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ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 1.introduction
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 2.cognition & behaviour
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 2.cognition & behaviour
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 2.foot notes
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 2.foot notes
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 3.foot note
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 3.foot note
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 4.epistemologyical foundation
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 4.epistemologyical foundation
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ Reference books
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ Reference books
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ Metta research propasal
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ Metta research propasal
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ Ii
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ Ii
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 3.foundation of effective
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 3.foundation of effective
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 12
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 12
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 5.social foundation
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 5.social foundation
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 12
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 12
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 5.social foundation
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 5.social foundation
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 4.epistemologyical foundation
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 4.epistemologyical foundation
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 3.foot note
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 3.foot note
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 2.foot notes
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 2.foot notes
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 2.cognition & behaviour
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 2.cognition & behaviour
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 1.introduction
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ 1.introduction
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ Buddhist values 4.chapter
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ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත ෙහේවෙග් 04 prfcZeC~dy ( 04 Chapter ) kAlAm s>t&eyn` ehlfvn ebUd`D sAr Dr~m : ebUd`D QAn mAr~gy (Buddhist Epistemology : Buddhist Valiues disclosed by Kalama Sutta) QAn mAr~gy(Epistemology) yn<evn` adhs` krn`en` QAny l[bFm uedsAupeyA`gF krgn`nA pfLfevtyf.ebAehA`vfx QAnvfBAgy(Theory of Knoledge)elsfn` h[Hdfn`evn`en`d emymy.QAny l[bFm sHdhA pfLfgth[kf pfLfevtk` enAm[tfv p&kAVkrn kr[N< pfLfg[nFmx y<k`tfshgt pdnmk` n[tfevyf. b<z smy QAny lbAg[nFmx an<gmnykrn pfLfevt k=mk`d?emy vxhAg[nFmx p[rNf BArtFy QAn mAg% pfLfbHdvd trmk ehA` v[xhFmk` avVYy.1 emhfdF QAnmAr~gy‘QAnvfBAgy’yn pdeyn`d a[t[mZ avs`TAvldF h[Hdfn`vFmx fya;`j p[h[dflf krgt y<t=y.‘QAn vfBAgy’ynvden` aT%yvn>ey` kfsfymZp&s`t=tyk` mnsfn` d[k avebA`DekAx E` pfLfbHdv mnsfn`krn vfV`el`SNyyf.emy Ek`trA zrkx aT%kTnmy s`vBAvyk` gnF.dr~Vn y pfLfbHdvnfr~vcnyk d[k`evn<ey` dr~Vny yn< QAny pfLfbHdvv> QAnykfyf yn<yf. QAn vfBAgy v>klF dr~VnvfSyx dk`vn kfxZx< sbHdtAvymt QAnvfBAgyx p&s`t=tvn`en`d b<d`Df vfSyfk kr[N<y.E` an<v b<d`DfvfSyfk p&s`t=t menA`m>Lfk els vfV`el`SNy ekAx d[k`vFm QAn vfBAgy nmZvn b[vZ p[h[dflfy. b<d`DfvfSyfk p&s`t=t emZ aAkAreyn` vfV`el`SnykfrFm t=lfn` ukhgn`nA d[n<m pAdkekAxegn E` t=lfn` m>LDr~m(Principales)egAwnHgAegn tfebZ.vfvfDg=r[k=l(Schools)bfhfv tfebZ.b<d`DfvfSyfk p&s`t=t QAnvfBAgeyhflA vfV`el`SNy ekern`en`` adAl m>LDr~m hA g=r[k=l ek`$z&ekAxegn y. a[t[mZvfx Epistemologyyn vcny sf^hl BASAevn`‘QAn mFm^sAv’yn a#T%eyhfd eyAdA tfebZ.2emhf ‘mFm^sA’ yn`n‘vFm^sA’yn pdeyn` bfhfv<nkf.‘vFm^sA’yn< vfmr~Vny yn`nyf.ehvt` gevZSNyekAx vfmsAb[lFFm yn`nyf.E`an<v QAnmFm^sAv ynvcney` a#T%y vn<ey`d‘QAny pfLfbHdv vfmsAblA gevZSNy kfrFm yn`nyf.E` an<v QAnmAr~gy yn vdn sHdhA‘QAn vfBAg 1 kQ;k iudch iZoyd fn#oaO cSjk orAYkh"f.dv.u ux., ysus"Y@S ,Xld iuQmldrjsoHd,hSh uq|@Kd,h" fmd,af.d,a,"1998" 103 msgqj' 2 bx.@sis isxy, u,,fialr YnzofldaIh"cS'mS u,,fialr"weuz'vS'.`Kfiak iy iud.u"fld<U"1998"iuzmQrAK fhka ixfYdaOs; kj ixialrKh"302 msgqj' 3 kQ;k iudch iZoyd fn#oaO cSjk orAYkh"f.dv.u ux., ysus"Y@S ,Xld iuQmldrjsoHd,hSh uq|@Kd,h" fmd,af.d,a,"1998" 104 msgqj'
2.
360 y’hA‘QAn mFm^sAv’v[nf vdn`
ebAehA` VAs`tF&y lfpfel`KNvl eydFtfebZ.ekes` vYvhArkLt` in` l[ebn`en` b<d`DfvfSyfk p&s`t=t pfLfbHdv gevZSNykfrFm yn ar~Tymy.1 emZ VAs`t&Fy kRtfey`dF adAL vcnt=n atrfn`‘QAn mAr~gy’yn vcny mAtRkAekAxegn a[t`et` QAn vfBAgy hA QAn mFm^sAv yn vcnedkxsAep`OSkv‘QAn mAr~gy’yn vcny vwA phs<evn` et`r[mZg[nFemZ h[kfyAv a[tf nfsAy.Eemn`m ebUd`D sAr Dr~m pfLfbHd vfg&hy t=LdF‘QAn mAr~gy’yn pdy BAvftAkfrFmt=Lfn` vfg&hvn avebA`Dkrg[nFemZ v[wf phs<vk` s[lesn b[vfnf. mn<SYyyA tmA jFvt`vn smAjprfsry an<v ymZ ymZ ed` pfLfg[nFmx h<r[ krvn<l[b sfxfyf.emZ sAmAnY s`vBAvy hm<evhf p<d`glyA QAny l[bFm sHdhA an<gmnykL y<t=v> nfv[rdf pfLfevt k=mk`d yn p&V`ny g[n EtrmZ uedYA`gyk` enAdk`vyf.Eeht` b<zsmy emZ pfLfbHdv vfeV`S un$zvk` dk`vn<ey` nfrvdY QAny l[bFm Ehf m<KY prmAr~Tyk` b[vfnf.Eb[vfn` b<zrjANn`vhn`es` VAs`tRvreyk= els hHzn`vAzn` QAnmAr~gy kver~d[yf vxhAg[nFemZdF Evkx anY VAs`tRvr[n` kvrQAnmAr~g hHznAegn tfb<NAdyn`n vxhAgt y<t=y.2 ld,du iQ;@h jkdyS fn#oaO Z{dkudrA.h ms<snZoj .fjzIKhlrkakdjQ mrAfhaIlfhl`yg Bg wjYHlr kakdjQ idOljYfhka .;yels w.kdu iQ;@foaYkdjlafjhs'3fuhgiudk Z{dkjsNd.Sh 2 Early Buddhist Theory of Knoledge,K.N.Jayatileka,(Motilal Banarisidass,Delhi)1980,p.170. 3 ld,du Ou!h"isrs iSj,S ysus"iuhjO!k fmd;ay,"fld<U"m@ia;djkdj"12 msgqj'
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1 mokulskahqla;jQ iQ;@foaYkd ;@smsglfha fj;akuzta fndfyda fkdjshhelshs' fuzksidu fmr wmros. fndfyda W.;`kaf.a ksrka;r iuzNdjkdjg yd jspdrhg ,lajSug is|=jsh'ld,du iQ;@fhys oelshyelsjQ jsYsIaGu ,CIKh jkqfha th nqoaOshg muKlafkdj usksidf.a Ndj ika;rAmKhg wjYHwuq|@jHo fkduZoj tys wka;rA.;jk njhs'2 Ndjuh ika;rAmKh iZoyd i;rn@yau jsyrK b;du;a jsia;r iy.;j olajd we;'ld,du iQ;@foaYkdj ms<snZoj mrAfhaIKh lrk W.;`kaf.a mrAfhaIK .@J:j, ud |=gq wvqmdvqjla jkqfha Tjqka ld,du iQ;@h jsjrKh lr;snqfka talfoaYslj muKlajSu'3jsfYaIjYfhka f,djz;`rd nq|=jr fhl`f.a Ou!hla jsjrKhlrk jsgyels;dla mqZM,a m@foaYhla lrd;ukaf.a jsjrKh me;srjSu ;`,ska tu jsjrKfhahuzhuz wvqmdvq .enzfjzkuz yels;dla tu wvqmdvq uld.ekSug jevsbvlvla fuzuZ.ska ksrAudKh lr.ekSug bvm@ia;djkdj ie,fia' Tjqka ld,du iQ;@fhys jsjrKh lr;snqfka m@;sfCIams; oijeoEreuz pska;kwOsldrsh ms<snZoj muKh' kuq;a mxpYS, m@;smodj"i;rn@yau jsyrKh"l`i, yd wl`i, uQ, i;rjeoEreuz pska;k iykYS,;djh ms<snZoj ld,du iQ;@h b;du;a jsYsIaG f,i olajk lreKqldrKd tu jsjrKj,ska b;du;a lK.dgqodhl f,i .s,sySf.dia ;snsKs'4fu ;;ajh;`< tajd mrsYS,khlrkakdjQ wh;`< ld,duiQ;@h iuznJOfhka we;sjkafka yqfola nqoaOsjsIhsl"odrAYksl"m@dfhda.slFjfhka f;dr foaYkdjla ms<snZoj we;sjkakdjQ yeZ.Suuh' nq|=kajykafia ljo;a m@fhda.slFjfhka neyerg .sh Ydia;Djrfhl` fkdjSh';u Y@djlhkag me;a;lgjS is;is;d isgSug fyda uecslafmkajSug Wkajykafia flosklj;a W;aiqlfkdjSh' Wkajyka fiaf.a wrA:oelajSuz wkqj h:drA:l~Gm@dma;sh hkq(ksrAjdK m@;s,dNh) yqfola fud<h oshqKqlsrSu muKlafkdfjz'fud<hhkq ;j;a tla YdrSrsl bJ|@shhla muKs'th we;`,; wka;rA.;jkqfhao fjkiajkakdjQ osrdhdug NdckhjkakdjQ l`Kq fjkakdjQ idudkHYdrSrsl |@jHuh' yDohjia;`j fyj;a yoj; hkqo YrSrhmqrd reOsrh ixirKhlrkq ,nkakdjQ ;j;a tla bJ|@shh ls'tho fud<h fukau jskdYjS hkakdjQ idudkHYdrSrsl |@jHj,ska ksrAus;jQjls'nq|=oyu miikafka;a oshqKqlsrSug Wmfoiafokafka;a fuz jskdYjShk l`KqjShk YdrSrsl|@jHfkdfjz'tu YdrSrsl|@jH msysg fldg ls@hd;auljkakdjQ w;sYh ishquzjQ jsZ[aZ[dKuh"Ndjuh yeZ.Suz oekSuz moaO;sh flaJ|@fldg nsys jkakdjQ idrOu! moaO;shhs'5 idudkH jHjydrfhaoS ukqIFjh fyj;a usksi;alu luska yeZoskafjkafka o thhs'kuq;a ukqIH ;,fhka neyerj fjk;a ;,j,oSo fuu idrOu!moaO;sh l@shd;auljknj nq|= iuh fya;`idOl iys;j fmkajdoS we;s ksid idrOu!j,g ukqIHOu!hehs mejiSfuz huzlsis iSudiys; ;Fjhla we;euzfofkl`g jegyShkqwe;' 1 w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a.h ld,duiq;a;h nq'c'uq' 377-343 msgq 4'iodpdrd;aul Z{dkh ms<snZo fn#oaO ixl,amh"(kdmdk fmauisrs Wmydr ix.@yh- 1984)"mS'vS'fmauisrs"47msgqj 5'ld,du iQ;@h iy pska;k ksoyi"ik;a fla'kdkhlaldr"fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"foysj,"2001' 6'Early Buddhist Theory of Knoledge,K.N.Jayatileka,1980.pp.231 &259. 7.idrOu! wOHdmkh"ta'tia'nd,iQrsh"jsfcAiQrsh .@J: flaka|@h"kqf.af.dv"1997'
4.
