Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

1. '()*+,$#-.
La estructura y función de
macromoléculas biológicas
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for
!"#$#%&
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2. Al finalizar el capítulo debes poder:
!" #$%&'()(*+*,'-.(/0/(*12-*.%)3(2*4(/$./4)1'-*
.1)-'-*,'*&215.%1)-
6" 7'-.(/0/(*1)*82(&)./9$*,'*'$1).'-*:1%.2-;,/.2
+*,/-3/$:%/(*'$3('*&2$2-).<(/,2-=*,/-).<(/,2-=*
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>" 7/-3/$:%/(*'$3('*:()-)-*-)3%(),)-*'*
/$-)3%(),)-*+*'$3('*:()-)-*cis y trans
?" 7'-.(/0/(*12-*.%)3(2*$/@'1'-*,'*2(:)$/A)./9$*
'-3(%.3%()1*,'*%$)*4(23';$)
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3. B" 7/-3/$:%/(*'$3('*12-*-/:%/'$3'-*4)('-C*
4/(/&/,/$)*+*4%(/$)=*$%.1'93/,2*+*$%.1'9-/,2=*
(/02-)*+*,'-2D/((/02-)=*3'(&/$)1'-*B +*> ,'*
%$*$%.1'93/,2
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

4. Panorama: Las moléculas de los organismos
E F2,)-*1)-*.2-)-*@/@/'$3'-*'-3<$*.2$-3(%/,)-*,'*
12-*&/-&)-*.1)-'-*,'*&215.%1)-C*
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'$1).'-*.2@)1'$3'-
E J)*'-3(%.3%()*&21'.%1)(*+*-%*8%$./9$*-2$*
/$-'4)()01'-
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

5. K/:"*BL!

6. Concepto 5.1: Macromoléculas son polímeros,
construidos de monómeros
E M$*)#$*261#-'- %$)*&215.%1)*1)(:)*H%'*
.2$-/-3'*&%.G2-*012H%'-*,'*.2$-3(%../9$*
-/&/1)('-*
E J2-*012H%'-*,'*.2$-3(%../9$*-'*11)&)$*
2#57261#4
E F('-*,'*1)-*.%)3(2*.1)-'-*,'*1)-*&215.%1)-*
2(:<$/.2-*'$*12-*2(:)$/-&2-*-2$*421;&'(2-C
– N)(02G/,()32-
– O(23';$)-
– P./,2-*$%.1'/.2-
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

7. La síntesis y descomposición de polímeros
E M$)*16(00"75 ,'*0#58654(0"75-Q2*
8649"81(+(0"75R 2.%(('*.%)$,2*,2-*
&2$9&'(2-*-'*%$'$*)*3()@5-*,'*1)*45(,/,)*,'*
%$)*&215.%1)*,'*):%)*
E :5;"2(4--2$*&).(2&215.%1)-*H%'*)%&'$3)$*
1)*@'12./,),*,'1*4(2.'-2*,'*,'-G/,()3)./9$*
E O21;&'(2-*-2$*,'-.2&4%'-32-*)*&2$9&'(2-*
42(*9"817$"4"4=*%$)*(')../9$*H%'*
'-'$./)1&'$3'*'-*'1*('@'(-2*,'*1)*(')../9$*,'*
,'-G/,()3)./9$*
<5"2(+"#5=->#$&2614
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8. K/:"*BL6)
IJ N K M I IJ I
E9#1+-)#$&261 F5$"5G68-2#5#261
?69&81(+"#5-162#@64-(-A(+61
2#$60,$6B-C#12"5%-(-56A-D#58
IKJ
IJ N K M L I
H#5%61-)#$&261
O(P ?69&81(+"#5-16(0+"#5-"5-+96-4&5+964"4-#C-(-)#$&261

9. K/:"*BL60
IJ N K M L I
I&81#$&4"4-(884-(-A(+61 IKJ
2#$60,$6B-D16(G"5%-(-D#58
IJ N K M I IJ I
ODP I&81#$&4"4-#C-(-)#$&261

10. La diversidad de los polímeros
E N),)*.51%1)*3/'$'*&/1'-*,'*,/8'('$3'-*3/42-*,'**
&).(2&215.%1)-* M
K I IJ
E J)-*&).(2&215.%1)-*@)(;)$*'$3('*1)-*.51%1)-*
,'*%$*2(:)$/-&2=*@)(;)$*&<-*'$*%$)*'-4'./'=*
+*)S$*&<-*'$3('*'-4'./'-
E M$)*/$&'$-)*@)(/',),*,'*421;&'(2-*-'*4%','*
.2$-3(%/(*,'*%$*4'H%'I2*:(%42*,'*&2$9&'(2-
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

11. Concepto 5.2: Carbohidratos sirven como
combustible y material de construcción
E '(1D#9"81(+#4-/$.1%+'$*1)-*)AS.)('-*+*
421;&'(2-*,'*)AS.)('-
E J2-*.)(02G/,()32-*&<-*-/&41'- -2$*12-*
&2$2-).<(/,2-=*2*)AS.)('-*-'$./11)-*
E N)(02G/,()32-*.2&41'T2- -2$*12-*421/-).<(/,2-=*
.2&4%'-32-*,'*&%.G)-*)AS.)('-*
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

12. Azúcares
E /#5#4(0Q1"8#4-3/'$'$*%$)*82(&%1)*&21'.%1)(*
H%'*%-%)1&'$3'*-2$*&S13/412-*,'*NU6V
E W1%.2-)*QNXU!6VXR*'-*'1*&2$2-).<(/,2*&<-*
.2&S$
E J2-*&2$2-).<(/,2-*-'*.1)-/8/.)$*42(**
– J)*12.)1/A)./9$*,'1*:(%42*.)(02$/12*Q.2&2*
)1,'G;,2*2*.'32$)-R
– #1*$S&'(2*,'*.)(02$2-*'$*-%*'T'*,'*.)(02$2-*
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13. K/:"*BL>
Y1"#464 O'MIWJMP >65+#464 O'.INXJ.P I6R#464 O'WINKJWP
<$8#464
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S"D#46
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T6+#464
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S"D,$#46
U1,0+#46

