Here I would like to explain you on bio pesticides and their disadvantages and their alternative way of utilization like controlled release formulations and also role of nanotechnology in the bio pesticides longevity in the environment. I hope it would increase your understanding on the concepts .......................................................

1. elcomeelcome
SSNAIK
TNAU

2. CONTROLLED RELEASE FORMULATIONS AS A SMARTCONTROLLED RELEASE FORMULATIONS AS A SMART
DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR THE ECO-FRIENDLY PESTICIDESDELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR THE ECO-FRIENDLY PESTICIDES
Credit seminar (0+1)
Student
Sabhavat Srinivas Naik
ID.No:13-503-010
CHAIRMAN: Dr. M. Suganthy, Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Medicinal & Aromatic Crops.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERS:
Dr. S. Mohan Kumar, Professor, CPMB&B.
Dr. V. Jegadeeswari, Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Spices & Plantation Crops.

3. Introduction
Controlled release formulations (CRFs)
Historical survey
Mechanisms of CRFs
CRFs for eco-friendly pesticides(case studies)
Conclusions
Challenges
Nanotechnology
Synthesis of the CRFs
Characterization of the CRFs
PART I
PART II
PART III
INDEX

4. How is the farmer struggling with Plants, Animals
& Microorganisms ?
Rodents& othersInsects-
Weeds-
(Animals)
(Plants)
(Animals)-
Diseases-
(Microorganisms)
30%
10%
45% 20%
INTRODUCTION
(Oerke,2005)

5. Consequences of the conventional pesticide usage
Bhopal tragedy–2000 people were died due to the MIC gas
explosion.
Kasargod tragedy- 300 diseases identified - hydrocephalus
3 million cases of pesticide poisoning each year and up to
2,20,000 deaths, primarily in developing countries.
(Peterson,2009)
(Priyanka pulla, 2013)
(Katarina Lah, 2011)
1975-70 worker- kepone shakes - after 30 days of the exposure

6. Bhopal tragedy – 2000 people were died. MIC gas explosion.
Kasargod tragedy - 300 more diseases identified - hydrocephalus
Contd………

7. Environmental pollution.
Creating health hazards due to the presence of the pesticide
residues in food, fiber and fodder.
Development of resistance by the insects.
pesticide poisoning .
pesticides accumulating in soil and groundwater where they
threaten the health of entire ecosystems.
Disadvantages of the conventional pesticides
- Nirmala devi (2011)

8. variable efficacy
Bio pesticides - drawbacks
Bio-pesticides are less harmful
Narrow broad spectrum
Bio-pesticides are effective in smaller quantities
Decompose quickly
No environmental pollution and health hazards
Reduce the conventional pesticides and yield same
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Variable efficacy - Easy degradation
- Photo volatile
Less
persistance
- Nirmala devi (2011)

9. PART II
Controlled release formulations (CRFs)
Historical survey
Mechanisms of CRFs
CRFs for eco-friendly pesticides (case studies)
Nanotechnology
Synthesis of the CRFs
Characterization of the CRFs

10. Controlled release formulations (CRFs)
“Controlled release formulations are those smart
delivery systems which slowly and continuously
release a toxic element into the environmental interface
over a period of time measured in months and years”
(Cardarelli, 1976)
Hydrolysis
Microbial
Degradation
Volatilization
Photo
degradation
a.i./conventional pesticide formulation
Encapsulated conventional pesticide
Hydrolysis
Photo decomposition
Microbial degradation
Volatilization
x
Plant

11. Historical survey of CRFs
1930 - Bungenburg de Jong- coacervation
Barrett Green-first microcapsules synthesis
1960 - Polar materials - encapsulated phase separation techniques
1950 - Many commercial products released using polymemers
1964 -Long-term release of antifouling agents realized by their
incorporation in an elastomeric matrix
Controlled release larvicides
Halogenated hydrocarbons
Carbamates
Organo phosphates.
1965 - Molluscicides based on organotins were developed.
1967 – Encapsulation niclosamide (molluscicide) in rubber.