362
kuq;a fndfydajsg idrOu! gslskagsl jO!kh lr;au ukqIHFjh oshqKqlrkafkahehs lshkq,efnz' idrOu!hkays jO!kh ukqIHFjfhka fl<jrjkakla fkdfjz'th ukqIFjfhka foajFjh olajdo foajFj fhka n@yauFjh olajdo n@yauFjfhka kej; bmoSu wjikalsrSu olajdo .ukalrkakdjQ l@uslm@;smodj la Tiafia l@shd;aulfjz'fjk;a iuhjdohkays olsjkakdjQ idrOu! jO!kh fuys by;iZoykal<djQ ukqIHFjfhka fyda foajFjfhka fyda n@yauFjfhka fl<jrjkakls'tnejska taajd wiuzmQrAKnejz nq|= iuh mjihs'1 tfukau nq|=iufhys iZoykajk idrOu! jO!kh YdrSrsl|@jHhkaf.aa ixjO!khla fkdjknejska nq|= iufhys iZoykajkakdjQ idrOrAuSh l~Gm@dma;shg m;ajkakdjQ iy m;ajqkdjQ ljru fyda W;`ukajyka fiakulf.a tlS l~GM@dma;shg idOl t<jSuzjia YdrSrsl|@jHhkaf.a ixjO!kh f.kyer oelajsh fkd yel'Wkajykafia,do fiiq idudkH ukqIHhka fuka urKhg m;afj;s'frda.SNdjhg"uyZMjSug m;a fj;s'fjk;a YdrSrslWm|@jhkag uqyqKmd;s'urKfhka miqj ojilska"follska"i;sh;ska"uilska" wjqreoaolska ;nd l,amhlsks|= kej; ish fN#;slYrSrh kej;m@lD;s u;alrf.k woaN~;f,i usksiqka w;rg m@fjzYjSfuz yelshdjla Wkajykafia,dg ke;'2 tnZ|= wdYdjla hful`fj; fjhskuz thu ;uka ;ju idrOu! ksIaGdjg fkdmeusK we;snjg idOlhls' nq|=oyfuz th Nj;Kaydj f,i olajd;sfnz'3nq|=iufhys olajkakdjQ idrOrAuSh ksIaGdj ukqIHFjfhkq;a Tnzng .ukalrkaklajk nejska tu idrOrAuSh ksIaGdj W;a;rS;r ukqIHOu! kdufhka oelafjz'tuksid nq|=iufhys iZoykajkakdjQ OHdk"iudOs"ud.!M, jeks idrOurAuSh ksIaGdj ka W;a;rS;ridrOu! kdufhka yZ|=kajd;sfnz'f,#lsl ,dNm@fhdack fjkqfjka fuu W;a;rS;r ukqIH Ou! yqjdoelajSu mjd b;d my;a kskaos; jQ fohlaf,i nq|=iuh wjOdrKh lrhs'4 ld,duiQ;@fhka js.@yjkakdjQ idrOu! yqfola nqoaOsjsIh muKla wruqKqlr.;a fohlafkdj by; iZoyka l< W;a;rS;r ukqIHOu! lrd iuzm@dma;jSug wjYHlrkakdjQ pska;kuh l`Y,;djh ukqIH hdyg ,ndoSfuz wruqKska foaYs;jQ iQ;@foaYkdjls'tuksid th jsjrKhl< hq;af;ao tu wruqK is; ;ndf.k th bgqjSug wjldY ie,fikakdjQ jd;djrKhla iliafldgoSfuz yeZ.Sfuks'5 p&Ag`ebUd`D cfn`tnps<bfm pfLfbHd vfmsFmk`krn mhAcAr~y ek`.En`.jytflk mhtA tt`y<gey` cfn`tkyfn` p&DAnekAxs`t=nkx ebdAdk`vyf.EnmZ smZp&dAyvAdF(Traditionalists),b<d`DvAdF (Rationalists) sh an<B+tfvAdF(Exprrientalists)vVeynf.6 emyfn` smZp&dAyvAdFh<(Traditionalists) vVeyn` s[lekn<ey` m<HPmnfn`m pfxksmZp&dAeyn` hA vfvrNyn` egn` QAny l[b>,evZdey` aDfkArypfLfgt` bm<Nn` emZ ekAxsx g[en`.mj~ODfm nfkAy II,sn`dks>t&ey` pLm<pfrfs hHzn`vAtfebn<ey` ‘an<s`svfkA’yn nmfnf.V&[tfeyn`,a[sFemn`, pfxk smZp&dAeyn` QAny lbn ayyf.E` s<tmy QAny ov<n`egn` avDArNyevZ.sn`dk s>t&ey` 1 ;@smsglfhka fy<sjk nqoaO prs;h"Wvqydjr wdkkao ysus"weia'f.dvf.a iy fydaorfhda"fld<U"2000"32msgqj' 2 tu 83msgqj' 3 ucACOsu ksldh"pQ<iSykdo iQ;@h"nq'c'uq'159msgqj' 4 md' md"nq'c'uq' 5 w' ks' 1"NrKavq ld,du iQ;@h"nq'c'uq'"500msgqj' 6 Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge,K.N.Jayatileke,Delhi,1980,p.170.
5.
363 dF emZ k&my
QAny l[bFmx s<zs< enAvn bv avDArNykryf.E` kr[N< htrk` pdnmZkr egny.EnmZ (a)zs`s<tmZ’pf ehAtf-hrf d[n<mk` edn a[sFmk` vfyh[kfyf. (aA)zs`s<tmZ’pf ehAtf-v[rdf d[n<mk` edn a[sFmk` vfyh[kfyf. (a[)tTA’pf ehAtf-Ees`d vfyh[kfyf. (a{)aHOd`HOdTA’pf ehAtf-an` ay<rk`d vfyh[kfyf. stYtAv g[n s`TfrvVeyn` shtfk vfyenAh[kfnfsA V&[tfy ast=x<dAykiegn<mZ mHgkf.emZ smZp&dAy vAdF k&myxm a[t=HPvn QAnmAr~g syk`(6)k` ld,duiQ;@fhaoS m@;afCIamlr ;sfnz. z (a)an<s`sv-a[sFemn` QAny l[bFm. (aA)prmZprA-prmZprA kTAevn` QAnyl[bFm. (a[)pfxk smZpd^-aAgmfk epAt ptx g[LepnnfsA pfLfg[nFm. (a{)itfkfrA-emZ vnAhF emes`y[yf kF pmNfn` pfLfg[nFm. (i)smeNA enA gr{-apeg` V&mNyn`vhn`es` emes` pvsAa[t[yf kFpmNfn` pfLfg[nFm. (I)BbZbr{ptA-s<zs<kmZ slkA pfLfg[nFm.1 emZ k&m sym V&[tfyx ayt`vn atr E` QAnmAr~g pfrfp<n` stY l[bFmx p&mANfk y[yf b<zsmy pfLfenAgnfyf.mfn` an<s`svyn<evn` d[k`evn`en` kfsfymZ aAcAr~y prp<rkx ehA` mtvAd prmZprAvkx ehA` m>LDr~m pd`Dtfykx an<r{p ehA` V&vNy mADYekAxegn Eym p&mANy ekAx pflfg[nFmyf.2 emm k&my QAnmAr~gyk` els b<zsmeyhfdF sArDr~m gNeyhflA eyAdAenAg[enn`en` kvr eh`t=vk` nfsA d[yf vfmsA blm<.stY ehvt` yTAr~Ty (yTAB+t QAnds`sn lbAg[nFm b<zsmeyn` nfr~ed`Vvn sArDr~mFy nfS`XAvvn b[vfn`) d[kFm b<zdhemZ ek`$z&&Fy sArDr~my b[vffn` E` os`es` aenk=t` sArDr~m epLg[s`vFemZdF emAnm ay<rkfn`vt` Eyx bADAvk` a[tfenAvfy y<t=yf.3ymZkfsf vfDfk&mykx (Theory) bADAvk` El`levZnmZ,Em vfDfk&my eyAdAkrn< lbnkxy<t`t sr~vsmZp>r~N#vyx pt`vFm sfz enAevZ.Eemn``m sArDr~m gevZSNeyhflA eyAdAgn`nA k&mevZd yd emhfdF sArDr~myk`(ebUd`D QAn mAr~gy :Epistemology) els s[lekn atr(nfr~vANy: nferA`D sty:ebUd`D sArDr~myk`vnvfx Ey p&tYOSkfrFmx eyAdAgn`nA k&mevZdyd:mAr~g sty d sArDr~myk` vn`nAk` emn`) Em k&mevZdyx b[h[rfn` bADAvk` El`levZnmZ Em k&mevZdy nfsf ay<rfn` BAvftAkr avsAn nfS`XAvx p[mfNfy enAh[kf vn< a[t`et`y. emhfdF k&mevZdy vnAhF QAnmAr~gy vnb[vfn` QAnmAr~gyx bADAvn` El`l kLh[k`ek` ekes`d[yf esAyAb[lfy y<t=y.QAnmAr~gy vnAhF eBUtfkv>vk`enAevZ.Ey aADYAt`mfk hA menA` vfdYAt`mkv>vkf.4 aADYAt`mfkt#vyn`x bADAvk` aADYAt`mfk t#vyn`egn`m pmNf.kfsfymZ bAhfr edyk` mt d[wfv dRS`Xfmy vVeyn` El`Mg[nFm vfvRt mAnsfkBAvyx bADAvkf.Eyfn` mns aAvRtevZ.aAvRt mns aADYAt`mfk k+X p&Ap`tfyx bADAvkf.QAnmAg%yx bADAvk`vn`en` s[bvfn`m 1 wx.`;a;r ksldh 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a.h ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq'"377-343 msgq' 2 u' ks' 2"ikaol iQ;@h"nq'c'uq'"322msgqj' 3 iq' ks"wgzGl j.a.h"nq'c'uq'"ud.kaosh iQ;@h"264msgqj' 4 oS'ks' 3"nq'c'uq"mdGsl iq;a;"20msgqj'iufKda f.da;fuda ZCodKjdfoda wyuzms ZCodKjdfoda' odKjdfoda
6.
364 emZ aAvRt mAnsfk
t#vyyf.kAlAm s>t&ey` ihtfn` d[k`evn QAnmAr~g symaAvRt mAnsfk s`vBAvyn` b[vfn` asmZp>r~N QAnmAr~gb[vZ b<zsmy dk`vyf. a[sFm(an<s`sv) yn< V&vNy bAhfr aDfkArfyk`mt El`Mg[nFmt=lfn` aAvRtmAnsfk s`vBAv ykx pt`vFmyf.aAvRt mAnsfks`vBAvykdF nfsfay<rfn` p&HJ`HJAv hA sArDr~m pfbfHdFmx enAh[kf vn an`demZ s`vBAvyk` s`vBAveyn`m apeg` mns ur[mkregn pvtF.E` t#vy yxet` ‘an<s`svy’sAr~Tk hA sv%smZp>N% QAnmAr~gyk` els pfLfg[nFm b<zsmeyn` b[h[rkrn< l[ebZ.1 I LHgx‘prmZprA’yn QAnmAr~gyd kAlAm s>t&ey`dF QAny pfbfdvFmx enAh[kf QAn mAr~gyk` els slkA p&tfeOS`pekAx tfebZ.prmZprA yn< pArmZprfkv !kegn En<lbn aAkl`p pd`Dtfykf.emm pArmZprfk aAkl`p hrfd v[rdfd kfyA mnfn<lbn mfn<mZ dN`wvfyy<t`et` b<d`Dfmy hA p&eyA`gfk ps<tly mfs Ey pArmZprfkv p[vetn edyk`y yn mfN<mZdN`w pAdk ekAxegn enAevZ.pArmZprfkv p[vetn ekAyfed`t` nfv[rdfy[yf Ehf El`bg[nFm vfvRt mAnsfk #veyn` b[h[rvFmkf.mAnsfk aAvRtbvk`,yxt`vFm k`,vhl`BAvyk` emZt=lfn`jnft krn< lbyf.E` yxet` sArDr~m ut`pdny kr g[nFemZ k&mevZdyk` els b<zsmy b[h[rkrn< l[ebZ.2 emZ yxet` ymZ ekenk=x iht d[k`v> an<s`sv hA prmZprAyn QAnmAg%edk b<zsmy mHgfn` p&tfeOS`pft QAnmAr~g edkk`nmZ b<zsmey` sHdhn` dhmZ ekAxs` EdA smAjy d[n gt`et`‘an<s`svy’ mAr~geyn` enAevZd Ey Dr~m s^gnA mAr~geyn` aAcAr~y vAdyvVeyn` (eT`rvAdy:vfBj~jvAdy) pvt`vA egn p[mfnFm‘prmZprA’yn QAnmAr~g edkm b<zsmy mHgfn<t` BAvftyx egntfebnvA en`d yn<evn` ymZ vfmtfyk` s[kyk` hxg[nfyh[kfy.nm<t` b<zsmy ‘an<s`svy’hA‘prmZprAy’p&tfeOS`pkrn`en` Ey Ekm p&mANyekAx pfLfg[nFmyf.b<zsmy ‘an<s`svy’hA‘prmZprAy’yn k&mevZdyn` edk QAny l[bFemZ p>r~vgAmF p&tfpdAvk` elsx an<mAny p&mANy ekAxegn pfLfg[nF a[tt` b<zsmey` prm nfS`XAv p>r~N p&tYOS p&mANy dk`vA itA a{tx vffhfdF tfebn`nk` nfsA d[wfels Eemn`m mtvAdFv‘an<s`svy’ hA‘prmZprAy’ yn k&mevZdyn` edk g&hNy kfrFmx an<bl enAed`.3 ffjosl iusm@odfhys jeo.;a Z{dfkdmdhlajQ Y@e;shhkak fn#oaO orAYk iuzm@odfhys wkqiaij hkak fhdod we;af;a tu ffjosl iuzm@odh.; Y@e;shyeZoskajSughs'ukqIHFjh blaujQ w;smrsY`oaO cSjs;.;l<" foaj;ajfhys,d .sKshq;`jQ"wkdosu;a ld,fhysjQ m@Z{d,dNSjQ iDISkaf.a m@;sNdZ{dkfhka my<l< Z{dkialJOh f,ihs"Y@e;sh fkdfyd;a wkqiaijh ms<s.ef.kafka.md<s iZ.s idys;Hfha tu jpkh fhoS we;s;eka ;eka.ek mrSCIdlrkjsg"ffjosl iuzm@odhg wh;a Ydia;Dkajsiska jsfYaI.re Fjhlska wkqiaijh ms<s.;anj fmfkkakg ;sfnz'4nq|=rcdKkajyafia iQ;@dka;lsysmhlu wkqiaij 1 u' ks' 2"pxlS iq;a;"nq'c'uq"636msgqj'f;ms f; n@yauKdkx mqnznld bifhd uka;dkx l;a;dfrda uka;dkx mj;a;dfrda'fhiusox t;rys n@yauKd fmdrdKx uka;mox .S; mjq;a;x iusys;x ;okq.dhka;s" ;okqNdika;s"Ndis;ukqNdika;s"jdps;ukqjd fpk;s' 2 Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge,K.N.Jayatileke,Delhi,1980,p.231. 3 u' ks' 2"pxlS iQ;@h"nq'c'uq"656msgqj'mZCp fLd bfuz Ndroajdc"Ouzud osgzfGjOuzfuz oajsOdjsmdld' ioaOd reps wkqiaifjd wdldrmrsjs;lafld osgzGskscACOdklaLka;s' 4 u' ks' 2"pxlS iQ;@h"nq'c'uq'"656msgqj'
7.
