analisis tecnologico( diagnostico tecnologico, herramienta de toma de deciones)
T7 chafla stalin slideshare 1.ppt
1.
2. 2001 Indicadores Clave del Mercado Laboral http://www.ilo.org/kilm
Globalización y avances tecnológicos dirigen un
cambio en el mundo laboral
3. 2001 Indicadores Clave del Mercado Laboral http://www.ilo.org/kilm
El indicador es conceptualmente relevante .
Hay datos para el indicador.
El indicador es comparable entre países y
regiones.
Criterios para la selección de indicadores:
4. 2001 Indicadores Clave del Mercado Laboral http://www.ilo.org/kilm
Cuando se diseña indicadores, se
debe buscar un balance entre:
Maximizar la
cobertura, es
decir proveer el
numero mas
grande de
observaciones
para el numero
mas grande de
países.
Armonizar los
indicadores entre
países y el tiempo
(los mismos tipos
de fuentes,
procedimientos de
muestras,
metodologías, y
definiciones).
Cobertura Comparabilidad
5. 2001 Indicadores Clave del Mercado Laboral http://www.ilo.org/kilm
• Empleo en el sector informal
• Horas de trabajo
• Trabajadores a tiempo parcial
• Empleo por rama de actividad
• Empleo por situación
• Tasa de ocupación
• Tasa de participación
Indicadores Clave del Mercado Laboral
Niveles educacionales y analfabetismo
Tasa de inactividad
Subempleo
Desempleo por nivel de educación
• Desempleo a largo plazo
• Desempleo juvenil
• Desempleo
Pobreza y distribución de ingresos
Flujos en el mercado laboral
Productividad y costos laborales unitarios
Costos de compensación por hora
Sueldos y ingresos por ocupación
Índices reales de sueldos industriales
6. 2001 Indicadores Clave del Mercado Laboral http://www.ilo.org/kilm
Fuentes de Información
7. 2001 Indicadores Clave del Mercado Laboral http://www.ilo.org/kilm
Ningún indicador sobre el
mercado laboral puede proveer
una vista clara y exacta para los
asuntos políticos que cargan los
partidos tripartitos.
Igual que una consulta
medica, se necesita un
número de indicadores.
8. 2001 Indicadores Clave del Mercado Laboral http://www.ilo.org/kilm
Empleo por situación, economías seleccionadas
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Panamá 1999
Panamá 1991
México 1999
México 1991
Honduras 1999
Honduras 1991
El Salvador 1998
El Salvador 1991
Ecuador 1998
Ecuador 1991
Costa Rica 1999
Costa Rica 1991
Asalariados Trabajadores a cuenta propia Trabajadores Familiares Otros
9. 2001 Indicadores Clave del Mercado Laboral http://www.ilo.org/kilm
Menos de 10 %
Entre 10 y 24.9 %
Entre 25 y 49.9 %
Entre 50 y 69.9 %
70 % o más
Empleo en el sector informal (porcentaje
del empleo total), últimos años
10. 2001 Indicadores Clave del Mercado Laboral http://www.ilo.org/kilm
Tasa de desempleo, ambos sexos
Menos del 5 por ciento
Entre el 5 y el 9.9 por ciento
Entre el 10 y 14.9 por ciento
Entre el 15 y 25 por ciento
Información no disponible
11. 2001 Indicadores Clave del Mercado Laboral http://www.ilo.org/kilm
Tasa de desempleo juvenil, ambos sexos
Menos del 10 por ciento
Entre el 10 y el 19.9 por ciento
Entre el 20 y 29.9 por ciento
Más del 30 por ciento
Información no disponible
12. 2001 Indicadores Clave del Mercado Laboral http://www.ilo.org/kilm
Tasas de desempleo, desempleo
juvenil y subempleo
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Años
%
Colombia
Desempleo
Desempleo juvenil
El Salvador
Desempleo
Desempleo juvenil
Peru
Desempleo
Subempleo
13. 2001 Indicadores Clave del Mercado Laboral http://www.ilo.org/kilm
Sueldos reales industriales, países seleccionados
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Years
%
ElSalvador Brasil Colombia México
14. 2001 Indicadores Clave del Mercado Laboral http://www.ilo.org/kilm
Crecimiento del valor añadido por ocupado
Economía Total (1980 hasta último año)
Rechazado
Menos del 30 % crecimiento
Entre el 30 y 40 % “”
Entre el 40 y 80 % ””
80 % y más “”
Información no disponible
15. 2001 Indicadores Clave del Mercado Laboral http://www.ilo.org/kilm
Productos
Publicación
Sitio web
CD-ROM
Artículos
científicos
16. 2001 Indicadores Clave del Mercado Laboral http://www.ilo.org/kilm
Desarollo de Sistemas de
Información
Colección de información
Formulación,
Monitoreo y
Evaluación de Políticas
Análisis
Disseminación de
información
Notas del editor
As we enter a new millennium, it is increasingly clear that we are affected as much by global events and developments as by what occurs within our own communities.