14. E Y%$H%'*&)+2(&'$3'*,/0%T),)-*.2&2*%$*'T'*
1/$')1=*'$*-21%./9$*).%2-)*&%.G)-*)AS.)('-*
82(&)$*)$/112-
E J2-*&2$2-).<(/,2-*-/(@'$*.2&2*.2&0%-3/01'*
4)()*1)-*.51%1)-*+*.2&2*&)3'(/)1*4)()*.2$-3(%/(*
&215.%1)-
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

15. K/:"*BL?)
O(P-H"56(1-(58-1"5%-C#124

16. K/:"*BL?0
ODP-<DD16@"(+68-1"5%-4+1,0+,16

17. E M$*8"4(0Q1"8# -'*82(&)*.%)$,2*'$*%$)*
(')../9$*,'*,'-G/,()3)./9$*-'*%$'$*,2-**
&2$2-).<(/,2-*
E #-3'*'$1).'*.2@)1'$3'*-'*11)&)*%$)*%$/9$**
%$,0#4*8"0(
<5"2(+"#5=-?"4(009(1"864
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18. K/:"*BLB
NZL
%$&0#4"8"0
$"5G(%6
V$,0#46 V$,0#46 /($+#46
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V$,0#46 U1,0+#46 E,01#46
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19. Polisacáridos
E >#$"4(0Q1"8#4=*-2$*421;&'(2-*,'*)AS.)('-=*+*
-%-*(21'-*-2$*,'*)1&).'$)&/'$32*2*'-3(%.3%()1*
E J)*'-3(%.3%()*+*8%$./9$*,'*%$*421/-).<(/,2*'-3<
,'3'(&/$),)*42(*-%-*&2$9&'(2-*+*1)*42-/./9$*
1)-*%$/2$'-**:1%.2-;,/.)-
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

20. Polisacáridos de almacenamiento
E <$2"875=*%$*421/-).<(/,2*,'*)1&).'$)&/'$32*
,'*1)-*41)$3)-=*.2$-/-3'-*'$3'()&'$3'*,'*
&2$9&'(2-*,'*:1%.2-)
E J)-*41)$3)-*)1&).'$)$*'1*'D.'-2*'$*:(<$%12-*
,'*)1&/,9$*,'$3(2*,'*12-*.12(241)-32-*+*23(2-**
41)-3/,/2-
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

21. K/:"*BLX
'9$#1#)$(4+ E+(109 /"+#09#581"( V$&0#%65-%1(5,$64
X[.-2
N-2
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<2&$#)60+"5
O(P-E+(109=-(-)$(5+-)#$&4(009(1"86 ODP-V$&0#%65=-(5-(5"2($-)#$&4(009(1"86

22. E V$,07%65#-'-*%$*421/-).<(/,2*,'*
)1&).'$)&/'$32*,'*12-*)$/&)1'-
E J2-*G%&)$2-*+*23(2-*@'(3'0(),2-*:%)(,)$*'1*
:1%.9:'$2*&)+2(&'$3'*'$*'1*G;:),2*+*1)-*
.51%1)-*,'1*&S-.%12
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

23. Polisacáridos estructurales
E J)*06$,$#4(=*%$*421/-).<(/,2= '-*'1*&)+2(*
.2&42$'$3'*,'*1)*4)(',*.'1%1)(*'$*1)-*.51%1)-*
,'*1)-*41)$3)-
E N2&2*'1*)1&/,9$=*1)*.'1%12-)*'-*%$*421;&'(2*
,'*:1%.2-)=*4'(2*,/8/'('$*'$*-%*%$/9$*
:1%.2-;,/.)
E J)*,/8'('$./)*'-*42(*12-*,2-*)$/112-*H%'*4%','*
82(&)*:1%.2-)C*)18)*Q R*+*0'3)*Q R
<5"2(+"#5=->#$&4(009(1"864
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

24. K/:"*BLZ
O(P- (58- %$,0#46
1"5%-4+1,0+,164
V$,0#46
V$,0#46
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25. K/:"*BLZ)
V$,0#46 V$,0#46
O(P- (58-- %$,0#46-1"5%-4+1,0+,164

26. K/:"*BLZ0.
ODP-E+(109=-NZL-$"5G(%6-#C- %$,0#46-2#5#2614
O0P-'6$$,$#46=-NZL-$"5G(%6-#C- %$,0#46-2#5#2614

27. • J2-*421/&'(2- .2$* :1%.2-)*3/'$'$*82(&)*
-2$*G'1/.2/,)1*Q'-4/()1R
• J2-*421;&'(2-*.2$* :1%.2-)*-2$*,'('.G2-*
• #$*1)-*'-3(%.3%()-*,'('.G)-=*12-*<32&2-*,'*
U*'$*%$)*0)$,)*4%','$*%$/(-'*.2$*:(%42-**
VU*:(%42-*,'*23()*0)$,)*
• [215.%1)-*,'*.'1%12-)*H%'*-2$*4)()1'1)-*
4%','$*82(&)(*&/.(2*8/0()-*1)-*.%)1'-*
82(&)$*&)3'(/)1'-*8%'(3'-*'$*1)-*41)$3)-
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

28. K/:"*BL
'6$$-A($$4
'6$$,$#46
2"01#C"D1"$4
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/"01#C"D1"$
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2#$60,$64
b V$,0#46
2#5#261

29. E J)-*'$A/&)-*H%'*,/:/'('$*'1*)1&/,9$*12*G).'$*
)*3()@5-*,'*%$)*G/,(91/-/-*,'*1)-*%$/2$'-* +*$2*
4%','$*G/,(21/A)(*1)-*%$/2$'-* ,'*1)*.'1%12-)
E J)*.'1%12-)*'$*12-*)1/&'$32-*,'*12-*G%&)$2-*
4)-)*42(*'1*3().32*,/:'-3/@2*.2&2*8/0()*
/$-21%01'*
E Y1:%$2-*&/.(20/2-*%-)$*'$A/&)-*H%'*4%','$*
,/:'(/(*.'1%12-)
E [%.G2-*G'(0;@2(2-=*,'-,'*1)-*@).)-*)*1)-*
3'(&/3)-=*3/'$'$*('1)./2$'-*-/&0/93/.)-*.2$*
'-32-*&/.(20/2-
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