365 i;Hh jspdrhg ,lalr;s'jsjdorys;j
ms<s.;hq;`jQ wfm#reIhjQ tu wkqiaiji;Hh n@yauhdjsiska BYajrhdg W.kajk,onj ffjoslfhda ms<s.ks;s' nq|=yq fuz u;h jspdrhg ,lal<y'n@yauhd .ek l:dl<;a tjekafkl` oelshfkdyelsnj;a" tfyhska fuz ms<s.ekSu idjoHnj;a"Wkajykafia m@ldY l<y'n@yauhd oelshyelsoehs Wkajykafia m@Yakl<y'(n@yud ilalus osgzfGd) (os'ks'1"238msg"PTS) n@yauhdisgskafka fldysolshdj;a Tjqka fkdokakdnj pxlSiQ;@fhys iZoykah' n@dyauKhka f.a ffjosl .reFjhg iqNiQ;@fhaoS nq|=rcdKka jykafia myr.i;s'ffjosln@dyauKhka fuz OrAuh m@;HCI jYfhka fkdo;aksid th wkqiaijjYfh ka .;aksid ms<s.; fkdyelsnj Y`NiQ;@fhaoSlsh;s'Wkajykafia tysoS wdpdrjsoHd;auljYfhka iFjh kaf.a l`i,drdOkh iZoyd fuzOrAuh m@fhdackj;a fkdjknjo iZoyka lr;s' ta iZoyd ;ukajsiskau m@;Hd;aufjzokSh jYfhka fuz OrAuh o;hq;`njlsh;s'(u'ks'1"199msg"PTS) ffjosl b.ekajSuz i;Hf,i nuqKka ms<s.;a;;a Tjakq th m@;Hd;aufjzokSh jYfhka m@;HCIlr fkdue;'wkqiaijh Z{dfkdamdhhla jYfhka ms<s.;fkdyelsnj ikaoliQ;@fhys ;drAlslj ikd:lr we;'n@yaihdu fuzz OrAufhys ksrAud;Djrhdjqj;a ta n@yauhdf.ka weiQfoh iuyrjsg fydZoska iaurK fhys mej;`kd fjkak;a mqZMjk' tfukau tfia fkdfjkak;a mqZMjk'(u'ks'1"520msg"PTS)tuksid wkqiaijh i;H fyda wi;Hjsh yelshs'fufia lreKq olajk nq|=rcdKkajykafia wkqiaij hk Z{dk udrA.h m@;sfCIamlr;s'wkqiaijh m@;sfCIamlrk nq|=rcdKkajykafia ;ud wkHhkaf.ka fkdwid m@;Hd;au jYfhka ;ukajykafiau jsYajfhys h:drA:h oek oel OrAuh foaYkdlrknjo m@ldY l<y'(u'ks'111"186msg"PTS) wkqiaij hkakg iuznJO ;j;aZ{dfkdmdhls mruzmrdhkak'iauD;sh fuysoS m@Odk;ajhg m;afjz' mruzmrdj uZ.ska wjspzPskakj mj;ajdf.ktk ,oao uska woyialrhs'fjzoh tfia wjspzpskakj mruzmrd .;j mej;tk nj;a"ta ms<snZoj ishZM b.ekajSuz wjsjdofhka ms<s.;hq;`nj;a n@dyauKhkaf.a u;h hs' tys ljfrl`jqj;a uyd n@yauhd jsiska m@ldYlrk,oaola hhs mdruzmrsl ms<s.ekSuhs'wkaOhka msrsila je,lafia tld msgqmi tld hdu nZ|=h fuz ms<s.ekSu'fuho fn#oaO Z{dkudrA.hg wkqj idjoHh'tho nq|=r|=ka jsiska m@;sfCIamlrk ,oafoa tnejsks'1 smZp&dAyvAdF ekAxs yxet` kAlm s>t&eyhf p&tfeOS`pft aenk` QAnmAr~gy vn<ey` pfxk smZp&dA yyf.emhfdF t&fpfxky QAnyl[bFemZ mAr~gyk` en`d[yf ekenk=x sftfyh[kfyf.nm<t` b<zsmy t&fpfxkyt=lfn` lbn d[n<m p&tYOS p&mANyk` els enAs[lek`.b<zsmey` QAnvfBAgey` V&Avk an<B+tfey` ekLvr atF$z&y p&tYOSy EnmZ ar~ht`Pl VAOSAt`krNyyf.Eyx t&fpfxk prfVFlny udvZvk` vfyh[kf nm<t` t&fpfxk prfVFlneyn` l[ebn V&[tmyQAny pmNk` m Ix p&mANvt` enAevZ.m>Lfkv t&fpfxk prfVFlneyn` V&[tmyQAny lbAgn`nA sd`DAn<sArF p<d`glyA Eyfn` lbAgn`nAld m>Lfk avebA`Dy p&tYOSQAny dk`vA p<HPl`krg[nFm pfNfs v[wfzrxt` BAvnAv mHgfn` atF$z&fyQAnyd a[tfkregn tm QAnpTy p&tYOS p&mANy dk`vA vD%ny krgt y<t=y.2 1 w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj..h ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq"337-343 msgq' 2 iuzNdjH odrAYksl .`rel`,"cS'cS'mS'is,ajd"1995"31msgqj'
8.
366
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12.
370
1 p<bZebZkteh`t=vAdy xyf. emZan<v V&mN nAmeyn` g[enn aAgmfk smZp&dAyt=l ar~Tvt` smZp>r~N QAnmAr~gyk` idfrfpt`enAv<n<bv p[h[dflfy.emZ yxet` b<zrzn` kAlAms>t&ey`dF ‘smeNA enAgr[-Cousultations of Preceptor)’yn<evn` VAs`tRp&mANfk#veyn` g[nFm p&tfeOSp keL` Ees` VAs`tRn`vhn`es`t` asmZp>r~N QAnmAr~gfkeyk`v sfxfydF oh< an<gmny krn`nAv> V&Avkyn`x ekes`vt` smZp>r~N QAnmAr~gy lbAgt enAh[kfb[vfnf.2 I LHgx kAlAm s<t&ey`dF asmZp>r~N QANmAr~gyk` els p&tfeOSpekAx a[t`et`‘BbZbr{ptA vy (Potentiatity)’EnmZ ehAHdy[yf tmAeg` dRS`Xfyx v[xehn b[vfn` QAnmAr~gyk` krg[nFm yf.3emhf a[tf vrdvn`en` tmAdkfn ehAHdbv tmn`eg`m cft`t p&eOS`pnykf.emZ yxet` tm sfet` sfet` a[tf r[cfar[cf bv, str agtf s`vr{py sh p>r~v s^kl`pmt pdnmZv emm cft`t p&eOS`pny n` sks`vFmyf.Evfx ymZkfsf p&s`t=yk` hrfd v[rdfd kfyA Em p&s`t=ty sRj<v nfrFOSNyekAx vfmsnvA evn<vx sfzkrn`en` Em p&s`t=tyeds ihtkF tmAeg` cft`tp&eOS`pny nm[tf pAx kN`nAwfyt=lfn` Eeds b[lFmyf.emZ mHgfn` yTAr~Tdr~VnyvnvA evn<vx adAL p&s`t=ty pfLfbHd vfkRtfv<n< menA`cft&yk` mnes` pfLfbfM<evZ. fmm k&fyAvlfynfsA mns aAvrNyvFmkx lk`vn atr b<d`Dfmy k&fyAvlfykx Ey bADAvkf. vfprFt dRS`Xfyk` tmAeg` mnes` hxg[nFmx tm s^kl`pmy eh`t= udvZkrg[nFm mHgfn` mnes` p[h[dflfbv n[tfevZ.sArDr~m pfLfbHdv a[tfkrgn`nA vfnfV`cyn` nfv[rdf E``vA enAvFm krNekAx egn jFvn p&tfpdAv ar~Tvt`krg[nFmx enAh[kfevZ.4 NjHrEm;d hkak nq|=r|=kaf.a jspdrhg ,lajS m@;sfCIamjQjls'm@jSKhkaf.a u;h uska woyialrhs' lsishuz Ys,amhla.ek iuyrmqoa.,hka olajkl`Y,;djh wkqj Tjqka lshkyeu fohlau wjspdrfhka ms<s.ekSuhs' fuhg fya;`j hulalshk mqoa.,hd wkqj iuyreka ta lshkfoa ms<s.kakg leu;sjSuhs' iuyrjsg wm hula ms<s.kafka Tyqf.a ndysrm@isoaOsh wkqjhs'iufKda fkd .re hkafkysoS tu ndysr m@isoaOsh ms<s.kakg is|=fjhs' fuzjd fufia ms<s.kakg fya;`j tfia ms<s.;afoa we;euzjsg i;Hjshyelshs' tfy;a wi;HjSugo mqZMjk'tksid fuzjd Z{dfkdamdhf,i fn#oaO orAYkh fkdms<s.kshs'jevsfokd hulams<s.;a muKska fkdjsuid ms<s.ekSula fn#oaO orAYkfhys fkdue;shs'iuyr wd.usl l;!Djreka g irAjZ{;dZ{dkhfkdue;sksid ta whf.a uqjska .s,sfyk ishZMjpk i;Hhehs ms<s.;hq;`hehs iuyre lsh;s' fuz wkqj hula nqoaO jpkhkuz th iqNdIs; jpkh hhs iuyre lsh;s'thg fya;`j nq|=r|=kao irAjZ{nejsks'irAjZ{hkk nq|=r|=kajsiska sjsOdldrf,i js.@y fldgwe;'irAjZ{jSu fyda fkdjSu js.@yhg wkqjmj;S'th ;udg .e<fmknj iZoykafldgwe;'wfkla wd.uz j, irAjZ{ hkak ish,a, 1 w' ks";s;a:dh;k iq;a;"fn#'iuz'ixia'"598msgqj'mqnzfn l;x fLd mk NslaLfj idrf;d mpzpd .pzP;x k fyd;s Pkafod jd jdhdfudjd box jd lrKshx boxjd wlrKSyka;s'b;s lrKShdlrKSfh fLdmk ipzpf;d f:;f;d wkqm,nzNshudfk uqgzGiai;Skx wkdrlaLdkx jsyr;x k fyd;s mpzp;a;x iyOuzusfld iuKjdfod' 2 oS' ks' 2"Wmd,s iq;a;"nq'c'uq'"60msgqj' 3 w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;"uydj.a. ld,du iq;a;"nq c uq'"377-343 msgq' 4 u' ks' 1"iSykdo j.a.h"pQ< iSykdo iq;a;"159msgqj'fofjudp NslaLfj osjzGsfhd'Nj osgzGs p jsNj osgzGs p''fm'''iuqohZ[p wF:.uZ[p wiaidoZ[p wdoSkjZ[p ksiairKZ[p h:dN~;x kmamcdkka;s"'''fm'''k mrsuqpzpka;s cd;shd crdh urfKk fidflys mrsfofjys |=lafLys fodukiafiys Wmdhdfiys'k mrsuqpzpka;s |=laLiaud;s jodus'
13.
371 olS hkwrA:fhka f.kwe;'tfy;a
iEufudfyd;u we;s irAjZ{njla ;ukajykafiag fkdue;snj nq|=rcdKkajykafia m@ldYl<y'ks.KaGkd:mq;a;yg iEufudfyd;lu mj;akd irAjZ{njla we;s nj lshhs'tfy;a tnZ|= irAjZ{njla fkdue;snjo th ms<s.;fkdyelsnjo ;ukajykafiag tnZ|= irAjZ{ njla fkdue;snjo th ms<s.;fkdyelsnjo ;ukajykafiag tnZ|=irAjZ{njla fkdue;snjo f;jscAcd jpzPf.d;a; iQ;@fhys iZoykalr;s'(u'ks'1"481msg"PTS) ;ukajykfia ieujsgu irAjZ{ hehs lshku;h m@;sfCIamlrk nq|=kajykafia hfula ud irAjZ{ hehs lshhskuz Tyqug wi;Hfhka fodaIdfrdamKh (wnzNdpslaLkh) lrknj;a"hfula ud ;@sjsoHd okafkahehs lshkafkakuz th kshu;;ajh m@ldYlsrSula hehs lsh;s' fuzz u;h ;yjqrelrk idOlh lakuz mgsiuzNsodu.a. yd l:dj;a:qjhk miqld,Sk lD;Skays (inznZ[aZC|+ inznoiaidjS)yer iZ.s idys;Hfhys lsisu;ekl nq|=rcdKkajykafia yeZoskajSug irAjZ{hk jpkh fkdfhoSuhs' ihtkF eh`t=nfsA BbZbr{ptAvy ehvt` yhpt`y[yf s^kl`pny krgn`nAcft`t s^kl`pyn` mfN<mZ dHw< ekAxegn sArDr~m vfnfV`cyx lk`kfrFm prfp>N% QAnmAr~gFy kxy<t`tk` enAvnbv b<zsmy pvsA Ey b[h[rkryf.ihtfn` sAkcZCAkL ekAxs` sfyl`l ayt`vn`en` smZp&dAy vAdFn`xyf.1 I LHg ekAxs b<d`DfvAdFh<y(Rationalists) emZ ekAxsx v[exn`en` p[rNf upnfSd` eBUtfk vAdFn`, s^VyvAdFn`,eBUtfkvAdFn` hA aAjFvkyn` atrfn` v[wf edenk=t`y.tr~ky hA an<mAny emAv<n` vfsfn` QAnmAr~gyels pfLfgnF.emZ pfrfs hHzn`vA tfebn`en`‘tk`kf vfm^sF’nmfnf.tr~ky mHgfn` lbn QAny pfrfp<n` QAnyk` h[xfyx pfLfgn`nA ekAxsyf.E` cfn`tAmy QAny ov<n` egn` avDArNyevZ.sn`dk s>t&ey`dF emm k&myd QAnyl[bFmx enAs<zs<bv avDArNykrtfebZ. E`d kr[N< strk` pAdkkr egny.2 (a)s<tk`tf tmZ’pf ehAtf-hrf d[n<mk` edn tr~kyk` vfyh[kfy. (aA)zt`tk`tfkmZ’pf ehAtf-v[rdf d[n<mk` edn tr~kyk` vfyh[kfy. (a[)tTA’pf ehAtf-Ees`d vfyh[kfyf. (a{)aHOd`HOdTA’pf ehAtf-an` ay<rk`d vfyh[kfy.3 stYtAv g[n s`Tfr vVeyn` shtfkvfy enAh[kfnfsA tr~kyd ast=x<dAyk d[n<mZ mHgkf. emZ b<d`DfvAdF k&myxm a[t=HPvn QAnmAr~g strk`(4)kAlAm s<t&ey`dF asmZp>r~N QnmAr~g vVeyn` slkA p&tfeOS`p kr tfebZ.E`vAnmZ (a)tk`k eh`t=-tr~kyx EkHgb[vfn` pfLfg[nFm. (aA)ny eh`t=-nYAn>k+lb[vfn` pfLfg[nFm. (a[)aAkAr prfvftk`k-ay<r[ vfsfn` pfLfg[nFm. (a{)dfxZXf nfj~ODAnk`Kn`tf-tm dRS`Xfyx EkHgy[yf pflfg[nFm. 1 Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge,K.N.Jayatileke,Delhi,1980,p.170. 2 u' ks' 2"ikaol iq;a;"nq'c'uq'"322msgqj' 3 u' ks' 2 ikaol iq;a; nq c uq 322 msgqj
14.
