How to Do Things with Triples

WeST – Web Science & Technologies
University of Koblenz Landau, Germany

How to do things with triples?

Steffen Staab

What is a triple?

http://dbtune.org/musicbrainz/resource/artist/d87e52c5-bb8d-4da8-b941-9f4928627dc8

foaf:name

ABBA

WeST – Web Science & Steffen Staab
Technologies staab@uni-koblenz.de

What is Linked Data? The LOD Cloud


What is Linked Data? Linked Data Principles1. URIs as
identifiers

2. http
lookup

4. relations, also
to other locations
WeST – Web Science &
3. RDF
Steffen Staab
Technologies (triples)
staab@uni-koblenz.de

What is Linked Data good for?

 Data integration is easy
 Migrating different data sources to linked data is (relatively)
easy

 Serendipitous use
 Discover new information by following data links

 Data repurposing
 Querying and aggregating data can give new insights

 ...


Issue: From Data to Understanding


LENA – A Fresnel application

Fresnel Vocab by [Pietriga et al. ISWC-2006]

State-of-the-Art: One App at a Time

Shameless self-promotion: Semaplorer

Billion Triples Challenge 1. Prize
2008

[Schenk et al., JoWS 2009]

State-of-the-Art: One App at a Time

Shameless self-promotion: LISA

1. Prize
German
Linked Open Gov Data
Competition 2012


What‘s between the two?

One App at a Time Generic Frameworks
+ Great to use + Can be applied on all data
+ Like DB application - Data remains hard to
- Brittle understand
- Not really extensible - No process support
- Noone wants to use them


What may be a theory for doing things with triples?

PRAGMATICS


Austin: How to do things with words

Core Hypothesis by Austin:
Speech is not only passively describing a given reality, but it can
change the (social) reality it is describing through speech acts
Summary from Wikipedia, 2012-06-09


Why Do We Understand the Text Web?



 Phonic act / graphic act:
ThetemperatureinMilwaukeeis100°F.

 Locutionary act:
temperature(Milwaukee,100)
Grice‘s
maxims


Grice‘s Maxims / Cooperative Principle

Interacting agents mutually assume that:
 Quantity:
 Be as informative as you possibly can,
 give as much information as needed, not more.
 Quality:
Criteria are
 Be truthful
competing and
 Pertinence:
overlapping.
 be relevant,
 say things pertinent to the discussion
 Manner:
 be clear, brief, orderly as one can
 avoid obscurity and ambiguity




Grice‘s
maxims
 Illocutionary act:
Warn the conference attendees

 Perlocutionary act:
Attendees stay in the shadow, etc…



Core Hypothesis by Austin:
Speech is not only passively describing a given reality, but it can
change the (social) reality it is describing through speech acts
Summary from Wikipedia, 2012-06-09

Hypothesis of this talk:
Linked data is facts, but the idea of linked data is also
re-purposing,
⟹ re-presenting,
⟹ re-narrating,
to achieve an understandable dialogue


Semantic Web / Linked Data

- various syntaxes -
- RDF/OWL interpretation –


Data is not Text

Quantity:
 One triple vs big data
➯ What is the right amount?

Pertinence:
 Pertinence to dialogue
➯ Does the discussion/interaction determine data selection?

Manner:
 Data is not sequential
➯ No implicit ordering contained in the data
(e.g. birthdata before date of death)

Semantic Web / Linked Data

 Phonic act / graphic act: Lead question:
ThetemperatureinMilwaukeeis100°F. Semantic Web
Does the
- various syntaxes - have a pragmatics layer?
 Locutionary act: How would this look like?
temperature(Milwaukee,100)  Quantity
- RDF/OWL interpretation –  Quality
 Pertinence
 Manner

Generic
applications easily
violate Grice‘s
maxims!


CONCEPTUAL
NAVIGATION MODEL


Hypertextual Navigation (from D. Schwabe)

What does it mean to
click here?
Semantics is clear,
but Pragmatics?

Context +
Grice‘s Pertinence!

[Bomfim & Schwabe, 2011]



 Input: LOD + Navigation Model + other stuff

 Navigation Model
 A Context is a set of resources that share similar
navigation opportunities.
• Context:Navigation ⇔Class:Structure+Behavior
 Navigation Metamodel



foaf:Document

AllDocuments DocumentsAlpha

DocumentsByPerson byPerson

Hitting a link of type
foaf:Person „Organization“
byDocument means different
AllPersons PersonsAlpha
things in different
contexts!
swc:AcademicEvent
Here is one!
byOrganiza on

EventsByUserProgram byUserProgram

AllEvents EventsAlpha


PROGRAMMING WITH LINKED
DATA
=
INTERACTING WITH LINKED DATA

[Schegelmann et al 2012]