30. K/:"*BL]

31. E ],"+"5(=*23(2*421/-).<(/,2*'-3(%.3%()1=*-'*
'$.%'$3()*'$*'1*'D2'-H%'1'32*,'*12-*
)(3(942,2-
E J)*H%/3/$)*3)&0/5$*4(2@''*)42+2*'-3(%.3%()1*'$*
1)*4)(',*.'1%1)(*,'*&%.G2-*G2$:2-
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32. K/:"*BL!^
O(P Y96-4+1,0+,16 ODP '9"+"5-C#124-+96 O0P '9"+"5-"4-,468-+#-2(G6
#C-+96-09"+"5 6R#4G6$6+#5-#C (-4+1#5%-(58-C$6R"D$6
2#5#261[ (1+91#)#84[ 4,1%"0($-+916(8[

33. Concepto 5.3: Los lípidos son un grupo diverso de
moléculas hidrófugas
E J2- $*)"8#4--2$*%$)*,'*1)-*&).(2&215.%1)-*
H%'*$2*82(&)*421;&'(2-
E J2*3;4/.2*,'*12-*1;4/,2- '-*H%'*3/'$'$*&%+*42.)*
2*$2*3/'$'$*)8/$/,),*.2$*'1*):%)
E J2-*1;4/,2-*-2$*G/,(98%:2-*42(H%'*&)+2(&'$3'*
.2$-/-3'$*,'*G/,(2.)(0%(2-=*12-*.%)1'-*82(&)$*
'$1).'-*.2@)1'$3'-*$2*421)('-*
E J2-*1;4/,2-*,'*&)+2(*/&42(3)$./)*0/219:/.)*-2$*
1)-*:()-)-=*12-*82-821;4/,2-=*+*'-3'(2/,'-
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

34. Grasas
E V1(4(4-'-3<$*.2$-3(%/,)-*,'*,2-*3/42-*,'**
&215.%1)-C*:1/.'(/$)*+*<./,2-*:()-2-
E J)*:1/.'(/$)*'-*%$*)1.2G21*,'*3('-*.)(02$2-*+*
3/'$'*%$*:(%42*G/,(2D/12*%$/,2*)*.),)*.)(02$2
E M$*Q0"8#-%1(4#-.2$-/-3'*,'*%$*:(%42*.)(02D/12*
%$/,2*%$*'T'*1)(:2*,'*.)(02$2-*
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35. K/:"*BL!!)
U(++&-(0"8
O)($2"+"0 (0"8P
V$&061#$
O(P ?69&81(+"#5-16(0+"#5-"5-+96-4&5+964"4-#C-(-C(+

36. K/:"*BL!!0
:4+61-$"5G(%6
ODP U(+-2#$60,$6-O+1"(0&$%$&061#$P

37. E J)-*:()-)-*-'*-'4)()$*,'1*):%)*
42(H%'*'1*):%)*82(&)*'$1).'-*,'*
G/,(2:'$2*.2$*23()-*&215.%1)-*,'*
):%)*+*'D.1%+'*1)-*:()-)-*
E #$*1)-*:()-)-=*3('-*<./,2-*:()-)-*-'*
%$'$*)*1)*:1/.'(/$)*42(*,5"#564-34+61
82(&)$,2*)-; %$*+1"%$"031"8#-
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38. E J2-*<./,2-*:()-2-*@)(;)$*'$*1)(:2*Q$S&'(2*,'**
.)(02$2-R*+*'$*-%*$S&'(2*+*12.)1/A)./9$*,'*
'$1).'-*,201'-*
E J2- Q0"8#4-%1(4#4-4(+,1(8#4-3/'$'$*'1*
&<D/&2*$S&'(2*42-/01'*,'*<32&2-*G/,(2:'$2*
+*$2*3/'$'$*'$1).'-*,201'-
E J2- Q0"8#4-%1(4#4-"54(+,1(8#4 3/'$'$*%$2*2*
&)-*'$1).'-*,201'-
<5"2(+"#5=-U(+4
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39. K/:"*BL!6)
E+1,0+,1($
C#12,$(-#C-(
4(+,1(+68-C(+
2#$60,$6
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O(P E(+,1(+68-C(+

40. K/:"*BL!60
E+1,0+,1($-C#12,$(
#C-(5-,54(+,1(+68
C(+-2#$60,$6
J$6"0 (0"8B-(5
,54(+,1(+68
C(++&-(0"8
cis 8#,D$6
D#58-0(,464
ODP F54(+,1(+68-C(+ D658"5%