372
kAlAm s>t&ey` sHdhn`vn emm QAnmAr~g strm‘tk`kf vfm^sF’ehvt` tr~ky mHgfn` lbn QAny pfrfp<n` QAnmAr~gyk`els pfLfgnF.Eeht` b<zsmy pfrfp<n` stYy l[bFmx ihtkF QAn mAr~g str asmt` ehyfn` tr~ky QAny l[bFemZ Ekm mAr~gyels p&mANykr g[nFm b<z smy b[h[rkryf.1 emm b<d`DfvAdF(Rationalists) ekAxsx ayt`vn kAlAm s>t&eyhf epenn QAnmAr~gyk` vn<ey`‘tk`k eh`t=(Logical Implication)’nmZ tr~ky Ekm QAnmAr~gy vVeyn` pfLfgt` 2 ekAxsyf. b&Ah`mN smZp&dAy yxet` upnfSd`y<gyt=L bfhfv> Em b&Ah`mN smZp&dAey` yAgy hA yQy ynedekhf amAn<Sfk mn<SY hA s#vGAtnvlx vfr[d`Dv vferA`DAkl`p egAn<kLpfrfs ov<n`eg`‘tr~ky’upeyA`gFkrgt`h.stY vVeyn`m upnfSd`y<gyt=L bfhfv> aAgmfk kN`wAymZ upnfSd` a[t[mZ ig[n`vFmZ p&kAVkL ay mns eBUtfk p&s`t=tyk` vVeyn` s[lk+h.3CAe$dA`gY upnfSdey` p&DAn dAr~VnfkyA els s[lekn ud`dAlk aAr[NF (egUtm) sRSfvryA emZ mty d[r{ aeykf.oh< mns aAt`meyn` evn`v> eBUtfk z&vYyk` vVeyn` hHzn`vA tfebZ.4 emm adhs` upnfSd` ig[n`vFmZt=lfn` mt=v<en` s#vGAtn vfm<k`tfy p[t+ hf^sAvAdF b&Ah`mN ig[n`vFmZvlx vfr[d`DvFmx Em ig[n`vFmZvlx phrg[sFmx prm sArDr~myk` avfhf^sAvk`els ov<n` vfsfn` s[lk+b[vfnf.5nm<t` eBUtfkvAdF rAm<vk`pfx sArDr~mpfLfbHd kfsfz aAcArvfdYAt`mk ps<bfmk` bl enAp[v[t`evn bv ov<n`x v[xhFmk` enAvfnf.emZ nfsA sArDr~mFy pOSeyn` emZ upnfSd` ig[n`vfmZ asmZp>r~Nels s[lek`.V&mN smZp&dAy atrfn` ajftek`skmZbl d[r{ eBUtfkvAdF dr~Vnyd ayt`vn`en` emm ekAxsxyf.6 cAr~vAk dr~Vny mHgfn`d emm eBUtfkvAdFig[n`vFmZVk`tfmt`vfy.7kAlAms>t&ey`dF emm ig[n`vFmZ pffrfp<n` QAnmAr~gels pflfenAgn`en` sArDm% vD%ny sHdhA in`kfsfz pfx<vhlk` enAs[lesn h<z eBUtfkvAdF ig[n`vFmk`b[vfnf.tr~ky g=r[krgt` tvt`ekAxsk` v>ey` s^Vy vAdFn` ehvt` s[ky pAdkkr sfy ig[n`vfmZ idfrfpt`kL aAgmfk smZp&dAyyf. V&mN smZp&dAy atrfn` s^jy ebl`lxZXfp<t`t VAs`tRvryA embHz aAgmfk ig[n`vFmk` idfrfpt`kL ekenkf.8oh<eg` ig[n`vFmZ amrAvfk`eKZpvAdy nmfn` h[Hdfn`evn aeQyvAdF,s^VyvAdF aeQyvAdF,s^VyvAdF s`TAvryk` a[s<r[ kLAv> dr~Vn mAr~gyk`vfy.QAnmAr~gy vVeyn` oh<BAvftAkL s^VyvAdF s`TAvry kfsfz sArDm% vD%n k&fyAvlfykx t=w< enAzn` ig[n`vFmk` 1 w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a. ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq"377-343 msgqj' 2 u' ks' 2"ikaol iq;a;"nq'c'uq"322msgqj' 3 Ndr;Sh oY!kh"kdrdjs, Ouzur;k ysus yd yevsmkak, mZ[aZ[df,dal ysus"jsoHd,xldr hka;@d,h"le<Ksh" 1950"14msgqj' 4 Pdkafoda.H WmksIoh"1'1'1"Tusf;H;oCIruqo.S:uqmdiS; Tus;shH+oa.dh;s ;fiHdm jHdLHdkuz' 5 ixCIsma; Ndr;Sh orAYkh"weuz'ysrshka;"wOHdmk fomdrA;fuzkafjz m@ldYkh"fld<U"1970"xixmsgqj' 6 oS' ks' 1"iduZ[aZ[M, iq;a;"nq'c'uq"96msgqj'k;a:s uydrdc oskakx k;a:s hsgzGx k;a:s yq;x"k;a:s iqlg |=lalgdkx luzudkx M,x jsmdfld"k;a:s whx f,dfld'k;a:s mfrd f,dfld'k;a:s ud;d'k;a:s ms;d'k;a:s i;a:d Tzmmd;sld k;a:s f,dfl iuKn@dyauKd iuzu.a.;d iuzud mgsmkakd fh bux p f,dlx mrx p f,dlx ihx wNsZ[aZ[d ipzPslFjd'mfjoka;s' 7 pdrAjdl orAYkfhys wdoS l;Djrhd ms<snZo jsjsO u;hka mj;S'flfiafj;;a uq,afmf,a WmksIoa iDISka w;r ihq.ajd ffrCp kuz iDIsjrfhlq jQ nj;a fudyqf.a b.ekajSuz fN#;sljdoS pska;khg mokuzjQ nj;a i,lkq ,efnz' 8 oS' ks' 1"iduZ[aZ[M, iq;a;"nq'c'uq'"98msgqj'
15.
373 vfy.Eyfn`
p&DAn vVeyn` sfzekr[en` dRS`Xfg&hNy kfrFemn` v[LkFsfxFm pmNf.sArDm%vD%nykfrFemZ kfsfz pflfevtk` idfrfpt` enAv> nfsAm emm ig[n`vFmZ QAn mAr~gyk` els asmZp>r~N aAvRt v[s<N< mAnsfk mxZxmk` bfhfkrvn`nAv> mtvAd vfy. EmnfsA QAnmAr~gyk`els emm s^VyvAdFn`eg` ig[n`vFmZ asmZp>r~Nb[vfn` kAlAm s>t&y mHgfn` E`vA b[h[reker~.emm ekAxs ayt`vn<ey`d b<d`DfvAdFn`vn(Rationalists)tr~ky hA an<mAny p&mANekAxgt` pfrfsxyf.b<d`DfvAdF ekAxs ayt`vn ILHg ekAxsvn<ey` aAjFvky n`y.aAjFvkeyA` akfrfyvAdy ek`$z&ekAxgt` aeh`t=kvAdy s^sAr V=d`DvAdy v[nf ig[n`vFmZ d[r{h.aAjFvkeyA` pArmZprfk g=r[vr[n` tfedenk= g[n vfV`vAs kLh.nn`dvcZc,kfs s^kfcZc, yn p>r~v g=r[vr[n`x ant=r[v ov<n`eg` Dm%y p&cArykL etevnf g=r[vryAv>ey` V&mN smZp&dAyxayt` mk`KlF egA`sAly. aAjFvkyn`eg` nAykyAels h[Hdfn`evn mk`KlF egA`sAl pfLfbHdv eejnyn`eg` ps`evnf a^gy v> BAgvtF s>t&eyhfsHdhn`evn`en` mk`KlF egA`sAl pfHw<sfHgA v[LdFemn` jFvfkAv egngfy p<d`gl eyk= bvyf.mk`KlF egAsAl idfrfpt`kL nfytfs^gtfvAdy (Determinism)mHgfn` p<d`gl s`vcZC$dtA vy(Free Will)p&tfeOS`pvn b[vfn` vfvRt mAnsfkt#vykx E` mHgfn` bADAvnbvt` emes` aAvRt mAnsfkbv eh`t=ekAxegn sArDm% pOSeyn` mfnfs<n` agtfgAmFkrvn dhmk`bvt` kfyA b<z rzn` itA tdfn` emm QAnmAr~gy p&tfeOS`pkL ay<r[ a^g=t`trnfkAey` dk`nx l[ebZ.‘mk`KlF’ nmZ emA`Gp<r[SyA mfnfs<n`al`ln ekmnk`v[nfyyf EhfdF b<zrzn` dk`vAtfebZ.1a[t[mZ vfx sAmAnY epAzjntAv atr emAh<eg` Dr~my ebehvfn` jnp&fyv pvtfn`nx a[tfbv iht b<zrzn` emAh<eg` Dr~myx mfnfs<n` vsHgvgfybv dk`vnld sHdhn an<v epen`. ;rAlh ;j;a Z{dfkdamdhls'yq|=flaj, ;rAlhu u;msysgd Z{dkh ,oyelshehs nq|=kajykafia fkd jod<y' tuksid ;rAlhu;Z{dkh,enSu nq|=r|=kag wNsu;fkdfjz'ml`Olpzpdhk bosrsm;alf<a ;rAlh u; f.dvkeZ.`Kq orAYkhls'2;lalmrsydlfoa i;HjSug wi;HjSugo bvwe;'tfy;a i;Hh ks;ru ;rAldkQl~,hs'fn#oaO orAYkfha w.hlrkafka m@;HCIKfhka m@;Hd;aufjzokShjYfhka ,nd.kakd Z{dkhhs'(mpzp;a;x fjzos;nzfnda jsZ[aZC|+yS;s)Y@e;shg yd wdma;hg nq|=iuh myrfokafka tnejsks'3 ;rAlfhka fyda Y@e;sfhka fyda wdma;fhkafyda fkdj hulams<s.;hq;af;a Z{dkhu fufyhjdnj;a nqoaOjpkh mjd tfia Z{dkh fufyhjd ms<s.;hq;`nj;a"ld,duiQ;@fhys iZoykalr;s'fn#oaO b.ekajSuz wkqj ;rAlYnzofhka .uHjk wrA:lsysmhlawe;'4nq|=iufhys ;rAlh m@;sfCIamlrkafka thska lskuzwrA:hlskao hk nj jsuishhq;`hs'thg fya;`j nq|=iufhyso ;rAlh ;rAlh tla;rd iSus; m@udKhlg Wmfhda.Slr.kakdnejsks'tkuz fn#oaO Ndjkdl@u.ek lshkjsg m@:uOHdk .; 1 w' ks' 1"tll ksmd;h"nq'c'uq'rd.x NslaLfjz wZ[afZ[a talmq.a.,uzms iukqmiaidus'fhd tjx nyqck ys;dh mgsmkafkd nyqck wiqLdh nyqf;d ckiai wkJ:dh wys;dh |=laLdh fojukqiaidkx h:hsox NslaLfjz ulaL,S fuda> mqrsfida' 2 oS' ks' 1"iduZ[aZ[M, iq;a;"nq'c'uq"98msgqj'kF:s kF:s yka;djd >df;;djd fid;djd idfj;d jd jsZ[aZ[d ;d jd jsZ[aZ[dfm;d jd fhdms ;sKafyk i;af:k iSix csJo;s'k fldps lZ[aps cSjs;d fjdfrdfm;s' i;a;kakx fhj i;a ldhdkx wka;frAk i;a:x jsjrukqm; ;S;s' 3 kQ;k iudch iZoyd fn#oaO cSjk orAYkh"f.dv.u ux., ysus"Y@S ,xld iuQmldr jsoHd,hSh uq|@Kd,h" fmd,af.d,a,"1998"115 msgqj' 4 u' ks' 2"ikaol iq;a;"nq'c'uq"322msgqj'
16.
374 mqoa.,hdg ;u is;`js,s
yiqrejd.ekSfuzoS ;rAlh wjYHnj iZoykalr;s'(oS'ks 1"73-75'182-183' u'ks'1" 159'181&435-436 w'ks'1"53&188msg P.T.S.) ta wkqj ;rAl Ynzofhka .uHk wrA:lsysmhla we;'thska fn#oaO orAYkd.; Z{dkudrA.h ms<s.kafka lskuz wrA:fhkao $ (w);rAlh hkq wodk.@dySfkdjknjhs'fuz wrA:fhka nq|=rcdKkajykafia ;rAlhm@;sfCIamfkdlr;s'ud wkqiaifjzk hk ;kays fuka wjspdrj;af,i .ekSfuzoS ;rAlh m@;sfCIamlr;s' (wd)ifya;`lnj(iksodkx imamdgsydrshx)hk wrA:h ;rAlkfhka .efkhs'imamdgsydrshx nqoafOda Ouzuxfofia;s' hkqfjka fhfokksid ifya;`lnj fn#oaO orAYkfhys ms<s.efkhs'tuksid ifya;`lnj hk wrA:fhkao nq|=rcdKkajykafia ;rAlh m@;sfCIamfkdlr;s'1 (we)jspdrmQrAjl jsoHd;aulnjo ;rAlfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;`fjhs'fuz wrA:fhkao fkdfjz fn#oaO orAYkfha ;rAlh m@;sfCIam lrkafka'2 fn#oaO orAYkfhys ;rAlh m@;sfCIamlrkafka l`ukwrA:hlskao hkakg fydZou ksorAYkhla ikaol iQ;@fhys ths'tawkqj fmfkkafka th lsishuz m@d.dkQN~; ks.duS;rAll@uhla wkqj pska;k Yla;sh fufyh jSfuka tla;rdl@shd moaO;shla wkqj ,efnkaklanjhs'm@d.dkQN~;j ;rAlfldg jsjsO ks.ukf.k h:dfndaO ;;ajh .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd.;fkdyelsnj nq|=rcdKkajykafia jod<y'ud ;lalfya;` hkafkka thhs Wkajykafia foaYkdlf<a'tu wrA:fhka ;rAlh m@;sfCIamjsh'ks.duSf,i ;rAl lsrSfuka iuyrjsg wfmaCIs; i;Hfhys Pdhdud;@hla fyda ,efnkakg;a mqZMjk'iuyrjsg fkd ,efnkakg;a mqZMjk'tuksid ;rAlh iuyr jsg i;H jkakg;a bvwe;'wi;Hfjkakg;a bvwe;' tnejska nq|=rcdKkajykafia ;rAlh m@;sfCIaml<y' b<d`DfvAdF(Rationalists)ekAxsx ayt`vn kAlAm s>t&eyhf asmZp>r~N QAnmAr~gyk` els p&tfeOS`pkL ILHg smZp&dAynmZ‘nYAy eh`t=(Nomological Implication)’yn nYAy pdnmZkr ymZkfsf p&s`t=tyk` pfLfbHdv sArDm% vfnfV`cykx EleMn`nAv> smZp&dAyyf.nYAy p&mANkrgn`nA QAnmAr~gy nYAydr~Vnyyf.3nYAy VbZdey` p[t=r[N<(vYAp`t)aT%ynmZ‘p&mANy mHgfn` aT% prFOSNy’yn<yf.elA`keyhf dty<t= sfyl`lm p&tY OSAdF ct=r~vfD p&mANyn`egn` prFOSAkrn ehyfn` emZ dr~Vny nYAy nmfn` p&sfd`Dy.Em ct=r~vfD p&mANnmZ,p&tYOSy,an<mAny,upmAn hA VbZdyyf.4an<mAn p&mANeyhfEn p&tfQAdF pHOd`cAvyv vAkYeyA`m‘nYAy’VbZdey` vfeV`SAr~T yyf.5p&tYOSeyhf nYAyyx avkAVyk`n[t.nYAeyhf p[v[t`man<mAneyhfmy. p&tYOS aAgm edkfn` dk`nAld edy an<v ap&tYOS edyd an<mAneyn` avebA`Dkrnehyfn` an<mAn sADkv> nYAy an`vFOSAyyfd an`vFOS vVeyn` pvt`nA ehyfn`‘an`vFOSFy vfdYA’y[yfd 1 u' ks' 1"uyd hul j.a.h"uyd ipzpl iq;a;"nq'c'uq"584msgqj'jsjspzfpj ldfuys jsjpzp wl`if,ys Ouzfuys ijs;lalx ijspdrx jsfjlcx mS;siqLx mGux COdkx WmiuzmcAc jsydisx' 2 u' ks' 1"Tmuzu j.a.h"pQ< idfrdamu iq;a;"nq'c'uq"488msgqj"bO n@dysuK NslaLq jsjspzfpj ldfuys jsjspzp wl`if,ys Ouzfuys ijs;lalx ijspdrx jsfjzlcx mS;siqLx mGuCOdkx WmiuzmcAc jsyr;s'whuzms fLd n@dyauK Ouzfud Z[dKoiaifkk W;a;rs;frd p mKS;;rdp' 3 kHdh NdIHh"1'1'1"m@udffKr:!mrSlaIKx kHdh%' 4 kHdh orAYkh"wCImdo kHdh iQ;@"1'1'3"m@;HCIdkqudk Wmudj Ynzo' 5 kHdh iQ;@"1'1'32'
17.
