1. • Qualitative Observations describes behavior
and contexts. Quantitative Observations count
behavior
• Unaided (live) observations are not enhanced.
Aided observations require equipment to
measure or sense behavior.

2. • An observation is Obtrusive when the person
being observed knows it.
• An observation is Unobtrusive when the
person being observed is unable of the
observation.

3. • Contrived observations occur in pre-arranged
situations or contexts.
• Naturalistic observations occur in situations
that have not been contrived.

4. Definitions of Behavior
• Topography is how the behavior is performed
• Function is why the behavior is performed.

5. Characteristics of Behavior
• Duration. How long a behavior lasts
• Latency. How long it takes for a behavior to
begin.
• Frequency. How often a behavior occurs.
• Amplitude. How strong or intense a behavior
is.

6. Sampling Behavior
• Contexts – settings and conditions
• Times –
– Continuous recording
– Whole interval sampling
– Partial interval sampling
– Momentary time sampling
• Behavior
– Harmful
– Stereotypic
– Infrequent desirable
– Normal but inappropriate contexts

7. Conducting Systematic Observations
• Define target behavior
• Select contexts
• Select observation schedule
• Develop recording procedures
• Select means of observation

8. Gather Data
• Avoid random error
– Be familiar with recording system
– Allow sufficient time to record
– Maintain concentration
• Avoid systematic error
– Prevent unintended changes
– Desensitize those being observed
– Minimize observer expectancies
– Motivate observers

9. Data Summarization
• Rates
• Means and standard deviations
• Frequencies and totals

10. Evaluating Observed Performances
• Absolute criteria
• Social comparison
• Social tolerance
• Progress toward goal