41. E J)-*:()-)-*82(&),)-*42(*<./,2-*:()-2-**
-)3%(),2-*-'*1'-*11)&)*:()-)-*-)3%(),)-*+*-2$*
-91/,)-*)*3'&4'()3%()*)&0/'$3'
E J)*&)+2(;)*,'*1)-*:()-)-*,'*)$/&)1'-*-2$*
-)3%(),)-
E J)-*:()-)-*82(&),)-*42(*<./,2-*:()-2-**
/$-)3%(),2-*-'*1'-*11)&)*:()-)-*/$-)3%(),)-*2*
).'/3'-*+*-2$*1;H%/,)-*)*3'&4'()3%()*)&0/'$3'*
E J)-*:()-)-*,'*1)-*41)$3)-*+*'1*4'-.),2*-2$*
&)+2(&'$3'*/$-)3%(),)-
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42. E M$)*,/'3)*)13)*'$*:()-)-*-)3%(),)-*4%','*.2$3(/0%/(*)*
'$8'(&',),'-*.)(,/2@)-.%1)('-*)*3()@5-*,'1*,'49-/32*
,'*41).)*'$*1)-*)(3'(/)-*
E U/,(2:'$)./9$*'-*'1*4(2.'-2*,'*.2$@'(3/(*%$)*:()-)*
/$-)3%(),)*)*-)3%(),)*)*3()@5-*,'*)I),/(*G/,(9:'$2-
E J)*G/,(2:'$)./9$*,'*).'/3'-*@':'3)1'-*3)&0/5$*4(2,%.'*
:()-)-*/$-)3%(),)-*.2$*%$*,201'*'$1).'**trans
E #-3)-*:()-)-*trans 4%','$ .2$3(/0%/(*&<-*H%'*1)-*
:()-)-*-)3%(),)-*)*1)-*'$8'(&',),'-*.)(,/2@)-.%1)('-*
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43. E J)*8%$./9$*4(/$./4)1*,'*1)-*:()-)-*'-*
)1&).'$)&/'$32*,'*'$'(:;)
E J2-*G%&)$2-*+*23(2-*&)&;8'(2-*)1&).'$)$*-%*
:()-)*'$*1)-*.51%1)-*),/42-)-
E #1*3'T/,2*),/42-2*3)&0/5$*)&2(3/:%)*Q).2T/$)R*
12-*9(:)$2-*@/3)1'-*+*-/(@'$*.2&2*)/-1)$3'
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44. Fosfolípidos
E #$*%$*C#4C#$*)"8#=*,2- <./,2-*:()-2-*+*%$*
:(%42*82-8)32*-'*%$'$*)*:1/.'(/$)*
E J)-*,2-*.21)-*,'*12-*<./,2-*:()-2-*-2$*
G/,(98%:)-*4'(2*'1*:(%42*82-8)32*+*-%-*
).2&4)I)$3'-*82(&)$*%$)*.)0'A)*G/,(98/1)
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45. K/:"*BL!>
I&81#)9"$"0-96(8
'9#$"56
>9#4)9(+6
V$&061#$
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+("$4
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46. E N%)$,2*)I),/&2-*82-21;4/,2- )1*):%)=*5-32-*-'*
)%32L)((':1)$*'$*%$)*0/.)4) .2$*1)-*.21)-*
G/,(98%:)-*)4%$3)$,2*G)./)*'1*/$3'(/2(*
E J)*'-3(%.3%()*,'*12-*82-821;4/,2- 4(2,%.'*1)*
0/.)4) H%'*'$.2$3()&2-*'$*1)-*&'&0()$)-*
.'1%1)('-
E J2-*82-821;4/,2- -2$*'1*4(/$./4)1*.2&42$'$3'*
,'*32,)-*1)-*&'&0()$)-*.'1%1)('-
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

47. K/:"*BL!?
I&81#)9"$"0 _<Y:S
96(8
I&81#)9#D"0
+("$ _<Y:S

48. Esteroides
E J2- 64+61#"864--2$ 1;4/,2-*.)().3'(/A),2-*42(*
%$'*'T'*,'*.)(02$2*H%'*.2$-/-3'*,'*.%)3(2*
)$/112-*%$/,2-*
E #1 0#$64+61#$=*%$*'-3'(2/,'*0/'$*/&42(3)$3'=*'-*
%$2*,'*12-*.2&42$'$3'-*'$*1)*&'&0()$)*
.'1%1)(*,'*)$/&)1'-
E Y%$H%'*'1*.21'-3'(21*'-*'-'$./)1*4)()*12-*
)$/&)1'-=*$/@'1'-*)132-*'$*1)*-)$:('*4%','$*
.2$3(/0%/(*)*'$8'(&',),'-*.)(,/2@)-.%1)('-*
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

49. K/:"*BL!B

50. Concepto 5.4: Las proteínas tienen muchos niveles
en su estructura, lo cual produce una variedad de
funciones
E J)-*4(23';$)-*82(&)$*&<-*,'1*B^_*,'*1)*&)-)*
-'.)*,'*1)*&)+2(;)*,'*1)-*.51%1)-
E J)-*8%$./2$'-*,'*1)-*4(23';$)-*/$.1%+'*)42+2*
'-3(%.3%()1=*)1&).'$)&/'$32=*3()$-42(3'=*
.2&%$/.)./9$*.'1%1)(=*&2@/&/'$32=*+*,'8'$-)*
.2$3()*-%0-3)$./)-*'D3()I)-
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

51. F)01'*BL!

52. <5"2(+"#5=-E+1,0+,1($->1#+6"54
<5"2(+"#5=-E+#1(%6->1#+6"54
<5"2(+"#5=-Y1(54)#1+->1#+6"54
<5"2(+"#5=-S606)+#1->1#+6"54
<5"2(+"#5=-'#5+1(0+"$6->1#+6"54
<5"2(+"#5=-?6C654"@6->1#+6"54
<5"2(+"#5=-I#12#5($->1#+6"54
<5"2(+"#5=-E654#1&->1#+6"54
<5"2(+"#5=-V656-S6%,$(+#1&->1#+6"54
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

53. E J)-*65;"2(4 -2$*%$*3/42*,'*4(23';$)*H%'*).3S)*
.2&2*%$*0(+($*+"0# 4)()*).'1'()(*%$)*(')../9$*
H%;&/.)
E J)-*'$A/&)-*4%','$*(')1/A)(*-%-*8%$./2$'-*
&%.G)-*@'.'-
<5"2(+"#5=-:5;&264
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

54. K/:"*BL!X
E,D4+1(+6
O4,01#46P
V$,0#46
:5;&26
O4,01(46P
JI
IKJ
U1,0+#46
IJ

55. Polipéptidos
E >#$")3)+"8#4--2$ 421;&'(2-*.2$-3(%/,2-*,'*%$*
T%':2*,'*6^*)&/$2*<./,2-
E M$)*)1#+6*5(-.2$-/-3'*,'*%$2*2*&<-*
421/4543/,2-
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