375
1 nYAy VAs`t&y hHzn`vn< l[ebZ. emhf p&tYOSy p&mANyk` vVeyn` nYAyvAdFn` p&mAN kr gn`nA nm<z Ehf aw<pAw<kmZ shfty.emAv<n`eg` p&DAn p&mANy els g[enn`en` an<mAnyyf. nYAyx an<k+lv> an<mAnyyf. nYAy vnAhF s^kl`pFyb[vfn` mAnsfk aAvRtbvk` p[en`.EmnfsA emAv<n` p&mANkrgn`nA kfsfz p&s`t=tykfn` p>N%mAnsfk vfksftbvk` a[tfkrvFemhflA asmt`vn b[vfn` emAv<n` idfrfpt` krn`nAv> QAnmAr~gy smZp>r~N QANmAr~gyk` els b<zsmy pfLf enAgnF. sArDm% vD%neyhflA emZ QAnmAr~gy ast=x<dAyky.Eemn`m an<mAn p&mANy BAvftA ekAx QAny gevZSNykfrFemZdF Ix BAvftAkrn ld nAmyk`nmZ tr~kyyf.tr~kyx amtrv‘vAd’ nAmeyn` g[enn tr~myx s<zs< eh`t= idfrfpt`kfrFmd kr a[t.emes`ehyfn` kAlAm s>t&ey` dk`vn aAkAryx sArDr~m pfbfHdvFm sHdhA avVYkrn cfn`tn nfdhs p>r~NvVeyn` nYAy g=r[ekAxgt` emZ kN`wAymZ t=lfn` p&mANy enAkrnldbv epen`. khfya;` nq|=rcdKkajykafia jsiska m@;sfCIams; wgfjks Z{dfkdamdhhhs'khfya;` ms<snZoj jsuiSfuz oS jsfYaIfhka wmf.a wjOdkh ffck ima;Nx.SkHdh(wfkaldka;jdoh) yd wkqudkm@udKhflfrys wjOdkh fhduql<hq;`h'2ffckYdia;D jO!udk uydjSr nq|=r|=ka Orudk ld,fhysu ush.shnj ld,duiQ;@fhysu iZoykajnejska Wkjykafiaf.a iuld,slfhl` jYfhka Tyqf.a bekajSuflfrys ie,ls,a, fhduqlsrSu jeo.;ah'ffck ima;Nx.Skho Tyqf.a foaYkdjls'iHdoajdohhkqo fuhgu jHjydrjkakls'ffckd.u f.dvkeZ.S we;af;a tu iHdoajdoh fkdfyd;a ima;Nx.S kHdhu; nj (iHdoajdfodNs ffckd.u imnScuz)ffck orAYkidrkuz lD;shg wkqj ks.ukh l<yelshs' wfkla w;g iHdoajdoh wfkaldka;njo iZoykal<hq;`hs' wfkaldka; isoaOdka;h tys mokuh'(iHdoajdo uxcrS'ldrsld5)(iHdos;s wjHhx wfkaldka; dka foHda;lx l;%iHdoajdfod wfkaldka;jdfoda ks;H wks;HdoS wfkalOrAu Ynff,l jia;` wNm@m.u b;s)iHdoa wia;s(hula ta iajrEmfhkau jSu)iHdoa kdia;s(hul fkd;snSu)iHdoa wjla;jHh(huzlsisjla fjzkuz thg ysus;;ajh lsjfkdyelsnj fkdfyd;a wksrAjpkShnj)iHdoia;s kdia;Hjla;jH(hula we;snjla fyda ke;snjla fyda lsjfkdyelsnj)fuz ima;Nx.S khhs' f,#lsl pska;kh oshqKqjSug(bO f,dal pska;dh)usi mrf,dj oshqKqj iZoyd(mrf,dal pska;dh) fuzjd fya;` fkdjknj;a"funZ|= m@udKhkaf.ka t<fUk pska;k ksYaps; jYfhka i;Hhehs ks.ukh l< fkdyelsnj;a" idudkH Z{dkhusi mQrAKm@;HCIZ{dkhla fuzuZ.ska fkd,efnknj;a"tuksid Z{dfkdmdhf,i fuzjd .;fkdyelsnj;a fn#oaO u;hhs' Z{dfkdamdhhla jYfhka ;;ald,Sk iuyrodrAYkslhkajsiska wkqudkho ms<sf.k we;'mgspzp iuqmamdoh jsia;rlrk iuyrwjia:dj, wkajhZ{dkh.ek iZoyka fjz'ld,hla ;siafia m@jD;a;jQ isoaOshl taliajrEmh foin,d th wkd.;ld,fhys is|=fj;ehs fuhska woyialrhs'fn#oaO orAYk fhys wkqudkhg ,efnk;ek wkqudk iQ;@fhys iZoykafjhs'tludkhla wkqj ;j;audkhla .ekSu 1 kHdh Ydia;@uz"kHdh iQ;@"1'1'1"m@;HdCId.udNjHduSCIs;iHd lajSCIK ukajSCId";hd m@j;!k b;Hd ;ajSlaIsls'kHdh jsoHd' 2 u' ks' 3"foajoy iq;a;"nq'c'uq"3msgqj'
18.
376 wkqudkhhs'flfkla ;uka.ek is;uska
wkqka.eko tfiau is;hskuz thidjoH jQjlanj nqoaOjpkfhys iZoykaj we;'(u'ks'1"97msg P.T.S.)wkqudkfhka wjsmrS;Z{dkh fkd,efnz'bka ,efnkafka idudkH Z{dkh muKls'th ,sx.iuznJOhwkqj ixjdlHdkqidrfhka ,efnk oekquls' nq|=iuh ms<s.kq,nkafka YdlaId;aZ{dkh usi wkqfuzh Z{dkhla fkdfjz'nq|=kajykafia fn#oaOZ{dk udrA.fh ka wfmaCIdlf<a mrsZ{dk"myd;nzn"ipzPsld;nzn"Ndfjz;nzn"wdoS jpkj,ska fmfkk mrsos wmg ks.ukhl< yelafla fn#oaO Z{dkudrA.h orAYkfhka m@;Hd;auf,i idlaId;alD;jQ w;SJ|@sh orAYkZ{dk iuzm;a;sh nq|=ka jykafiaf.a tlu wNsm@drA:s;drA:hnjhs'tuksid wkqudkh nq|=ka jykafiaf.a jspdrhg ,lajsh' wdldrmrsjs;lal hkako nq|=kajykafiaf.a jspdrhg ,lajQ ;j;a Z{dfkdmdhhls'lsishuzfohla iuznJOfhka tyswdldrlsysmhla muKlan,d js;rAlkfhysfhoS huz huz ks.ukj,g t<eUSu wdldr mrsjs;rAlkfhka wfmaCIs;h';j;ajsOshlska lshf;d;a lsishuz m@Yakhla ms<snZoj taldxislf,i n,d iuia;hlaf,i ks.ukj,g t<USuhs'nq|=r|=ka fuh tla;rd wNsksfjzYhlaf,i i<ld m@;sfCIamfldg we;'id;sNsCIqqjf.a jsZ{dkjdoS oDIaGsh nq|=kajykaafia m@;sfCIamlf<a(jsZ[aZ[dKx ikaOdj;s ixir ;s wkZ[aZ[x)fuzksidh'tuksid fn#oaO Z{dk udrA.hg wkqj wdldrmrsjs;rAlh ms<s.;hq;` Z{dkm@fNaoh la fkdfjz' b<d`DfvAdF(Rationalists) ekAxsx ayt`vn kAlAms>t&y mHgfn` asmZp>r~N QAnmAr~gyk`els p&tfeOS`pft by; QAnmAr~gy vn<ey`‘aAkAr prfvftr~kn(Diver sification of thought)’ehvt` kl`pnAvx an<r{pvn ed` QAnmAr~gyels pfLfg[nFmyf.emhfdFd kl`pnAvx an<r{pvned` 1 tmAeg` sftfn` tr~ky egA`crkregn sp&mAN krgnfyf. b<zrzn` p&AgAn<B+t tr~knymHgfn` tmAeg`kl`pnAvx an<r{pvned` sArDm%yk` elsfn` pfLf g[nFmd s^y<k`t s^kl`pnyd QAnmAr~gyk` elsfn` p&tfeOS`pkLh.mk`nfsAdyt` un`vhn`es`x an<v tr~keyhf mfN<mvn`en` sp&mANtAv mfs stYyenAevZ.EmnfsA ymZkfsf tr~knyk` sp&mANv>pmNfn` Ey stYy[yf adhs`vn`en` n[t.Ees`m Eb[vfn` Ey sArDr~m vD%nypfNfs ivhl`vn QAnmAr~gyk` elsfn` pfLf g[enn`en`d n[t.2 Evfx ekenk=x emes` g[xHPvk` a[tfvfy h[kfyf.EnmZ kAn`tAvx ar~ht`PlyVAOSAt`kfrFmx pvA h[kfyAvk` a[tfbv b<zrzn` pvA pfLfegn tfbfydF kAn`tAvx p[vfd`d lbAdFemZdF b<zrzn` m[lf bvk` d[k`vFmxt`,aS`Xgr[Dm% nAmeyn` vfnyx atfer~k vYvs`TAvk` BfOS<NFn` ekerhf pmNk` k&fyAt`mk kfrFmxt` b<zrzn` ut`s<kv>ey` EdA BArtFysmAjDm% atr l[bFtfb> smAjyFy s`TAny ‘aAkAr prfvftr~k ny’kfrFmt=lfn` bvt`,p[vfdf s^s`TAvt=lx aAgn`t=k kAn`tAvk` BfOS<Nfyk` els bHdvA bAhfr smAjey` a[yx hfmfvtfb> p<r[SADfptYy yxet` kAn`tAv vfsFemZ smAj avVY tAvy s[lkfl`lxegn (eyA`gYy[yf sftA)kAn`tAv E`t=lfn` avtk`es`r[vx lk`kfrFmt` sfzkrtfebZ 1 w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a.h ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq"377- 343 msgq' 2 ldrAkagshdkq orAYkh ms<snZo jspdrmQrAjl wOHhkhla"tia'cS'weuz'jSrisxy"le<Ksh jsYajjsoHd,hSh m@ldYkhls"1998"iiimsgqj'
19.
377 yn`n
n>tn pV`cAt` nvYvAdFn`egn`(The Part of Post modernism)ekAxsk`v> s`t&FvAdFn`` (Femanism)nHgntr~kykf. ov<n` dk`vn`en` BfOS<n` vhn`es` lAx yxt`vvfsFemZ ekAn`ed`sfy aS`Xgr[Dm%vl an`tr~gtey` hry bvyf.E` yxet` p[vfdfsmAjy t=ld BfOS<Nfyk` els p[vfdf bfmxpt` kAn`tAv bAhfr smAj ey` a[yxhfmfv tfb> sAmAjfk tt`vyx an<r{pvm p<r[SBfOS>n`x yxt`kr t[bFemZ v<vmnAevn` b<zrzn` k&fyAkLAy yn ecA`dnAv ov<h< El`l krtf. s<nFt esA`pAk v[nf ay BfOS<s^s`TAvx an`tr~g&hNy kfrFemZdFt`,k=lvAdy pn`tfeB`dy smAj asADArNy v[nf kr[N<vldF E`vAx Eerhfv b<zrzn` k&fyAkL aBFt aAkAryt` emm BfOS<NF p[vfd`d smZb$Deyn` k&fyAkL aAkAryt` smZp>r~Neyn`m Ekfenkx prs`pr vferA`DFbv ov<h< epn`vAedtf. kAlAm s>t&eyhfdF b<zrzn` nfdhs` cfn`tny pfLfgt`tt` ihtkF t#vy yxet` Em s`vBAvy dk`nx enAl[ebnbv ov<h< v[wfzrxt` avDArNy krtf.1 emyx dFmx a[tfpfLft=r itAmt`m ehAHdfn`‘ebUd`D smAjvfdYA p&evZVy’yn g&$Tey` 96pfx<evZdF Dr~m es`n ehxZxfaArcZcf mhtA m[nvfn` smZpfN`wnykr dk`vyf.2kAn`tAvn` BfOS<nFn`vVeyn` aBfnveyn` p[vfdf s^s`TAvt=lx an`tr~g&hny krvA g[nFemZdF p&AeyA`gfk sAmZp&dAyfk BfOS< smAjey` aAkl`pyn` sks`kfrFemZ avVYtAvy pfLfbHdv mhAvAr~y DFres`kr dk`vn kr[Nk`, BfOS<NF p[vfd`d p&mAdkfrFemZ eh`t=v vVeyn` mhAcAr~y nn`des`n rt`npAl3 up<xA dk`vyf. EnmZ kAn`tAv p[vfdfkfrFm sms`tp[vfdf s^vfDAnyekerhf blp{h[kf aAkAry g[n sftAb[lFmyf. b&h`m cyY%BAvy prmaAgmfknfS`XAv vVeyn` s[lekn E` vnvfxt` aArmZBv p[vt=nAv> p<r[SpOSey n` pmNk` smn`vftv> Bfk`S< s^s`TAevZ sAm>hfk yhpt sHdhA kAn`tAvvffsfn` ymZ ymZ k[pvFmZ kLy<t=vtfbfnf.p[vfdfpOSyt=L s`vkFy nFtYAn>k+l p[v[t`m thv<r[kfrFmpfNfs axZXgr[ DmZm p[nvFmx emZ kr[N blp{bv epen`.axZXgr[DmZmvl p&DAnm arm<N BfOS<NFn`eg` kAyfk hA mAnsfk s<rOSftBAvy a[tfkrlFmyf.4 E` mfsk kAn`tAvAdFn`(Femenism)kfynAkAreyn` b<zrzn`‘aAkArprfvftk%ny’kfrFmnfsA 5 enAevZ. E` t=L g[bZvn<ey` sArDm% s^rOSNy sHdhA m>Lfk ps<bfm els QAnmAr~gy pfrfsfzv pvt`vAg[nFm pfNfs krnld av^k ut`sAhykf.6yeTA`k`t kr[eNhflA b<zrzn` emZ ay<rfn` s[lkflfmt` enAv<nAnmZ vr~tmAny vnvfx b<zss<n vnsA d[mFemZ ecZtnAevn` y<t=v sfzr[ esAymfn` sfxf anYsmyvAdFh< BfOS<n`eg` hA b<zrzn`eg` p<r[SBAvyt` BfOS<NFn`eg` kAn`tA 1 Gothama the Man,Sakya or Buddhist Origins,A Manual of Budhism,Outline of Buddhism,Early Buddhist Theory of Man Perfected jeks lD;Skays fydakrA ue;sKshf.a;a"rSia fvzjsvzia ue;sKshf.;a yd rdOd l@sIaKkaf.a;a nq|=oyfuz we;euz ixl,am ms<snZojjQ wkjfndaOd;aul m@ldY wvx.`h' 2 fn#oaO iudcjsoHd m@fjzYh"OrAufiak fygzgswdrpzps"tia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U"2001"96msgqj' 3 Buddist Sociology,Nandasena Ratnapala,pp.70-72. 4 Md' md"NslaLqKS jsNx.h"mdrdcsld ldKavh"nq'c'uq'"1-3 msgq' 5 rSgd weuz';DDIagz ue;sksh mjikqfha nq|=r|=ka ldka;djkag mejsoao ,ndoSug is;d isgsfha wdkkao ysushka nq|= r|=kafj;ska th b,a,disgSug fmrd;`j njhs'wdkkao ysushkaf.a wdhdpkh ksid u fkdjknjhs'weh olajkafka nq|=iiqk uq,isgu mqreIflaJ|@Sh jHdmdrhla f,i mej;snjhs' 6 vhkd fnda,agz ue;sKsh nq|=r|=ka ia;@Skag oafjzIlrkafkl`nj b;d wdfjz.YS,sj m@ldYlrhs'weh tfia m@ldY lrkafka tl, mrsirh ms<snZoj nq|=r|=ka i,ldne,Sfuka miq.kq,enQ we;euz ;SrK ms<snZoj wkjfndaOfhks'
20.