12. 1969 - First long-term controlled release herbicide- 2,4-D in natural
rubber.
1973 -1980- Inorganic copper salts had been successfully formulated
in slow release matrices and evaluated as molluscicides.
Contd……
2000- 2011– Electro spinning techniques & SPLAT-ISCA
2000- Sol-gel technique , PHSNp.
(Cardarelli,1985)
(Rameash,2012)

13. What is the difference between the microparticle,
microsphere and microcapsule ?
Micro particle
Micro sphere
Micro capsule
Nano particle
Nano sphere
Nano capsule
Macro particle (> 1000µm)
(3-800µm)
(<0.1µm)
(Fatima Sopena, 2009)

14. .
Polymer MatrixActive ingredient
Polymer coat Entrapped Drug
(Reservoirsystem) (Monolithic system)
Difference between the microsphere and microcapsule
SphericalSpherical /Non
spherical
Microsphere
s
Microcapsules
(Kataria Sahil,2011)
Microparticle

15. Solid core Non solid core Micro domains Non solid
micro domains
Microcapsule/ Nanocapsule
“Microencapsulation is the coating of small solid particles, liquid
droplets, or gas bubbles with a thin film of coating or shell materials.
The product so obtained is termed as microcapsules. Microcapsules are
small particles that contain an active agent or core material surrounded
by a coating or shell”
(Fatima Sopena, 2009)

16. How is it possible ?
Nano technology
1. 1700-Industrial Revolution
2. 1940-Nuclear Energy Revolution
3. 1960-The Green Revolution
4. 1980s-Information Technology Revolution
5. 1990s-Biotechnology Revolution
6. Present era-Nanotechnology - sixth revolutionary
technology.
“Nanotechnology refers to controlling, building, and
restructuring materials and devices on the scale of atoms
and molecules”. A nanometer (nm) is one-billionth of a meter
(Tarafdar, 2013)

17. Nano form zeolites
Nano sensors
Nano magnets
Nanoparticles, Nanoemulsions, Nano suspensions and Nanocapsules
Nanotechnology
Slow release and efficient dosage of water, fertilizers
Drugs for livestock
Insecticides, insect repellents
Herbicide
Antifouling agents
Soil quality for plant health
monitoring
Pests detection
Removal of soil contaminants
Applications of nanotechnology in agriculture
(Tarafdar, 2013)

18. Synthesis of CRFs- Chemical bonding method

19. Synthesis of CRFs-physical method
(Ragaei,2014)

20. Micro / Nanoencapsulation techniques
Physical Chemical Physico-chemical
1.Extrusion 1.Interfacial
polymerization
1.Emulsion
2.Spray drying 2.Molecular inclusion 2.Coacervation
3.Freeze drying 3.Emulsion-solvent
evaporation
4.Emulsion crystallization/
solidification
5.Diffusion-controlled
emulsion
6.Liposome entrapment

21. ii
RELEASE MECHANISMS OF THE CRFs
1. Dissolution
2. Diffusion
3. Swelling
4. Osmosis
5. Erosion
Nirmala devi and Majji (2011)
I. Physical mechanisms II.Chemical mechanisms

22. I.Physical Mechanisms
1.Dissolution
2.Diffusion
3.Osmosis
5.Erosion
A.Reservoir system
B.Monolithic system
B. Monolithic Devices
Monolithic Solution
Monolithic Dispersion
Nonporous Membrane
Microporous Membrane
Nonporous Matrix
A. Reservoir Devices
Microporous Matrix
Monolithic Solution
Monolithic Dispersion
4.Swelling
Nirmala devi and Majji (2011)

23. 1.Dissolution
Reservoir system Monolithic system
Dissolution –membrane Dissolution-matrix
Active ingredient
a.i. dispersed/dissolved
(Lewis,1977)
Nirmala devi and Majji (2011)

24. 2.Diffusion
Reservoir system
Non porous porous
Monolithic system
Non porous Porous
(Lewis,1977)

25. Osmotic force is the driving force in osmosis-controlled systems. Such
systems generally consist of a solid and water-soluble active agent, which is
enclosed by a water-permeable, but active agent impermeable polymer membrane
with a small opening. Water is transported into the core by permeation and
hydrostatic pressure will be built up in the core and subsequently, the dissolved
active agent comes out.
3.Osmosis
H2O
Solid –active ingradient-water soluble
Water permeable membrane
Medium
Soluble a.i. released into the medium
Impermeable pore size for
a.i.
- (Fan & Singh, 1989).