56. Amino ácidos como monómeros
E J2-*(2"5#-Q0"8#4 -2$*&215.%1)- 2(:<$/.)-
.2$*%$*.)(02D/12 +*%$*)&/$2*
E J2-*)&/$2*<./,2- ,/8/'('$ '$*-%- 4(24(/',),'-
,'0/,2 )*H%' 3/'$'$ .),'$)- ,/8'('$3'-
11)&,)- '1*:(%42 `*
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

57. K/:"*BLMa!
0(1D#5
<2"5# '(1D#R&$
%1#,) %1#,)

58. K/:"*BL!Z
`#5)#$(1
V$&0"56 <$(5"56 a($"56 H6,0"56 b4#$6,0"56
OV$& #1-VP O<$(-#1-<P Oa($-#1-aP OH6, #1-HP Ob$6-#1- P
/6+9"#5"56 >965&$($(5"56 Y1&)#+)9(5 >1#$"56
O/6+-#1-/P O>96 #1-UP OY1) #1-_P O>1#-#1->P
>#$(1
E61"56 Y916#5"56 '&4+6"56 Y&1#4"56 <4)(1(%"56 V$,+(2"56
OE61-#1-EP OY91 #1-YP O'&4 #1-'P OY&1-#1-cP O<45 #1-`P OV$5 #1-]P
:$60+1"0($$&
09(1%68
<0"8"0 !(4"0
<4)(1+"0-(0"8 V$,+(2"0 (0"8 H&4"56 <1%"5"56 I"4+"8"56
O<4)-#1-?P OV$, #1-:P OH&4-#1-TP O<1% #1-SP OI"4-#1-IP

59. Polímeros de amino ácidos
E J2-*)&/$2*<./,2-*'-3<$*%$/,2-*42(*65$(064
)3)+"8#
E M$*421/4543/,2*'-*%$*421;&'(2*,'*)&/$2*<./,2-
E J2-*421/4543/,2-*@)(;)$*'$*1)(:2*,'*%$2-*42.2-*
)*&/1'-*,'*&2$9&'(2-*
E N),)*421/4543/,2*3/'$'*%$)*-'.%'$./)*1/$')1*
S$/.)*,'*)&/$2*<./,2-
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

60. K/:"*BL!
>6)+"86
D#58
O(P
E"86-09("54
>6)+"86
D#58
!(0GD#56
<2"5#-658 '(1D#R&$-658
ODP O`^+612"5,4P O'^+612"5,4P

61. La estructura y función de las proteínas
E M$)*4(23';$)*8%$./2$)1*.2$-/-3'*,'*%$2*2*&<-*
421/4543/,2-*32(./,2-=*,201),2-=*+*'$(2-.),2-*
'$*%$)*82(&)*S$/.)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

62. K/:"*BL!]
V1##@6
V1##@6
O(P <-1"DD#5-2#86$-#C-$&4#;&26 ODP <-4)(06^C"$$"5%-2#86$-#C-$&4#;&26

63. E J)*-'.%'$./)*,'**)&/$2*<./,2-*,'3'(&/$)*1)*
'-3(%.3%()*3(/L,/&'$-/2$)1*,'*1)-*4(23';$)-**
E J)*'-3(%.3%()*,'*1)*4(23';$)*,'3'(&/$)*-%*
8%$./9$
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

64. K/:"*BL6^
<5+"D#8&-)1#+6"5 >1#+6"5-C1#2-C$,-@"1,4

65. Los cuatro niveles de la estructura de una proteína
E J)*'-3(%.3%()*)1"2(1"( ,'*%$)*4(23';$)*'-*-%*
-'.%'$./)*,'*)&/$2*<./,2-=*1)*.%)1*'-*S$/.)
E J)*'-3(%.3%()*460,58(1"(=*'$.2$3(),)*'$*1)*
&)+2(;)*,'*1)-*4(23';$)-=*.2$-/-3'*,'*'-4/()1'-*
+*,201'.'-*,'*1)*.),'$)*,'1*421/4543/,2
E J)*'-3(%.3%()**+610"(1"( '-3< ,'3'(&/$),)*42(*
1)-*/$3'()../2$'-*'$3('*@)(/2-*:(%42-*`*
E J)*'-3(%.3%()*.%)3'($)(/)*('-%13)*.%)$,2*%$)*
4(23';$)*.2$-/-3'**,'*@)(/)-*.),'$)-*,'*
421/4543/,2-
<5"2(+"#5=->1#+6"5-E+1,0+,16-b5+1#8,0+"#5
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

66. K/:"*BL6!
>1"2(1& E60#58(1& Y61+"(1& ],(+615(1&
E+1,0+,16 E+1,0+,16 E+1,0+,16 E+1,0+,16
)$6(+68-4966+
IM`
d
<2"5#-658
:R(2)$64-#C
(2"5#-(0"8
4,D,5"+4
96$"R

67. E :4+1,0+,1(-)1"2(1"(=*1)*-'.%'$./)*,'*)&/$2*
<./,2-*,'*%$)*4(23';$)=*'-*.2&2*'1*2(,'$*,'*
1'3()-*'$*%$)*4)1)0()*1)(:)*
E J)*'-3(%.3%()*4(/&)(/)*'-*,'3'(&/$),)*42(*1)*
/$82(&)./9$*:'$53/.)*G'(',),)*
<5"2(+"#5=->1"2(1&->1#+6"5-E+1,0+,16
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

68. K/:"*BL6!)
>1"2(1&-E+1,0+,16
N
dI ` .
M
<2"5#-658
NX
N. <2"5#-(0"8
4,D,5"+4
KX
K.

69. K/:"*BL6!0 N
.
dI `
M
<2"5#-658
NX
N. <2"5#-(0"8
4,D,5"+4
KX
K.
g.
fX
f. eX
e.
NX.
NXX
NNX
NN.
NKX
NK.
'(1D#R&$-658

70. E J2-*'-4/()1'-*+*,201'.'-*,'*1)*64+1,0+,1(
460,58(1"(-('-%13)*,'*12-*'$1).'-*,'*
G/,(2:'$2*'$3('*4)(3'-*H%'*-'*('4/3'$*,'1*
421/4543/,2
E F;4/.2*,'*1)*'-3(%.3%()*-'.%$,)(/)*-2$*'1*
'-4/()1*11)&),2* 93$"06-+*1)*'-3(%.3%()*
,201),)*11)&),)* 4(D(5(-)$6%(8(
<5"2(+"#5=-E60#58(1&->1#+6"5-E+1,0+,16
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