378 BAvyt` upk&mVFlFels BAvftyxegn
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21.
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22.
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24.
382
an<n`eg` ig[n`vFmZ pmNk`enAv,tmn`vhn`es`eg` ig[n`vFmZpvA ekenk=vfsfn` pfLfg[nFmx epr,sfy<mZ prFOSNykx BAjnykLy<t=bv un`vhn`es` sHdhn` kLh.tmn`vhn`es` b<zrzn` h[xfyx pfLfg[nFmx epr,vfmsflfmt`v> BfOS<v vfsfn` tmn`vhn`es` pvA a[t`tvVeyn`m b<zvF a[t`d[yf pLm<v setYOSNykr b[lfyy<t=bv kfyAsfxFmx trmZ un`vhn`es` apOSpAtF hA nfhtmAnFels emZ kr[N< avDArNy kLh.1 kfsfymZ QAnmAr~gyk` p&AeyA`gfk vVeyn` aT%smZpn`nvn<ey` Ey eketk` zrkx vfvRt mAnsfk mxZxmk` p[v[t`vFm sHdhA an<bledn`en`d ynkArNy mtyf.emZ yxet` kAlAm s>t&ey`dF p&tfeOS`pekAx a[tf QAnmAr~g dhyvnAhF pfrfp<n` vfvRt mAnsfk mxZxmk` a[tfkrg[nFm sHdhA an<bl enAednb[vfn` E`vA p&AeyA`gfkbvfn`etAr a#T%smZpn`nenAv> QAnmAr~gels slkA b[h[rkr a[t. mAnvyAt=L mAnvg=NDr~m avDfekAx sArDr~m vD%nykfrFemhflA emehyvn<ey` emm vfvRt mAnsfk ps<tlyyf.mns p[h[dflfv p&BAs`vrv pvtfnvfx ehAHded` vhA sftx arm<N<evZ.2 Eemn`m kLy<t`et` k=mk`d[yf vhA v[xhFemZ Vk`tfya[tfevZ.sArDr~m arm<N<vn>ey` emkFp[h[dflf nfrv<l` p&BAs`vr mnsxy.3mns vfvRtv>trmx mAnsfk p&BAs`vryd vD%nyevZ.iht d[k`v<n< prfdf vfvRt mAnsfk s`vBAvyk` jnftkrn`en` kfsfzaDfkArmy s`vBAvykfn`etArv> QAnmAr~gy k`b[vZ kAlAms>t&y mHgfn` p&kxeker~.E` tt`vyt=ldF sArDr~mvD%ney` uprFmtt`vyk` at`vfHdfy h[k.sArDr~m vD%ney` uprFm t#vy smZmA smZb<d`D#vyyf.vfps`snA cfn`tny m<l`vrx esAyA gn<lbn`nA hA V&Avkyn` E`os`es` gmn` krvn`nA vn<ey` smZmA smZb<zvr[yf.b<zvr[ epn`vAzn` mAr~gy nYAyAt`mkv an<gmnykfrFm t=lfn` b<d`Dfy vfksftkrg[nFm ar~ht`vyyf.4emZnfsA rhtn` vhn`es`x sAep`OSkv b<zvr[n`eg` vfvRt mAnsfk#vy os`es` vD%ny krgn`nAld s`vy^b<d`Df p&BAv itAmt`m gmZBFrb[vZ p[h[dflfevZ. ebA`Dfs#vyn`vhn`es`lA nfytvfvrN lbn`en`d ebAehA`zrx b<d`DkArkDm% p&g=Nkrn< lbn`en`d smZmA smZb<zvr[ jFvmAnv v[wsfxfn smyn`vldFy.E` h[m avs`TAvldFmpAeh` ar~ht`v ypfNfs un`vhn`es`lAv epLMvFmkfn`etArv un`vhn`es`lAeg`m aBfp&AypfNfsm b<zvr[ un` vhn`es`lAx uprFm an<g&hydk`vtf.ebA`Dfs#vyn`vhn`es`lAeg` pArmftA Vk`tfyx b<zvr[ tmn` vhn`es`lAeg` aAVFr~vAd Vk`tfy Ek`krtf. kAlAm s>t&eyhf d[k`evn aDfkArmy s`vBAvyk` enAm[tf QAnmAr~gyk` an<gmnykfrFm t=lfn` itAm ihL sArDr~ vD%yk` at`pt`krgth[kfy.Ey ar~ht` V&AvkmxZxmxd Etnfn` obZb xd,vfhfedn vfVAl prAsyk`shft vD%nykf.Etnfn` obZbx gmn`krn vfvRt mAnsfk mAr~gy ar~ht`v mxZxm ps<kr pcZeck b<d`D mxZxm dk`vAd pcZeck b<d`D mxZxm ps<kr smZmA 1 u' ks' 1"uyd idfrdamu iq;a;"nqc'uq"463msgqj'fhd mgpzp iuqmamdox misi;s fid Ouzux miai;s'fhd Ouzux miai;s fid mgspzpiuqmamdox miai;s'Ouzu mofhys fhd Ouzux miai;s fid ux miai;ss'fhd ux miai;s fid ; Ouzux miai;s'oe;afjkakdjQ iZoyka fol ;`,khlr ne,SfuysoS nqoaO hk jHjydrh fhoS we;af;a mgspzp iuqmamdoh hk wrA:fhka njfmfka' 2 Lq' ks"Ouzumoh"hulj.a."ufkdmqnznx.udOuzud ufkdfigzGd ufkduhd ukid fp mikafkk Ndi;sjd lfrd;sjd ;f;d kx iqLukafj;s Pdhdj wkmdhsks' j;s 3 ''tu''"ps;a;j.a.h"|+rZv.ux tlprx wirSrx .`ydihx fh ps;a;x iZ[aZ[fuiaika;s fudlaLka;s udrnJOkd' 4 ''tu'''"wryka; j.a.h"ika;x ;iai ukx fyd;s ika;d jdpd p luzu p iuzuoZ[aZ[d jsuq;a;iai Wmika;iai ;dosfkd'
25.
383 smZb<d`D mxZxm dk`vAd
p[tfer~.emZ ay<rfn` p[tfern`nAv> ebUd`D QAnmAr~gey` k+xp&Ap`tf avs`TAv smZmA smZb<d`D#v sArDr~m mxZxmyf.emZ mxZxmx p[mfNf smZmA smZb<zvryA sAmAnY V&AvkyAx ayt`vn vfnyp&Qp`tfvlfn` pvAenAmfnfyh[kf itAm ihL s<pfrfsfz mAnsfk k&fyAkArF #vyk`a[tf QAnmAr~gFy vD%nyk` shft p<d`gleyk= bvx p[mfeN`. fuysoS uydpdrAh fla tka ch;s,l uy;d Early Buddhst Theory o Knowledge hk lD;shysoS nq=iufhys wOsldrh ms<snZo lreKq jeo.;afjz ta uy;d iZoyka lrk mrsos nq|=iuh ;`< wOsldrhg wh;a ia:dkh meyeos,s lsrSfuysoS wm wjxlju wmf.kau m@Yak ;`kla wid tajdg ,efnk ms<s;`re wkqj ta ms<snZoj wmu ksjeros ;SrKhlg meusKSu jeo.;a nj olajd ;sfnz tlS m@Yak kuz fuzjdh 1 nq|=iuh fyda nq|=kajykafia l,ska meje;s iuzm@odhhkaf.ka huz u;hka wOsldrhu; ms<sf.k weoao$ 2 fjk;a iuzm@odhhkays wOsldrh foig nq|=iuh fy<dwe;s oDIaGsh fyda wdl,amh ta wdldrfhkau nq|=iufha b.ekajSuz foigo fhduqfldg ;sfnzo$ 3 fuz fojk m@Yakhg fok ms<s;`r fkdi<ld nq|=r|=ka ms<snZo wOsldrh u; Wkajykafiaf.a Y@djlhka lsishuz u;hla ms<s.kq ,en ;sfnzo$ fuu m@Yakfoi ne,Ql< jegfykqfha tlS m@Yak b;d ;shqKq jspdrd;aul uqyqKqjrla f.k we;snjhs. TzkEu jspdrYS,S pska;lfhl`;`< we;sjsh yelswdldrfha jsurAYkd;aul .egZM ;`kla nq|=iuh wrUhdo fla tka ch;s,l uy;d olajhs fuz .egZM ;`k;`< nq|=iuh wfma fohla fjk;a wd.usl b.ekajSuz wfma tajd fkdjk foaj,a hk wdldrfha wOdk.@dyS pska;kfhka usoS iajdOSk wmCImd;S jsurAYkd;aul pska;khlg fuz uZ.ska u.fy<sfmfy<s lrfohs. tmuKla fkdj fuzuZ.ska uSg by;oS wm mejiQ lreKlajk ld,duiQ;@d.; b.ekajSuzys m@;sfCIams ; pska;k wOsldrhka j,x.`jkqfha nq|=iufhka mrsndysr fjk;a b.ekajSuz flfrys muKlao ke;skuz tajd tf,iskau nqoaOfoaYkd iZZoyd j,x.`jkjdo hk ldrKh ms<snZoj wjOdkh fhduqfldg we;snjla o fmkShhs.huz fyhls;a ld,duiQ;@.; foaYkd jx.`jkqfha nqoaO foaYkd yer wkafoaYkd flfrys muKla kuz ld,du iQ;@fhys wka;rA.; wmCImd;SFjh thska.s,syS hkq we;.fuu wmCImd;SFjh .s,syS hkq iuZ.u ld,diQ;@fhys wka;rA.; odrAYksl jgskdluo thska .s,syS hkq we;.ta ulaksido h;a ld,duiQ;@fhys jgskdlu rZod mj;skafka fuu wmCImd;SFjh u; nejsks.tod fuod;`r lsis|= wd.usl idia;Djrfhla foaYkdlrkq ;nd foaYkd lr;shs isysfkkqZ|= fkdis;sh yels;ruz iajdOSk wmCImd;S jsjrKhla ukqIHnqoaOshg jgskdlula ,nd|=kafka nq|=r|=ka nejsks.ta ld,duiQ;@h foYkd lsrSu uZ.sks. fla tka ch;s,l uy;df.a Early Bubbhist Theory of Knowledge .@J:h mqrd jsia;rd;aulj olajkafka ld,duiQ;@fhysoS nq|=r|=ka jsiska m@;sfCIam lrk,o oijsOjQ wOsldruh pska;khg wka;rA .;jkakdjQ b.ekajSuz ms<snZoj fjz.fnfyjska fn#oaO odrAYksl pska;khg wkq.;j ;`,kd;aulj ngysr u;o jsuiqug ,lalrkakdjQ fuz .@J:h ;`,ska fy,sjkafka by; nq|=r|=ka m@;sfCIam lrk,o pska;k wOsldrhg wka;rA.k we;euz Z{dk udrA.hka tlfy<d ms<sfljz lsrSula fkdj tlfy,d ms<s.ekSu m@;sfCIam lsrSu muKla nj fmkajd oS ;sfnz.ngysr pska;khg keUqrej A.D.Woozley
26.