26. Swelling controlled systems Here, the dispersed or dissolved active agent
in polymer matrix is unable to diffuse to any considerable extent. The active agent
is released out slowly when the polymer system gets into contact with a
compatible solvent or fluid in the environment and swelling takes place. Examples
used in such systems are Poly(hydroxyl methyl methacrylate), polyacrylamide and
poly(ethylene glycols) etc.
4.Swelling
Solvent / fluid in the medium
+
Swelling
Matrix type device
Medium
Active ingradient
(Ragaei,2014

27. The release of the active agent occurs here by erosion of the polymer.
The active agent is physically immobilized in the polymer matrix. Active agent
release rate is generally proportional to the erosion rate of the polymer matrix
which undergoes surface erosion. A zero order release can be achieved in
these systems if the erosion rate is constant and matrix dimension remains
unchanged.
5. Erosion
a.i.
Matrix
Erosion of the matrix
a.i. released in to the medium
(Scher,1977)

28. II.Chemical Mechanisms
Active agent is released only when the polymer active agent bond
is cleaved or the polymer is degraded. A zero order release profile may be
obtained when the active agent is a co-monomeric unit in polymer
backbone and release occur by polymer degradation.
Polymer
Chemical bond
Active ingredient
(Scher,1977)

29. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CRFS
1.Scanning electron microscope
2.Transmission electron microscope
3.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
4.Particle size analyser
(Chinnamuthu and Natarajan,2007)

30. 1. Scanning Electron Microscope
SEM
(Jayakumar Jerobin,2012)
 Surface morphology features of the nano materials and biological
samples
 Topography of any sample
 Elemental composition – EDAX
Morphology of encapsulated neem oil
emulsion

31. (Zhu-Zhu Li, 2006)
Avermectin PHSNs
2.Transmission Electron Microscope
TEM
 Internal feature of the sample
 Elemental composition – EDAX

32. 3.PARTICLE SIZE ANALYZER CUM ZETA POTENTIAL
 To know the stability of the nanoparticle
 For good stability above +/- 30.

33. 5.FOURIER TRANSMISSION INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
 Based on the polarization effect
 To know the reaction between the polymer and the active
ingredient

34. Applications of the CRFs (Case studies)
CASE STUDY 1 : PHEROMONE
CASE STUDY 2 : ENTOMOPATHOGENIC BATERIA
CASE STUDY 3 : ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI
CASE STUDY 4 : RECENT TECHNOLOGY IN CRF

35. Case study 1
Efficient Management of Fruit Pests by Pheromone Nanogels
Scientist Deepa Bhagat and co workers
Year 2013
Place Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi.
Objective To study the efficacy of the controlled release nanogel
formulation

36. (Deepa Bhagat,2013)

37. Slope magnitude comparison
(Deepa Bhagat,2013)

38. (Deepa Bhagat,2013)
30 days after storage
Fruit flies attracted towards the thin film nanogel

39. 1 2
3 4
Nanogel
Fruit fly counting
Establishment
(Deepa Bhagat,2013)
Field experiment

40. Numberofcatches
Number of days
(Deepa Bhagat,2013)
Number of days of catches for the ME and Nano ME gel

41. (Deepa Bhagat,2013)
Trap catches from the Methyl Eugenol (ME) and Nano ME gel

42. Assessment of Microencapsulated Formulations for Improved
Residual Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis
Objective :To evaluate best polymer combination for
encapsulating Bt and for resistant against the rain,
sunlight
Case study 2
Scientist : Patricia tamez-Guerra and co workers
Place : Bioactive Agents Research Unit. USDA -ARS-NCAUR
Year : 1997-1998