71. K/:"*BL6!.
E60#58(1&-E+1,0+,16
)$6(+68-4966+
:R(2)$64-#C
(2"5#-(0"8
4,D,5"+4
96$"R

72. K/:"*BL6!,
<D8#2"5($-%$(584-#C-+96
4)"861-46016+6-4"$G-C"D614
2(86-#C-(-4+1,0+,1($-)1#+6"5
0#5+("5"5%- )$6(+68-4966+4[
Y96-1(8"(+"5%-4+1(584B-2(86
#C-81&-4"$G-C"D614B-2("5+("5
+96-49()6-#C-+96-A6D[
Y96-4)"1($-4+1(584-O0()+,16
4+1(584P-(16-6$(4+"0B-4+16+09"5%
"5-164)#546-+#-A"58B-1("5B
(58-+96-+#,09-#C-"5460+4[

73. E :4+1,0+,1(-+610"(1"(-'-*,'3'(&/$),)*42(*1)-*
/$3'()../2$'-*'$3('*12-*:(%42-*`=*'$*@'A*,'*
/$3'()../2$'-*'$3('*.2&42$'$3'-*,'*1)*.),'$)*
4(/$./4)1*
E J)-*/$3'()../2$'-*'$3('*12-*:(%42-*`*/$.1%+'$C*
'$1).'-*,'*G/,(2:'$2=*'$1).'-*/9$/.2-=*
/$3'()../2$'- ,'*4)(3'-*G/,(98%:)-=*'*
/$3'()../2$'- ,' @)$*,'( b))1-
E #$1).'-*.2@)1'$3'-*8%'(3'-=*11)&),2-*4%'$3'-*
,'*,/-%18/,2=*4%','$*('82(A)(*1)*'-3(%.3%()*,'*
%$)*4(23';$)
<5"2(+"#5=-Y61+"(1&->1#+6"5-E+1,0+,16
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

74. K/:"*BL6!'
Y61+"(1&-E+1,0+,16 ],(+615(1&-E+1,0+,16

75. K/:"*BL6!8
I&81#)9#D"0
"5+61(0+"#54-(58
@(5-861 _(($4
"5+61(0+"#54
>#$&)6)+"86
D(0GD#56
I&81#%65
D#58
?"4,$C"86-D1"8%6
b#5"0-D#58

76. K/:"*BL6!:
>#$&)6)+"86 '9("54
09("5
b1#5
I626
'9("54
I62#%$#D"5
'#$$(%65

77. E :4+1,0+,1(-0,(+615(1"(-('-%13)*.%)$,2*,2-*2*
&<-*.),'$)-*,'*421/4543/,2-*82(&)$*%$)*
&).(2&215.%1)
E #1*.21<:'$2*'-*%$)*4(23';$)*8/0(2-)*H%'*
.2$-/-3'*,'*3('-*421/4543/,2-*'$(2-.),2-*.2&2*
%$)*-2:)*
E J)*G'&2:120/$)*'-*%$)*4(23';$)*:120%1)(*H%'*
.2$-/-3'*,'*.%)3(2*421/4543/,2-C*,2-*)18)*+*,2-**
0'3)*
<5"2(+"#5=-],(+615(1&->1#+6"5-E+1,0+,16
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

78. La anemia perniciosa: resulta de un cambio en la
estructura primaria
E M$*1'@'*.)&0/2*'$*1)*'-3(%.3%()*4(/&)(/)*4%','*
)8'.3)(*1)*'-3(%.3%()*,'*1)*4(23';$)*+*-%*
G)0/1/,),*4)()*8%$./2$)(
E J)*)$'&/)*4'($/./2-)=*.2$,/./9$*,'*1)*-)$:('*
H%'*-'*G'(',)=*('-%13)*,'*1)*-%0-3/3%./9$*,'*%$*
-212*)&/$2*<./,2*'$*1)*4(23';$)*,'*1)*
G'&2:120/$)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

79. K/:"*BL66
`#12($-962#%$#D"5 E"0G$6^06$$-962#%$#D"5
a($ I"4 H6, Y91 >1# V$, V$,
>1"2(1&
>1"2(1& a($ I"4 H6, Y91 >1# a($ V$,
4+1,0+,16
4+1,0+,16 N K M L . W g N K M L . W g
:R)#468
E60#58(1& E60#58(1& 9&81#)9#D"0
(58-+61+"(1& (58-+61+"(1& 16%"#5
4+1,0+,164 4,D,5"+ 4+1,0+,164 4,D,5"+
],(+615(1& `#12($ ],(+615(1& E"0G$6^06$$
4+1,0+,16 962#%$#D"5 4+1,0+,16 962#%$#D"5
O+#)-@"6AP
U,50+"#5 /#$60,$64-8# U,50+"#5 /#$60,$64
5#+-(44#0"(+6 "5+61(0+-A"+9
A"+9-#56 #56-(5#+961-(58
(5#+961h-6(09 01&4+($$";6-"5+#
0(11"64-#R&%65[ (-C"D61h-0()(0"+&
+#-0(11&-#R&%65
"4-%16(+$&-168,068[
NX-2 NX-2
S68-D$##8 `#12($-168-D$##8 S68-D$##8 U"D614-#C-(D5#12($
06$$-49()6 06$$4-(16-C,$$-#C 06$$-49()6 962#%$#D"5-86C#12
"58"@"8,($ 168-D$##8-06$$-"5+#
962#%$#D"5 4"0G$6-49()6[
2#$68,$64B-6(09
0(11&"5%-#R&%65[