384
1 jsiska rps; The Theory of Knowledge jeks lD;shlgo jvd fuz;`, nq|= oyfuz mokuo fy,sfjz. tkuz hula taldka; fldg oelajSfuz we;s idjoH;djhhs.hula ;j fohlg idfmaCIl nj usi uqZMukakau we; fyda ke; hkqfjka mejiSu oDIaGs .;Skag meusfKk l@ufjzohla nj fuhska m@ldYfjz. fuz lreK b;du iqZM ksoiqkla udrA.fhka meyeos,s l<yelsh tkuz ld,duiQ;@fhys msg; iuzm@od h fyj;a wd.usl ,shjs,s iZoykajSu pska;k wOsldruh jQjla f,i f.k nq|=iufhys nqoaOfoaYkdo wd.usl .@J:hkays ,shejS we;s foaj,au jk fyhska tajdo uqZMukskau neyerl< hq;`o$ld,duiQ;@ foaYkdj uZ.ska lshefjk woyi idfmaCIfldg fkdj taldka; fldg .kakd ;eke;af;l`g wkqj kuz th tfianj fmfkkq we;.tfy;a tfia ie,lSu hqla;shqla; fkdfjz fuysoS wd.usl ,shejs,sj, iZoyka jQ muKska hk jpkhla we;. tkuz fuysoS m@;sfCIam lrkafka wd.usl ,shejs,sj, ;sfnk ishZM foau fkdj we;euz tajdnj fmfka.fuys iSudj fld;ko hk m@Yakhla u;`fjz fuys iSudj kuz m@fhda.slFj hhs m@dfhda.sl jYfhka wrA:dkajs; foj,ao wd.usl ,shjs,s;`, .enzjsh yelsh m@fhda.sl fkdjk foaj,ao .enzjsh yelsh.nq|=iuh fuysoS m@;sfCIam lrkafka m@fhda.sl fkdjkakdjQ foaj,ah.nq|=iufhys wd.usl ,shejs,sj, wka;rA.k jkakdjQ foa m@fhda.slFjfhka wkQk jQ ksid tajd fuz hgf;a m@;sfCIam fkdfjz.fuf,i m@fhda.slFjfhka neyerjk wd.usl j;ams<sfj;a j,g nq|=iuh iS,nzn; mrudi hkqfjka jHjydr lrhs.tfukau th oi ixfhdachkago we;`,;a tla ixfhdackhla jYfhka olajd ;sfnz.ta m@fhda.sl fkdjkakdjQ foa ms<smeoSu uZ.ska wrA:dkajs; wdOHd;ausl ksIaGdjlg meusKsh fkdyels w;r tfia meusKSug ndOdldrS jkakdjQ fohla jYfhkao ms<sf.k ;snqKq ksidh. ld,duiQ;@fhys m@ldYjkafka nq|=oyuska m@;sfCIams; oijsOjQ pska;k wOsldrfhka iukajs; Z{k udrA. muKs.fndfydajsg jsh;`ka f,aLlhka nq|=iufhka ksrAosIaG Z{dkudrA.h fyda Z{dk jsNd.h fyda Z{dkuSuxidj ms<snZoj idlpzPdlsrSfuzoS ld,duiQ;@fhka m@;sfCIams; pska;k wOsldrh muKla bosrsm;a fldg ish jsurAYkh wjika lr;s kuq;a i;Hfhkau mq|=iufhka bosrsm;a flfrkakdjQ Z{dk udrA.h tf;lska wjika flfrAo$ ke;.th jkdyS nq|=iuh tmd lshQ foahhs.lrkakglshQ tfiafkdue;s kuz wkq.ukh lrkakg lshQ foa fkdfjz nq|=t|=ka ks;ru hula jsfjzpkh lf<a thg jsiZ|=ulao bosrsm;a lruskah.tnejska nq|=iuh tlg m@p,s;j meje;s fiiq iuhjdohkag jvd irAjiuzmQrAKFj fhka hqla;jQjla jsh.fjk;a iuh jdohkaf.ka bosrsm;a lrk,oaodjQ wd.usl lsIaGdj fnfyda|=rg tal foaYsl jQjls.fuz ksid tajduZ.ska bosrsm;a flfrkakdjQ b.ekajSuz uZ.ska nqoaOsh yd Ndjuh hk wxY folskau iukajs;jQ l~Gm@dma;shla lrd<Z.d jsh fkdyelsjS ;snsK.tlaflda tjdhska ,efnkafka nqoaOsuh lreKq muKls.tlaflda Ndjuh s jYfhka iu:OHdk jeks ;;ajhla muKs.Tjqkaf.a wd.usl jevms<s fj< w;a;ls,u:dkq fhda.h yd lduiqL,a,sldkqfhda.h w;r foda<kh jkakla jS ;snqK.tfukau Ydiaj;jdoh yd WpzfPAojdoh w;r s fldgqjS mej;sk. s 1 The Theory of Knowledge,A.D.Woozley,London,1959
27.
385 oeka
wm fidhd hdhq;af;a ld,duiQ;@fhka m@;sfCIam l< fulS pska;k wOsldrh fjkqjg oDIaGs nsys lrjkakd jQ l@ufjzohka fjkqjg ienjskau th wmf.a ;sfnkakdjQ oDIaGs yd u;` we;sjsh yelaldjQ oDIaGs m@ydKh msKsi bosrsm;a lrkakdjQ l@ufjzoh l`ulao hkakhs.nq|=iuh jsr;s fyj;a je<lsh hq;` wxYh uq,ska bosrsm;a lrk w;r iudodk fyj;a jevshhq;` wxYh miqj bosrsm;a lrkq ,nhs.fuz hgf;a ishZM pska;k wOsldrhka fkdue;s ;;ajhla ukfiys m@;sksrAudKh lr.ekSu iZoyd uki msrsis|= lsrSfuz l@shdj,shlg ,lal< hq;`nj fmkajdoS ;sfnz.i;a;lskau pska;kuh wOsldrhkaf.ka uki jshqla; lr.ekSfuz l@ufjzoh kuz isf;ys pska;khg n,mdkq ,nkakdjQ neyerska tk yd uki wNHka;rfhka we;sjkakdjQ ishZMu m@;sfrdaOhkaf.ka uki ksoyia lrjd.; hq;`h.tfia jSug uki m@n, jQ mdrsfYdaOk l@shdj,shlg ,lal< hq;`nj nq|=iuh fmkajdoS ;sfnz.fuh Wmudjlska meyeos,s lrf;d;a ksrka;rfhka wmsrsis|= foa jegSu ksid ls,sgsjS we;s fros lvla uekjska fidaod msrsis|= lr.ekSulg iudkh. i;a;lskau flfkl`g ld,duiQ;@fha oelafjkakdjQ ishZMu pska;k wOsldrhkaf.ka uq,qukskau je<lS isgSug kuz fy;u ;ukaf.a udkisl mjs;@;djh by; lS wkaouska we;slr.;hq;` nj nq|=ysushka jsiska fmkajdoS ;sfnz.msrsis|= ukila we;a;dg muKla ld,duiQ;@fhys oelafjk wkaoug ishZMu wOsldruh pska;khkaf.ka f;drj lghq;`l< yelsfjz.ta ;dla wm fldmuK psk;k wOsldrfhka .e<jS wmf.a pska;kh fufyjSug ;e;a l<;a wm fkdoekqj;aju pska;k wOsldrfha f.d|=re njg m;afjz.ug lsis|= oDIaGshla ke;ehs mjikakdo orkafka ;j;a tla oDIaGshla nj Tyqu fkdoksh. s fuz;a tjeks fohla nj o;hq;`h.oDIaGSka jkdyS b;du;au ishquzh fld;ruz ishquzoehs lshf;d;a s ;uka orkafka oDIaGshla lshdj;a ta ork ;eke;a;d fkdoksh.fuhg idfmaCIlj wdfjzok s mCIfhys,d kuz Ndjuh .`Khka b;dm@lgh flfkl`g ;ryla meusKsl< ta mqoa.,hdg muKla fkdj Tyq wjg isgskakkago Tyqf.a uqyqfKa brshjq fjkiajSu wOHhkh fldg ta nejz o< jYfhka jgyd.; yelsjkq we;.fiiq Ndjuh ;;ajhkajk ffu;@sh BrAIHdj ldudYdj jeks ;;ajhkao ta mqoa.,hdg muKla fkdj wjg isgskakkago Tyqj jsOsu;a f,i wOHhkhfldg oek.; yelsh.kuq;a huz mqoa.,fhl`f.a oDIaGs.;sl iajNdjh jkdyS tfia fiiq mqoa.,hka muKla fkdj ;ukag mjd yZ|=kd.; fkdyelsh. tla;rd |=rlg fuz ;;ajh wkqih uZ.ska ksrEmKh jkafka hehs mejish yelsh osgzGdkqih uZ.ska fuh b;d fydZoka m@ldYhg m;afjz. fuz ksidu fldmuK oDIaGs.;sl jqj;a ta mqoa.,hd is;kqfha ;uka isgskqfha lsis|= oDIaGshla rys; j isgsk njhs WodyrKhla f,i jrA;udkfhys ksoyia pska;lhka hkqfjka ;ukag ;ukau jHjydr lr.kakd mqoa.,hka mjikafka ;uka lsis|= oDIaGsjdohla ms<s fkd.kakd njhs.th;a tla;rd oDIaGsh la nj ienjskau Tjqka oks;ao$we;af;kau oDIaGsfhys ienE iajNdjh thhs.oDIaGsh ks;ru tlS mqoa., hdf.a pska;kh ish .@yKhg .ksh.tfukau ta ksidu oDIaGshla hkq ks;r pska;k ksoyig ndOd s ldrS jkakdjQo iDcq yd wkshuz f,i pska;kh flfrys wOsldruh n,mEula lrkakdjQo fohls. nq|=iufha fuu oDIaGsuh n,mEu wjsoHdj f,io fudayh f,io uspzPdosgzGs f,io we;euz jsg ilaldh
28.
386 ogzGsh f,io wiausudkh
f,io rZM yd ishquz jYfhka tajdfha l@shdldrAFjhg wkqrEmjk mrsoafoka jsjsO kuz Ndjs;d lruska yZ|=kajd oS ;sfnz. fn#oaO Z{dk udrA.h jsYaf,aIKhjk whqre ;@sjsO l`i, ;@s YsCIdj wdhH! |=relghq;`pska;k ima; jsY`oaOsh uQ< wIaGdx.sluZ. wdruzNl iuzud osgzGs wkqY@jh" iS, jsY`oaOsh" wfuday (m@Z{dj) iuzud ixlmam mruzmrdh" ps;a; jsY`oaOsh" iS, iuzud jdpd b;slsrdh" osgzGs jsY`oaOsh" iuzud luzuka; msgl iuzmodfkak" lxLdjs;rK wfodai iuzud wdcSj ;lal fya;`" jsY`oaOsh" iudOs iuzud jdhdu kh fya;`" u.a.du.a.Z[dK iuzud i;s wdldrmrsjs;laflak" oiaik jsY`oaOsh" wf,daN iuzud iudOs osgzGskscACOdklaLka;s" mgsmodZ[dK msrsmqka iuzud Z[dK NjH;dh" oiaik jsiqoaOsh" (m@Z{dj) iuzud jsuq;a;s iufKda fkd .re' Z[dKoiaikjsY`oaOsh' tfia kuz oDIaGsh |=rel< fkdyels fohlao$ ke; oDIaGsh wksjdrAhfhkau wvql<yels yd |=rel< yels fohls.ud.!M, uZ.ska is|=lrkqfha o fulS oDIaGSka wvqlsrSu yd |=relsrSuhs.ksoiqkla f,i m<uq ud.!M,fhaoS oDIaGsh uqZM ukskau |=re fkdlrk w;r is|=lrkafka u;` wmdh.duS jSug YlH;djh olajkakdjQ oDIaGsfhys we;s ;Sj@;djh wvqlsrSuhs.fuu oDIaGSkaf.a is|=jk W#K;djh ilaldh osgzGs kue;s oDIaGsfhys Tz,drsl fldgi |=rejSu f,i wrA: ksrEmKh flfrA.tys fiiq ixfhdack jk iS,nzn; mrudi uZ.ska ksrEmKh jkafka ilaldh osgzGsh keue;s oDIaGSkays Tz,drsl fldgi |=relsrSu iZoyd wkqukh lrkq,enQ l@ufjzoh ms<snZoj ,;a wjfndaOh mokuz lrf.k b;srs oDIaGSkao |=re lsrSu g wrA:j;a l@shdud.!hla ;udu wjfndaO lr.;anj yd ta wjfndaOh;,ska ,;a oekqu mdollrf.k b;srs oDIaGska|=re lsrSfuz YlH;djhlska iukajs; njhs jspslspzPd ixfhdackh uZ.ska ksrEmKh jkqfha tlS l@shdud.!h ms<snZo we;a;djQ meyeos,s yd l@uj ;a jegySu lrkfldg f.k tlS jevms<sfj< ielfkdlrk iajNdjhhs.oeka wmf.a W;aiyh jkqfha ld,du iQ;@fhka |=relrk f,i olajd we;s wOsldruh pska;kh |=rel< yelafla l`uk jsOsl@u fhkao hkakhs.fuu jsOsl@uh OrAufhys iZoyka jkafka ima; jsY`oaOsh hk kusk.fuh ima; jsY`oaOsh hehs s jHjydr jkqfha i;ajrloS is; l@udkQl~,j jsfYdaOkhg ,lajk w;r ta uZ.ska wOsldruh pska;k fhys n,mEu uqZM ukskau bj;ajS hhs. ima; jsY`oaOsfhys iZoykajkakjQ idrOu! b;d mqZM,a fCIa;@hla wjrKh lrkq njhs tfukau ima; jsY`oaOsfhys idlpzPdlrkq ,nkakdjQ idrOu! tys moku f,i ie<flk me;slv ;`kla Tiafia idrOu! f.dkqlr olajhs fuu me;slv ;`k jkdyS m@cdkk me;slv wdfjzok me;slv yd prAhduh me;slvhs ima; jsY`oaOsfhys th Ndjs;d lrkakdjQ mqoa.,hdg Wmfoia fokqfha l@udkQ;~, njlska hq;`j fuu me;slv ;`k Tiafia ish nqoaOs mrsmdlh lrd fhduqjk wkaouhs.fn#oaO m@;smodfjys
29.