Mapping Linked Data and OO Programming

Linked Data Object orientation
 Meaning/Semantics  Meaning/Semantics
 Concept  Classes
 Properties  Attributes/Methods
 Instances  Objects
 Pragmatics
 Classes
• Visible and used by
whom?
• Orchestration of method
calls

Responsibility-driven

Why is Linked Data Programming Tricky?
Developing Core Ontologies
 Software: Core Ontology of Software (COS)
 Services: Core Ontology of Software Components (COSC)
 Multimedia: Core Ontology of Multimedia (COMM)
 Events: Core Ontology of Events (F)
 Desktop: Core Semantic Inf. Mgmt. Ontology (COSIMO)

Main Criteria:
 Reusability 
 Plugability 

Main Drawback: Programmability 


What Jeopardizes Programmability?
Challenges on (RDF) knowledge representation
 N-ary relations (denormalization)
 Aspect on relationships („Tim has high temp, but falling“)
 Roles as additional objects
(lifetime different from rigid object)
 Different roles being played in different contexts
(descriptions and situations)

 Solution [Schegelmann et al 2012]:
–Different ontology patterns to the rescue
–Easy to use APIs
http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-n-aryRelations/

Pattern for Image Tagging

[Scherp&Saathoff, WWW-2010]
[Troncy et al 2007]

Ontology API Model for Image Tagging


Automatically Generated Ontology API


Comparing the two structures


OntoMDE Workflow

Model of Ontologies (MoOn)
Adding declarative layer:
Structuring the ontologies into
semantic units
Ontology API Model (OAM)
Adding declarative layer:
Structuring pragmatic units specifying
how entities are to be used together


RANKING


More data here …

Which links to follow?
Where to go next?
What information is there?
What are the „good“ links …
… leading to „good“ resources?

More data here …

Relevance Ranking for Linked Data

Apply Web Ranking,
e.g. HITS, PageRank, …

Who is loved/hated most?

TripleRank


Linked Data as Tensor

Transformation
to 3-D-Tensor

Then:
[Franz et al, 2009] PARAFAC analysis
[Nickel et al, 2012]


Evaluation

 16 test persons
 Faceted browsing scenario
 What are the most
interesting, most related,
most useful resources
(objects)?
 10 queries


Evaluation: Results

 1387 answers, overall inter-rater agreement: 0.7
(0 ≤ agreement ≤ 1)
8 TR
7.594

TR
7
BL

6

5

4
Doubled recall BL
3.948
TR

3
without loss of precision! 3.251

TR
2.413
BL
2
1.626 BL
1.207
1

0
Total Results Positives Negatives


CONCLUSION


Metamodels
Patterns
Pragmatics Rankings
...

Semantics

Syntax


Issue: From Data to Understanding
Cognition
Storytelling
Pragmatics
Ontology Patterns
Conceptual Modeling
Metamodels
...

Quantity
Pertinence
Manner


Hypertext Community

Linking people
Linking resources

Make linked data
understandable!

Linking data Linking stories


THANK YOU!


Literature
J. L. Austin. How to do things with words. Oxford University Press, 1962/1975.
M. H. de S. Bomfim, Daniel Schwabe. Design and Implementation of Linked Data Applications
Using SHDM and Synth. Int. Conf. Web Engineering 2011, pp. 121-136.
T. Franz, A. Schultz, S. Sizov, S. Staab: TripleRank: Ranking Semantic Web Data by Tensor
Decomposition. International Semantic Web Conference 2009: 213-228
Chierchia, Gennaro.; McConnell-Ginet, Sally: Meaning and Grammar : An Introduction to
Semantics. MIT Press, 1990.
Maximilian Nickel, Volker Tresp, Hans-Peter Kriegel: Factorizing YAGO: scalable machine
learning for linked data. WWW 2012: 271-280
E. Pietriga, C. Bizer, D. Karger, R. Lee: Fresnel: A Browser-Independent Presentation Vocabulary
for RDF. International Semantic Web Conference 2006, Springer 158-171.
S. Schenk, C. Saathoff, S. Staab, A. Scherp. SemaPlorer – Interactive Semantic Exploration of
Data and Media based on a Federated Cloud Infrastructure. In Journal of Web Semantics,
Elsevier, 7(4), 2009.
C. Saathoff, A. Scherp: Unlocking the semantics of multimedia presentations in the web with the
multimedia metadata ontology. WWW 2010: 831-840
R. Troncy, O. Celma, S. Little, R. García and C. Tsinaraki. MPEG-7 based Multimedia
Ontologies: Interoperability Support or Interoperability Issue? In Workshop on Multimedia
Annotation and Retrieval enabled by Shared Ontologies (MAReSO'07), Genova, Italy, December
5, 2007. http://www.eurecom.fr/~troncy/Publications/Troncy-mareso07.pdf


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