80. K/:"*BL66.
NX-2 NX-2
`#12($-168-D$##8 U"D614-#C-(D5#12($
06$$4-(16-C,$$-#C 962#%$#D"5-86C#12
"58"@"8,($ 168-D$##8-06$$-"5+#
962#%$#D"5 4"0G$6-49()6[
2#$60,$64B-6(09-
0(11&"5%-#R&%65[

81. ¿Qué determina estructura de una proteína?
E Y,'&<-*,'*1)*'-3(%.3%()*4(/&)(/)=*.2$,/./2$'-*
8;-/.)-*+*H%;&/.)-*4%','$*)8'.3)(*1)*'-3(%.3%()
E N)&0/2-*'$*4U=*.2$.'$3()./9$*,'*-)1'-=*
3'&4'()3%()=*%*23(2-*8).32('-*)&0/'$3)1'-*
4%','$*.)%-)(*H%'*1)*4(23';$)*-'*,'-'$(','
E J)*4'(,/,)*,'*1)*'-3(%.3%()*3;4/.)*-'*11)&)*
8645(+,1($";(146
E M$)*4(23';$)*,'-$)3%()1/A),)*0/219:/.)&'$3'*
'-*/$).3/@)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

82. K/:"*BL6>
?65(+,1(+"#5
`#12($-)1#+6"5 S65(+,1(+"#5 ?65(+,168-)1#+6"5

83. Cómo se doblan las proteínas en la célula
E #-*,/8;./1*4(','./(*1)*'-3(%.3%()*,'*%$)*4(23';$)*
)*4)(3/(*,'*-%*'-3(%.3%()*4(/&)(/)*
E O(20)01'&'$3'*1)*&)+2(;)*,'*1)-*4(23';$)-*
4)-)$*42(*@)(/)-*'3)4)-*)$3'-*,'*),H%/(/(*%$)*
'-3(%.3%()*'-3)01'*
E i'9()61#5(4j -2$*4(23';$)-*H%'*)+%,)$*)*1)*
82(&)./9$*,'*12-*,201'.'-*)4(24/),2-*,'*23()-**
4(23';$)-
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84. K/:"*BL6?
'#1160+$&
C#$868
)1#+6"5
>#$&)6)+"86
'()
I#$$#A
0&$"5861
'9()61#5"5 E+6)4-#C-'9()61#5"5 K Y96-0()-(++(0964B-0(,4"5%-+96 M Y96-0()-0#264
OC,$$&-(4462D$68P <0+"#5= 0&$"5861-+#-09(5%6-49()6-"5 #CCB-(58-+96-)1#)61$&
N <5-,5C#$868-)#$&^ 4,09-(-A(&-+9(+-"+-016(+64-( C#$868-)1#+6"5-"4
)6)+"86-65+614-+96 9&81#)9"$"0-65@"1#5265+-C#1 16$6(468[
0&$"5861-C1#2-#56-658[ +96-C#$8"5%-#C-+96-)#$&)6)+"86[

85. E J2-*./'$3;8/.2-*%-)$*01"4+($#%1(C*( +*1(&#4^k-
4)()*,'3'(&/$)(*1)*'-3(%.3%()*,'*1)-*4(23';$)-
E V3(2*&532,2*'-*'-4'.3(2-.24/)*,'*('-2$)$./)*
&):$53/.)*$%.1')(*Qa[`R=*'1*.%)1*$2*('H%/'('*
.(/-3)1/A)./9$*,'*1)*4(23';$)*
E J)*0/2/$82(&<3/.)*%-)*4(2:()&)-*,'*
.2&4%3),2()*4)()*4(','./(*1)*'-3(%.3%()*,'*1)-*
4(23';$)-*)*4)(3/(*,'*-%*-'.%'$./)*,'*)&/$2*
<./,2-
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

86. K/:"*BL6B)
:k>:Sb/:`Y
?"CC1(0+68
k^1(&4
k^1(&
4#,106 k^1(&
D6(2
'1&4+($ ?"%"+($-86+60+#1 k^1(&-8"CC1(0+"#5
)(++615

87. K/:"*BL6B0
S:EFHYE
S`<
)#$&261(46-
?`<
S`<

88. Concepto 5.5: Los ácidos nucleicos guardan y
transmiten la información hereditaria
E J)*-'.%'$./)*,'*)&/$2*<./,2-*,'*%$*
421/4543/,2*'-3)*4(2:()&),)*Q'-4'./8/.),)R*42(**
1)*%$/,),*,'*G'('$./)*'1*%65
E J2-*:'$'-*'-3<$*.2$-3(%/,2-*,'*Y7a=*%$*
Q0"8# 5,0$6"0#
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

89. Los roles de los ácidos nucleicos
E #D/-3'$*,2-*3/42-*,'*<./,2-*$%.1'/.2-C
– Q0"8#-864#R"11"D#5,0$6"0#-O<?`P
– Q0"8#-1"D#5,0$6"0#--O<S`P
E #1*Y7a*4(2@''*1)-*/$-3(%../2$'-*4)()*-%*4(24/)*
('41/.)./9$
E #1*Y7a*,/(/:'*1)*-;$3'-/-*,'1*Y`a*&'$-)T'(2*
Q&Y`aR*+*)*3()@5-*,'1*&Y`a .2$3(21)*1)*
-;$3'-/-*,'*1)-*4(23';$)-
E J)*-;$3'-/- ,'*1)-*4(23';$)-*2.%(('*'$*12-**
(/02-2&)-
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

90. K/:"*BL6XL!
?`<
N E&5+964"4-#C
2S`<-"5-+96
5,0$6,4 2S`<
`F'H:FE
'cYJ>H<E/

91. K/:"*BL6XL6
?`<
N E&5+964"4-#C
2S`<-"5-+96
5,0$6,4 2S`<
`F'H:FE
'cYJ>H<E/
2S`<
K /#@6265+-#C
2S`<-"5+#-0&+#)$(42
@"(-5,0$6(1-)#16