387 wjidk idrOu! l~gm@dma;sh
f,i jsia;r flfrkakdjQ fulS ksIaGdj ksrAjdKdjfndOh f,iska jHjydr flfrA. fuhska iS, jsY`oaOsfhka fmkakquz lrkafka idrOu! ixl,amhkays prAhduh fyj;a ufkdapd<l me;s lvhs'ps;a; jsY`oaOfhka wdfjzokd;aul me;s lv uQrA;su;a fjz'fiiq jsY`oaOska jk osgzGs jsY`oaOsh" lxLdjs;rK jsY`oaOsh"u.a.du.a. Z[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh"mgsmod Z[dKoiaik jsiqoaOsh yd Z[dK oiaik jsY`oaOsh hk mxpjsY`oaOSka wh;a jkqfha m@cdkk fyj;a ixcdkk me;slvgh'fuh jkdyS idrOu! ixl,amhkays nqoaOsuh me;slvhs' idrOu! ixl,amhka wOHhk ldrAhh iZoyd fhdod .ekSfuzoS wOHdmk ufkda jsoHd;aul uQ<Ou! ta iZoyd bjy,a lr.; hq;`fjz'fuz iZoyd Ndjs;d jS we;s uQ<Ou!h jkqfha wOHdmk ufkda jsoHd;aul ixl,amhla jQ m@l@usl fyj;a mshjr l@uhhs'wOHhk ldrAhhfhys fhfok flfkl`g lsishuz wruqK la idrA:l lr.ekSu iZoyd mshjfrka mshjr wruqK lrd <Z.djSug ud.!h ilialr lsrSu m@lusl fyj;a mshjr l@ufhys uQ<Ou!h f,i oelajsh yelsh' ngysr wOHdmk lafCIa;@fhys wZM;a u;jdohla fidhd.ekSu ksid uy;a wdkafoda<khlg <lajQ jsma,jldrS udkhla cks;l< l@ufjzohla f,i o fuu m@l@usl fyj;a mshjr l@uh ms<s.ekSug md;@j ;sfnz'uydpdrAh nS' ta' ialskrA mshjr l@ufhys mqfrda.dushd f,ig kuzl< yelsh 1954 oS fuz uydpdrAhjrhd jsiska rpkh lrk,o‘bf.kquz jsoHdj yd bf.kquz l,dj’kue;s mrAfhaIK m;@sldfjys fuz l@uh .ek uq,ajrg jsoHd;aul f,i js.@ylr;sfnzz'1 fuu mshjr l@ufha m@Odk;u ,CIKh jkqfha tla msjrla mshjrla mdid l@udkQl~,j ir< wjia:dfjz isg .eUqrg hdfuz l@u fjzohhs'nq|=rcdKka jykafia ima; jsY`oaOsh olajd ;sfnkqfhao fuz wdldrfhks th ima; jsY`oaOsh ;j |=rg;a jsuid ne,Sfuka ;j|=rg;a meyeosms lr.; yelsh' r: jskS; iQ;@fhys iZoyka fjkafka fufiah'iS, jsY`oaOsh ps;a; jsY`oaOsh olajdu'fjhs ps;a; jsY`oaOsh osgzGs jsY`oaOsh olajdu fjhs'osgzGs jsiqoaOsh lxLdjs;rK jsY`oaOsh olajdu fjhs'lxLdjs;rK jsY`oaOsh u.a.d u.a.Z[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh olajdu fjhs'u.a.du.a. Z[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh mgsmod Z[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh olajdu fjhs'mgsmod Z[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh Z[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh olajdu fjhs'Z[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh wkqmod mrsksj!dKh olajdu fjhs'uQ,sl wruqK jQ ksj!dK idlaId;a lrKh olajdu fuz ima; jsY`oaOsh mshjr l@uh uZ.ska bosrsm;a flfrA'nq|=r|=ka olajQ fuu mshjr l@uh ialskrAf.a mshjr l@uhg;a jvd bosrshg hdula f,i oelajsh yelafla ialskrA yqfola fuz ;`,ska wF:! olajk ,oafoa bJ|@sh wdkqN~;sl b.ekajSuzjk w;r nq|=r|=ka fuz uZ.ska m<uqj bJ|@sh wdkqN~;sho fojkqj tho blaujd w;SJ|@sh wdkqN~;sho fuz uZ.ska m@;HCIlr.; yelsnj fmkajd oSu ksidh'fuys w;sJ|@sh m@;HCIh hkq ksrAjdKdjfndaOhhs' fuu ksrAjdKdjfndaOh msKsi bjy,alr.kakd uQ<sl l@ufjzohf,i ima; jsY`o`Osh iuzNdjkdjg a md;@ jS we;.jsmiaikd Ndjkdj hkqfjkao idudkH jHydrfhaoS ima; jsY`oaOsh wrA: oelafjz. fyj;a 1 nq|=oyuska ms<snsUqjk b.ekajSfuz Ys,amSh l@u welsrsh., kkao ysus tia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda fld<U 1999 95-110 msgq
30.
388 jsmiaikd Ndjkdj is|=
lrkjd hkafkka woyia lrkafka l@usl yd l@udkQl~, wdldrfhka ksis .`rEmfoaY iys;j ima; jsY`oaOsh jevSuhs.1fuu ima; jsY`oaOsh kduslj my; iZoyka f,i oelajsh yelsh.tkuz 1 iS, jsY`oaOsh. 2 ps;a; jsY`oaOsh. 3 osgzGs jsY`oaOsh. 4 lxLdjs;rK jsY`oaOsh. 5 u.a.dyu.a.Z{dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh. 6 mgsmodZ[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh. 7 Z[dK oiaik jsiqoaOsh. 1 iS, jsY`oaOsh - fuhska wrA:j;a jkqfha mqoa.,hdf.a lh jpk hk fldgia fol ixjr lr.ekSu uZ.ska ps;a; mdrs fYdaOkh iZoyd th Yla;su;a w;a;sjdrula f,i Ndjs;dl< yels njhs'fyj;a wOsldruh pska;k fhka uki ksoyi lr.ekSu iZoyd wjYHjkakdjQ m@d:usl prAhd ixialrK jsOsl@uhla f,i YS,h Ndjs;hg f.k we;snjhs'jsY`oaOs udrA.fhys YS, jsY`Osh olajkafka nSc frdamKhg fmr N~ush ilia lr.; hq;` fia uS <Z.g ,enshhq;` jQ ps;a; jsY`oaOshg fmr is;keue;s N~ush tlS ps;a; jsY`oaOsh ,enSug fhda.H whqrska ilialr fokafka iS, jsY`oaOsh ;`,ska njhs.YS,h wmsrsis|= kuz ndysr oDIaGSkays t<aUisgskqfha kuzps;a;ho msrsis|= fkdjkafkah.oDIaGs.;sl jkafkah YS,h mxpYS,h wIaGdx. YS,h oYYS,h jYfhka kdkdjsOh.tys uq< mxpYS,hhs'ld,duiQ;@fhys moku f,i mxpYS,h olajd ;sfnkq fhao fuz ksidh.islaLdmo jsNx.fhys;a jodf< mx[YS,hhs'fuys W;alDIaGh kuz i;r ixjr YS,hhs. i;r ixjr YS,h hkq my; iZoykajk fldgia i;rhs. tkuz 1 m@d;sfudaCI ixjrYS,h. 2 bJ|@sh ixjrYS,h. 3 wdcSj mrsY`oaOs YS,. 4 m@;H ikaksY@s;YS,. 1 m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS,h m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS,h kuz YsCIdmo YS,hhs nq|=rcdKkajykafia jskfhys jod< YsCIdmo /lSu m@d;sfudCI ixjr YS,hhs'jskfhys jkdyS jsNx. nJOl mrsjdrhhs fldgia;`klg fnok ,oafoah' jsNx. kuz NslaLq jsNx. NslaLqKS jsNx. hk WNf;da jsNx.fhka hq;a mdrdcsl md<s mdps;a;sh md,s hk fmd;a folh'LkaOl kuz pq,a,j.a.md,s uydj.a.md,s hk fmd;afolh'mrsjdr kuzz mrsjdrmd,s hk fmd;h'fuz ish,af,ys we;`,;a ysCIdmo mdrdcsl ix>dosfiai mdps;a;sh mdgSfoaikSh |=lalg hk wdm;a;s ialJO myg fyda mdrdcsl |=lalg |=nzNdis; hk wdm;a;s ialJO i;g fyda we;`,;a lrk ,oafoah'tys oelajqKq tl YsCIdmohl`|= jH;sl@uKh lsrSfuka wdm;a;Skag fkdmeusK yosisfha meusKsho thska keZ.S Y`oaOj jsiSu m@d;sfudCI ixjr YS,hhs' 1 nq|=oyuska ms<snqUqjk b.ekajSfuz YS,amSh l@u welsrsh., kkao ysus tia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda fld<U 1999 95-110 msgq
31.
389
jsY`oaOs udrA.fhys m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS,h fufia olajhs ‘bO NslaLq md;sfudlaL ixjrixjqf;d jsyr;sz wdpdr f.dpr iuzmkafkda wkqu;af;aiq jcAfciq NhoiaidjS iudodh islaL;s islaLdmfoiq’hs m@d;sfudlaI ixjrfhka ixjD;j wdpdr f.dpr folska hqla;j iaj,am ud;@ jrfoys mjd nsh olakd iqZMj YsCIdmo iudokaj f.k jsiSu m@d;sfudlaI ixjrYS,h fjz hkq tys w:!hs' ‘m@d;sfudlaI ixjrfhka ixjD;j’hkafkys f;areu fuys lshk ,oaouh ‘wdpdr f.dapr hk folska hqla;j’hk fuys wdpdro we;'wkdpdro we;'f.dapro we;'wf.dapro we;'wkdpdr kuz lfhka jpk fhka YsCIdmo jH;sl@uKh lsrSuh'ishZM |=is,alush'fjzZMjkdoS wIag l`,|+IK tlajsis wfkikdosfhka |=rej jsiSuh'wf.dapr kuz fjiZ.kka jekaoUqjka <usiaishka mKavlhka NsCIqKSka mdkd.drhka rdc rdcdud;Hhka ;SrA:l ;SrA:l Y@djlhka weiqre lsrSuh'kqiq|=iq .sys ixirA.fhka jsiSuh NsCIQkag wfl@dY mrsNj fnfKk Y@oaOd m@ido ke;s l`,hka weiqre lsrSuh f.dapr kuz tfia kqiq|=iaika weiqre fkdfldg iq|=iq ;eka weiqre lsrSuhs' oijsO jQ pska;kuh wOsldrhka j,ska f;drjQ ps;a; ixl,amkd jO!kh lsrSu m@d;sfudCI ixjr YS,h wdrCIdlsrSu msKsi bjy,ajk nj ld,du iQ;@h wkqj meyeos,sfjz' wkqY@jh (Report)1 uZ.ska ,nd.kakd m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj ms<snZo oekqu ;yjqre jSug kuz ;ukao th Ndjs;hg f.k jsuidn,d tu oekqu ;ukaf.a njg tkuz ;od;auShlKhlg Ndckh lr.; hq;`h'tfia fkdjkakdjQ m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz jsOsl@uhka fyj;a weiSuz wkqY@jh ud;@fldgf.k muKla tys ksjerosNdjh ukskq,nkafkkuz th ksjeros m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj /lSfuz l@shdj,shla fkdjk nj nq|=iuh mjihs' tfukau m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz l@shdj,sfhaoS mdruzmrslNdjh(mruzmrdh Tradition)2 mokuzlrf.k tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;S ka ksjeroshehs ;SrKhlg t<USu ksjeros fkdfjz n@dyauKhkaf.a fjzoh iuznJOfhkao Tjqka yqjd olajkafka tu weiSuz mdruzmrsljk nejska tajs ksrjoHjk njhs'mrmqfrys meusKsh;a tu Y@jKhka mokuz jS we;af;a i;H milalsrSug jvd ;u;ukaf.a wd.usl wrA:oelajSuz yqjd oelajSug jk nejska tajd ksjeros m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska fkdfjz' tfukau m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz l@shdj,sfhaoS fufia fmrlshd ;sfnzhkak (b;slsrdh Prologue ; Presuppose)3 mokuzlr f.k tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCId lsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska ksjeroshehs ;SrKhlg t<USu ksjeros fkdfjz'fmrlshd ;snqkqnj hkak m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz l@shdj,sh ;`, fm#rdKslFjh yd ineZ|=kq fohla jkjd usi tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska ksjerosnj ;yjqrelsrSfuys,d usKquz oKavla lr .ekSu idjoHnj nq|=iuh olajhs' 1 w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a.h ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq"377-343 msgq' ud wkqiaifjzk 2 tu ud mruzmrdh 3 w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a.h ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq"377-343 msgq' ud b;slsrdh
32.
390
tfukau m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz l@shdj,sfhysoS msgl iuzmodh(Given in the Scripture) 1mokuzlrf.k tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska ksjeroshehs ;SrKhlg t<USu ksjeros fkdfjz'f,aLk.;nj hkak wd.usl woyia ixrCI Kfhys,d bjy,ajk l@ufjzohla usi tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska ksjerosnj ;yjqrelsrSfuys,d th usKquz oKavla lr.ekSu nq|=iuh wkqu; fkdlrhs' tfukau m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz l@shdj,sfhysoS ;rAlkh(Logical Implic ation)2 mokuzlrf.k tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska ksjeroshehs ;SrKhlg t<USu wfhda.Hh ;drAlslnj hkak hula ta;a;` .ekajSfuz ls@hdj,sfhysoS Bg wdOdr WmldrSjk woyia yd m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska bosrsm;a lsrSfuz jsOsl@uhla jkjd yefrkakg tlS woyia yd m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCId lsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska ksjerosnj ;yjqrelsrSfuys,d th usKquz oZvqjla lr.ekSu nq|=iuh wkqu; fkdlrhs' tfukau m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz l@shdj,sfhysoS kHdhdkQidrSjSu (Nomalo gical)3 mokuz lrf.k tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska ksjeros hehs ;SrKhlg t<USu wfhda.Hh kHdkQidrSjSu hkak hula fuz whqrska m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSu l< hq;`hehs ks.ukhla ,ndoS ;snqKq l@shdoduhlgu wkq.;j tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSu is|=lrkjd yefrkakg jspdrmQrAjl jSfuys lsis|= bvlvla ta ;`,ska fkdiemfha'tfukau taksid th mdol fldgf.k tlS m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Skays ksjerosnj ;yjqre lsrSfuys,d th tlu usKquz oKavla lr.ekSu nq|=iuh wkqu; fkdlrhs' tfukau m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz l@shdj,sfhaoS huz fohla jkafka fuz whqrska hehs(wdldr mrsjs;rAlh Diversification of Thought)4 ;ukaf.a mQj!ixl,amkhka mdol fldgf.k tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska ms<snZoj ksjeros ;SrKhl g t<USu wfhda.Hnj nq|=iuh fmkajdfohs'idys;HOrhka l,dlrejka ;u ksu!dK jia;`nSc iZoyd fnfyjska fuu mQj!ixl,amkd Ndjs;dlr;s'tksid mQj!ixl,amhkhka lsishuz ksu!dKd;aul lghq;a; lg yerekqfldg m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldrjk m@;sm;a;Ska jeks jsoHd;aul js.@yhkag t<Ushhq;` wjia:dj,oS Ndjs;dlsrSu wfhda.Hh' tfukau m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSfuz l@shdj,sfhysoS jsh yelsnj fyj;a iuzNdjs ;dj(NjH;dj Potentity)5 mdollrf.k tu m@d;sfudCI ixjrYS, m@;smodj wdrCIdlsrSug Wmldr jk m@;sm;a;Ska ms<snZoj ksjeros ;SrKhlg t<USu wfhda.Hnj nq|=iuh fmkajdfohs'iuzNdjs;dj jkdyS lsishuz wkqudkhls'tlS wkqudkhg mdollr.kafka tu lreKg iudk fjk;a mQj!w;aoelSuzh' 1 tu ud msgl iuzmodfkak 2 tu ud ;lal fya;` 3 tu ud kh fya;` 4 tu ud wdldr mrsjs;laflak 5 w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a.h ld,du iq;a;"nq'c'uq"377-343 msgq' ud NnznrEm;dh
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