As the world’s population becomes more interdependent, the need to enhance our understanding of the world of work becomes increasingly important.
Our most resent estimates show the global labour force was nearly 2.7 billion with the number of unemployed reaching 160 million, corresponding to a global unemployment rate of 6 per cent. Of the 166 million, 41 percent or 66 million are young women and men.
In addition, about 500 million are “working poor” who are unable to earn more than US$1 per day, enough to keep their families out of poverty. This estimate does not reflect the number of individuals that are underempled
In 1997, a collaborative effort involving experts from the ILO and various international and national organisation was undertaken to complete the selection and refinement of the KILM indicators.
The indicators were chosen based on three criteria:
conceptual relevance,
data availability and,
where possible, comparability across countries and regions.
The collection and dissemination of labour market indicators can present an interesting dilemma.
How does one balance a desire to provide the greatest degree of geographical coverage for a specified time period with the need of insuring the greatest level of comparability? It is difficult to achieve a harmonious balance between coverage and comparability. The only realistic way of resolving the problem is to provide as much information as possible while making sure to redflag the accompanying methodological information so as to allow the users a chance of making informed decisions regarding the comparability of the data.
In producing the KILM, a special effort was made to include text that relates the "limitations to comparability" for each indicator. Notes on methodology and sources are also placed as explicitly as possible in each data table.
Initial efforts in developing the project concentrated on harvesting information directly from international repositories. In other words, the team did not focus on contacting national sources, but rather the team responsible for the project took advantage of existing compilations of information held by various international organizations.
Regional and national data sources were sought directly only when data were unavailable from one of the repositories.
The ILO regional offices and multidisciplinary advisory teams (MDTs) assisted by providing access to regional labour market informatoin. The regional offices and MDTs also actively participated in locating and analysing a variety of data from national and regional statistical sources.
Indicators of status in employment distinguish between three important and useful categories of the total employed. These are: (a) wage and salaried workers, or employees; (b) self-employed workers; and (c) contributing family workers (also termed unpaid family workers). These three groups of workers are presented as percentages of the total employed for both sexes and for male and female separately
There are important differences in status in employment between developed and developing economies. Within developed (industrialized) economies, the proportion of wage and salaried workers is as high as 80 - or even 90 - per cent of the total employed, the self-employed typically account for between 10 to 15 per cent and unpaid family workers are generally quite low. In developing economies, the proportions are much smaller for wage and salaried workers - but with greater variation. For example, Singapore had 86 per cent in wage and salaried employment in 1999 in comparison to Peru at 46 per cent.
In Latin American economies, where the major share of new jobs has been in the informal sector, self-employment accounts for 25 to 40 per cent of total employment in the total (or urban) economy.
Information for Latin America and the Caribbean shows a different picture. In 11 of the 15 economies for which information by sex are available the share of informal sector employment is higher for men than for women. However, in some of these economies the gap has narrowed during the 1990s. In four economies in that region (Bolivia, Ecuador, Honduras and Peru), the informal sector already has a relatively greater importance for women's employment than for men's.
In many economies, especially those in Latin America, information on the informal sector is available for urban areas only. In some economies, information for the informal sector is restricted to urban areas or even major metropolitan areas or capital cities. Of equal significance is the fact that some economies include small-scale or unregistered agricultural activities in their definition of the informal sector, while others do not. The vast majority of agricultural activities in most economies are undertaken in rural areas.
In 17 of these economies, employment in the informal, or related, sectors accounts for more than 50 per cent of total employment. These include nine African economies, seven Latin American economies (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Paraguay and Peru) and one Asian country. The highest shares (more than 70 per cent) were recorded in Gambia, Ghana, Mali and Uganda.
Time-series data that allow for the analysis of change over time are available for only 17 economies. The data show that in virtually all cases the share of informal sector employment has increased during the 1990s; the largest increases for the indicator were observed in Bolivia, Kenya and Venezuela. For Latin American economies, the typical pattern has been an increase of the indicator during the first half of the 1990s, followed by a stagnation or decrease during the latter years. Brazil, Chile, Honduras, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela are exceptions to this pattern. For Chile, the indicator remained almost constant, while for Brazil, Honduras, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela it continued to increase during the whole decade.
For many economies, the unemployment rate is probably the best-known labour market measure. Together with the employment-to-population ratio, it provides the broadest indicator of the labour market situation in economies that collect information on the labour force. The 2001 KILM has assembled unemployment information for 127 economies.
While the unemployment rate is considered by many to be the single, most informative labour market indicator to provide knowledge about the general performance of the labour market and the economy as a whole, it should not be interpreted as a measure of economic hardship or well-being.