92. K/:"*BL6XL>
?`<
N E&5+964"4-#C
2S`<-"5-+96
5,0$6,4 2S`<
`F'H:FE
'cYJ>H<E/
2S`<
K /#@6265+-#C
2S`<-"5+#-0&+#)$(42 S"D#4#26
@"(-5,0$6(1-)#16
M E&5+964"4
#C-)1#+6"5
<2"5#
>#$&)6)+"86 (0"84

93. La estructura de los ácidos nucleicos
E J2-*<./,2-*$%.1'/.2-*-2$*421;&'(2-*11)&),2-*
)#$"5,0$67+"8#4
E N),)*421/$%.1'93/,2 '-3)*.2$-3(%/,2*,'*
&2$9&'(2-*11)&),2-*5,0$67+"8#4
E N),)*$%.1'93/,2*.2$-/-3'*,'*%$)*0)-'*
$/3(2:'$),)=*%$)*4'$32-)=*+*%$*:(%42*82-8)32
E J)*4)(3'*,'1*$%.1'93/,2*-/$*'1*:(%42*82-8)32*-'*
11)&)*%$*nucleósido
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

94. K/:"*BL6Z)0
.l 658
.l'
Ml'
`,0$6#4"86
`"+1#%65#,4
D(46
.l'
>9#4)9(+6 Ml'
%1#,) E,%(1
.l' O)65+#46P
Ml' ODP-`,0$6#+"86
Ml 658
O(P->#$&5,0$6#+"86B-#1-5,0$6"0-(0"8

95. K/:"*BL6Z.L!
`"+1#%65#,4-D(464
>&1"2"8"564
'&+#4"56-O'P Y9&2"56-OYB-"5-?`<P F1(0"$ OFB-"5-S`<P
>,1"564
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O0P-`,0$6#4"86-0#2)#565+4=-5"+1#%65#,4-D(464

96. K/:"*BL6Z.L6
E,%(14
?6#R&1"D#46 O"5-?`<P S"D#46-O"5-S`<P
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97. Los Nucleótidos
E a%.1'9-/,2 c*0)-'*$/3(2:'$),)*d*)AS.)(
E 72-*8)&/1/)-*,'*0)-'-*$/3(2:'$),)-C
– >"1"2"8"5(4-Q./32-/$)=*3/&/$)=*+*%()./12R 3/'$'$*
%$*-212*)$/112*,'*-'/-*4)(3'-*
– >,1"5(4-Q),'$/$)*+*:%)$/$)R*3/'$'$*%$*)$/112*
,'*-'/-*4)(3'-*%$/,2*)*%$2*,'*B*4)(3'-*Q323)1*6*
)$/112-R
• #$*'1*Y7a=*1)*)AS.)(*'-*864#R"11"D#4(e*'$*'1*
Y`a=*1)*)AS.)(*'-*1"D#4(
• a%.1'93/,2*c*$%.1'9-/,2 d*:(%42*82-8)32
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

98. Polímeros de nucleótidos
E J2-*$%.1'93/,2-*-'*%$'$*+*82(&)$*421/$%.1'93/,2
E J2-*$%.1'93/,2-*@'./$2-*-'*%$'$*42(*%$*'$1).'*
.2@)1'$3'*'$3('*'1*:(%42*fVU '$*'1*.)(02$2*> ,'*
%$*$%.1'93/,2*+*'1*82-8)32*,'1*.)(02$2*B ,'1*23(2*
$%.1'93/,2*
E #-32-*'$1).'-*82(&)$*%$*'T'*,'*)AS.)(*+*82-8)32-*
+*1)-*0)-'-*$/3(2:'$),)*-2$*.2&2*1)-*
'D3('&/,),'-*
E J)*-'.%'$./)*,'*0)-'-*)*12*1)(:2*,'1*421;&'(2*,'*
Y7a*2*,'*&Y`a '-*%$/.) 4)()*.),)*:'$
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

99. La doble hélice del ADN
E #1*Y7a*'-*%$)*&215.%1)*.2$*,2-*421/$%.1'93/,2-
32(./,2-*)1(',',2(*,'*%$*'T'*/&):/$)(/2*+*42(*12*
3)$32*82(&)*%$)*8#D$6-93$"06
E #$*1)*,201'*G51/.'=*12-*,2-*421/$%.1'93/,2- .2(('$**
B > 4'(2*.),)*%$2*'$*-'$3/,2*.2$3()(/2=*%$*
)((':12*11)&),2**(5+")(1($6$#
E M$)*&215.%1)*,'*Y7a*/$.1%+'*&%.G2-*:'$'-
E #$*'1*Y7a*1)-*0)-'-*$/3(2:'$),)-*-'*%$'$*
82(&)$,2*'$1).'-*,'*G/,(2:'$2C*),'$/$)*QYR*.2$**
3/&/$)*QFR=*+*:%)$/$)*QWR*.2$*./32-/$)*QNR
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

100. K/:"*BL6
.l-658 Ml-658
E,%(1^)9#4)9(+6
D(0GD#564
!(46-)("1-Om#"568-D&
9&81#%65-D#58"5%P
J$8-4+1(584
`,0$6#+"86
(D#,+-+#-D6
(8868-+#-(
56A-4+1(58
Ml-658
.l-658
`6A
4+1(584
Ml-658 .l-658
.l-658 Ml-658

101. El ADN y las proteínas como medidas de la
evolución
E J)*-'.%'$./)*1/$')1*,'*$%.1'93/,2-*'$*1)-*
&215.%1)-*,'1*Y7a*-2$*4)-),)-*,'*4),('-*)*
G/T2-*
E 72-*'-4'./'-*('1)./2$),)-*3/'$'$*%$*Y7a*&)-*
4)('./,2*H%'*'-4'./'-*.%+)*('1)./9$*'-*&<-**
,/-3)$3'*
E O2(*12*3)$32*,)32-*&21'.%1)('-*-'*4%','$*
%3/1/A)(*4)()*'-3)01'.'(*4)('$3'-.2*'@21%3/@2*
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

102. K/:"*BLMa6

103. K/:"*BLMa6)

104. K/:"*BLMa60

105. K/:"*BLMa]