar la
complejidad
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
Se detecta una gran variación en el
tamaño del genoma dentro de un
mismo phylum
23
24. Secuencias de DNA repetitivas
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de título del patrón
Generalmente, los genes son
codificados por secuencias únicas
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de DNA
del patrón
Los genomas más grandes dentro
de un – Segundo nivel
mismo phylum no contienen
necesariamente más genes
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
Una gran parte del ADN repetitivo
» los elementos
puede proceder de Quinto nivel
transponibles
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25. Contenido en repeticiones del genoma humano
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Derivados de elementos transponibles
de título del patrón
Pseudogenes procesados
Repeticiones de secuencias sencillas
• Duplicaciones segmentales 10-300 kb
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Bloques de secuencias repetidas en tándem (centrómeros, telómeros,...)
del patrón
Derivados de trasposones
– Segundo nivel
• Tercer nivel
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
25
26. Contenido en repeticiones del genoma humano
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Elementos de títulomelanogaster C. elegans A. thaliana
H. sapiens D. del patrón
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LINE/SINE 33.40% 0.70% 0.40% 0.50%
del patrón
–
LTRSegundo nivel
8.10% 1.50% 0.00% 4.80%
• Tercer nivel
DNA 2.80% 0.70% 5.30% 5.10%
– Cuarto nivel
» Quinto nivel
Total 44.40% 3.10% 6.50% 10.50%
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27. ORGANIZACION
GENOMA
GENERAL DEL
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NUCLEAR
GENOMA HUMANO
de título del patrón
GENOMA genes y secuencias
ADN extragénico
MITOCONDRIAL relacionadas
75%
25%
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Codificante
2.5%
No codificante
22.5%
Moderada o altamente
Repetido
Secs. únicas o
bajo número de copias
30% 45%
del patrón Repetidos en tándem
35000 genes 500 RNA Repetidos dispersos
– Segundo nivel
proteínas funcionales 12%
o agrupados
18%
4 genes rRNA
• Tercer nivel Satélite
– Cuarto nivel
>40 tRNA
» Quinto nivel (SINEs)
Cortos Largos (LINEs)
Minisatélites
>500 otros Microsatélite
RNA funcionales
Intrones, secuencias Fragmentos
Pseudogenes
no traducidas génicos
27
Notas del editor
DNA Nucleosoma Fibra cromatina (Solenoide) Andamio (Scaffold) Bucles de cromatina Cromátida
Genes humanos identificados Conceptos clave Se han identificado apenas un tercio del total de genes Se han ubicado precisamente apenas un 15 % La densidad de genes no es homogénea en todos los cromosomas: hay cromosomas pequeños (19) con muchos genes y grandes (4) con poca carga gènica.