Looking at all rates for latest years of all economies, the number of economies with reported rates that were at or above the 7 per cent mark remain high. As expected, economies in the developed (industrialized) grouping continued to have high rates To be sure, 7 per cent may not necessarily be regarded as a high unemployment rate by national policy-makers some economies routinely have had rates in high double digits but for many economies rates that extreme imply that they could be in recession (determined through other means, mostly through national account statistics) or suffering from unhealthy economic conditions.
Among the 37 Latin American and Caribbean economies the rates increased in 15, decreased in seven and remained relatively stable in the remaining economies.
More than forty per cent of the unemployed in the world were young women and men. The youth unemployment rate was higher than the adult rate in all regions with information available. The incidence of unemployment among young people was generally twice the rate of adult unemployment in the developed (industrialized) economies, the Transition economies, Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean regions. A higher youth unemployment rate is not surprising, however; it simply reflects the fact that the risk of unemployment is higher at labour market entry points than at any other point. But at twice the adult rate, the youth rate is revealing and points to a need to focus on youth unemployment in national labour market policies.
In 1999, in Latin America and the Caribbean eight of 17 economies with information on youth unemployment showed rates of at least 25 per cent. At the same time, however, eight economies, mainly in Latin America, show rates that are persistently below 15 per cent throughout the 1990s.
The 17 Asian and Pacific economies with data, where the economic crisis recently hit hard, show that the total unemployment rates increased in 11 economies, even doubling or more in Hong Kong (China), Republic of Korea, Macau (China) and Thailand, to the detriment of both men and women. It is interesting to note, however, that in many of these economies there was a corresponding increase in the labour force, implying that economic hardship was dealt with, in part, by persons previously outside of the labour force (oftentimes women) re-joining the work force in order to offset a loss of household income resulting from unemployment. Also, the unemployment situation in the "crises" economies, seems to have improved in the past couple of years. Men seem to have suffered worse than women in terms of unemployment in economies such as Korea and Macau (China), which indicates that it was probably heavy industry (which is largely male-dominated) that was harder hit in these economies.
The selection of this indicator was prompted by several considerations. Information on average wages represents one of the most important branches of labour market information. Wages are a substantial form of income, accruing to a high proportion of the economically active population, namely persons in paid employment.
Information on wage levels is essential in evaluating the living standards and conditions of work and life of this group of workers in both industrialized and developing economies. The need for information on average wages is particularly important in the planning of economic and social development, establishing income and fiscal policies, regulating minimum wages and collective bargaining, and fixing social security contributions and benefits. In addition, international standards have long been developed, adopted and implemented for the concepts, scope and methods of collection, compilation and classification of wages statistics. This should, in principle, facilitate international comparisons.
Real wage trends in Latin America are somewhat diverse. In Argentina, the trend for the 1990s is flat. Several economies showed decreases in very recent years (1998 or 1999) that halted a trend of rising wages in the 1990s. There was a generally downward trend for Venezuela. Chile experienced a considerable decline in real wages after 1992, followed by a very slow recovery up to the end of the decade. Countries with steady increases in the later 1990s include Colombia and Costa Rica. Real wages for Honduras and Mexico rose in the early 1990s and fell below 1990 levels later in the decade. The pattern for wages in the Caribbean is varied.
Economic growth in an economy or a sector can be ascribed either to increased employment or to more effective work by those who are employed. The latter effect can be described through information on labour productivity. Labour productivity therefore is a key measure of economic performance. The understanding of the driving forces behind it, in particular the accumulation of machinery and equipment, improvements in organization as well as physical and institutional infrastructures, improved health and skills of workers (“human capital”) and the generation of new technology, is important for formulating policies to support economic growth. Such policies may focus on regulations on industries and trade, institutional innovations, government investment programmes in infrastructures as well as human capital, technology or any combination of these.
Labour productivity estimates can serve to develop and monitor the effects of labour market policies. For example, high labour productivity is often associated with high levels or particular types of human capital, indicating priorities for specific education and training policies. Likewise, trends in productivity estimates can be used to understand the effects of wage settlements on rates of inflation or to ensure that such settlements will compensate workers for (part of) realized productivity improvements.
Between 1980 and 1999, average productivity growth in these Asian economies was about 2.4 percentage points faster than for the OECD economies and the productivity gap relative to the United States improved by more than 5 percentage points.
In order to meet the needs of users, the ILO is making the KILM information available in a variety of formats. The main KILM products are the publication, CD-ROM that will be accompanied by a country profile report. The CD-ROM version of KILM provide an interactive software that allows users to select the indicators by country, year, type of source, or other user-defined criteria that correspond to specific research needs. It duplicates the bound publication while adding features unavailable in the print version such as data for the years of 1981-89. The 1999 Country Profiles report provides users with an easy and fast reference guide to the set of indicators by country. Other KILM products include an internet website and an intranet website that allows for the interactive exchange of data between the ILO field offices and headquarters.