43. Ostrinia nubilalis % mortality
1.Only corn flour
Patricia tamez-Guerra (2000)
Laboratory bioassay

44. Lignin + corn flour & technical formulation
Patricia tamez-Guerra (2000)
Laboratory bioassay
Ostrinia nubilalis % mortality

45. Ostrinia nubilalis % mortality
Patricia tamez-Guerra (2000)
Laboratory bioassay
Lignin + corn flour & Dipel 2x commercial formulation

46. Trichoplusia ni % mortality-August month
(Patricia tamez-Guerra, 2000)
Field experiment

47. Trichoplusia ni % mortality-October month
(Patricia tamez-Guerra, 2000)
Field experiment

48. Case study 3
Biocompatible Chitosan Nanoparticles Incorporated Pesticidal
Protein Beauvericin (CSNp-BV) Preparation for the Improved
Pesticidal Activity Against Major Groundnut Defoliator Spodoptera
Litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae)
Scientist Arvind Bharani and co workers
Year 2014
Place Department Of Biotechnology, Sathyabama
University, Chennai
Objective To prepare the improved pesticides activity CSNp
for controlling the Spodoptera litura

49. Cumulative mortality (%) of S.litura treated with free beauvericin (F-BV)
and chitosan nanoparticles incorporated beauvericin (CSNp-BV)
(Arvind Bharani, 2014)
Table 1.

50. Effect of free beauvericin (F-BV) and chitosan nanoparticles
incorporated beauvericin (CSNp-BV) on pupal and adult
emergence
(Arvind Bharani, 2014)

51. Recent technology in CRFs

52. SPLAT®
SPECIALIZED PHEROMONE AND LURE APPLICAION
TECHNOLOGY
Dr. Agenor Mafra-Neto
CEO OF ISCA TECHNOLOGIES
USA,CALIFORNIA.

53. SPLAT- A controlled release technology
It is an controlled release technology.
Chemical emulsion type CRF. Basically It Is Matrix type diffusion
system.
Developed by ISCA technologies, USA, California.
Used for the Semiochemicals and other pesticides.
In September 2009, the first SPLAT mating disruption formulation,
SPLAT LBAM HD-O, was approved by the EPA for National
Organic Program for organic certified farms.
Beginning in 2011, all SPLAT mating disruption products are
certified for use for organic production.
(Mafra-Neto,2013)

54. Mechanism of pheromone release
SPLAT: Aqueous component + Active ingredient + Additives+ Matrix
(Mafra-Neto, 2013)
Aqueous component evaporation

55. (Mafra-Neto,2013)

56. Aerial ApplicationCaulking Gun
SPLAT-o-GatorSPLAT Gator
(Mafra-Neto,2013)

57. Conclusions
 3Rs & environmental pollution present pest management
 Change -sustainable agriculture/precision /organic farming
 CRFs Protected and long live eco friendly pesticides.
 Nano science -important in the CRFs- smart delivery system
 Select active compound, encapsulate, characterize and
evaluate
 Involved physics and chemistry for the designing in CRFs
 Single attempt we cannot achieve the better results

58. Future challenges to the scientific community

59. Nanoparticle
Bio accumulation
Toxicity to soil biota
Toxicity to humans
Toxicity to pollinators
(Luiz de Oliveira, 2014)

60. MICROENCAPSULATION
SPLAT
PLEASE KEEP WATCH………………………….

61. SPECIAL THANKS TO :
Dr. S. KUTTALAM (PROF. & HEAD - AGRI.ENTO)
Dr. K.GUNASEKARAN (PROF.& HEAD - NS&T)
Dr. P.JAYAKUMAR (JSS UNIVERSITY)
Dr. T. GOWATAHAM RAJ (JSS UNIVERSITY)
SRFs - BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY

62. Keep the farmers smile…… because we
are scientific
Thanks a lot