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By: Abby Snyder
Table of contents
1)    nationalities
2)    Stem change
3)    Para
4)    IOP
5)    Pronoun placement
6)    Gustar
7)    Affirmative and negative words
8)    Supperlatives
9)    Reflexives
10) Affirmative tú comands/ irregular/ pronoun placement
11) Negative tú commands/ irregular/ pronoun placement
12) Sequencing events
13) Preterites
14)   trigger words
15)   -car, -gar, -zar
16)   deber + invinitive
17) Modal verbs
18) Present progressive
19) adverbs
nacionalidad
Stem changers
                                                                 E-I


                                                         pido            piden


                                                                pedir
           0-ue


                                                        pides           pedimos
 cuento                     cuetan

                                                                pide
          contar



cuentas                    contamos


                                                                U-ue
          Cuenta


                                                       juego             juegan
                                     E-ie


                                                                jugar
                  pienso                    piensan


                                                       juegas           jugamos
                                pensar


                                                                juega
               piensas                      pensamos



                                piensa
PARA


                purpose


 PREPOSITION

               destination
IOP/DOP

          Before a
    1     conjugated verb.

          Attach it to an
    2     infinitive

          Attach to a
    3     gerund (“ing”)
Pronoun placement




 1)   Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
 2)   Attach the pronoun to the progressive tense
 3)   Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command
 4)   Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb
Gustar

         me             Te




               Gustar         Le




         Les            Nos
AFFIRMATIVE
WORDS
• Algo
• Alguien
• Algûn/Algun
  o (a)
• Siempre       NEGATIVE WORDS
• También       • Nada
                • Nadie
                • Ningun/Ninguno (a)
                • Nunca
                • Tampoco
Superlatives

 The suffix –ísimo, –ísimos, -ísima, -ísimas are added to
  adjectives and adverbs.
 Adjectives an adverbs ending in -C, -G, or, -Z change
  their spelling to qu, gu, and c respectively.
 Adjectives that end in –n, or –r form by adding –císimo
  (a)
Reflexive verbs

                                                  Conjugated
                              Add
                                                    verb in
   conjugate                reflexive
                                                   reflexive
                            pronoun
                                                     form




• Used when the subject also
receives the actions.
• You will see –se attached to               me
the verb.
                                             le
~ex:
Comerse
Lavarse                                 te         nos
Affirmative tú
  commands/irregular/pronoun
  placement
+Tú
                     Irregulars
commands
                     • Di-decir
~Drop the S~
                     • Haz-hacer
                     • Ve-ir
                     • Pon-poner
                     • Sal-salir
Pronoun Placement    • Sé-ser
1. Infinitive        • Ten-tener
2. Gerund/ “ing”     • Ven-venir
3. Before
   conjugated verb
4. *Affirmative
   Comand
Negative tú
 commands/irregular/pronoun
 placement
  -Tú commands
  1. Put in Yo         Irregulars
     form              • Tener-no tengas
  2. Change            • Venir-no vengas
     the vowel         • Dar/Decir-no dé/no digas
  3. Add “s”           • Ir-no vayas
                       • Ser-no seas
  Ar->e                • Hace-no hagas
  Er, ir->a            • Estar-no estes
                       • Saber-no sepas

Pronoun Placement
1. Infinitive
2. Gerund/ “ing”
3. Before conjugated
   verb
Sequencing Events


     Primero             Entonces           Luego/Después




                                                Por la
      Por fin       Antes de/Después de
                                          mañana/Tarde/Noche




  Los lunes, etc.
Preterites

AR:                   ER/IR:

-é         -amos      -í         -imos
Hablé      hablamos   comí       comimos
-aste                 -iste
hablaste              comister
-ó         -aron      -ió        -ieron
habló      hablaron   comió      comieron
Trigger Words
-car –gar -zar

tocar        jugar      comenzar
Toque        juge       comencé
tocaste      jugaste    comenzaste
tocó         jugó       comenzó
tocamos      jugamos    comenzamos
tocaron      jugaron    Comezaron
Deber + infinitive
                      Deber   +     infinitive

 The verb means      debo        debemos
  should or ought
  to .
                      debes
 To say what
  people should
  do, use a           debe        deben
  conjugated form
  of deber with
  the infinitive of
  another verb.
Modal verbs

 When verbs are used in model verb combinations the 2nd
  verb is not conjugated but rather left in the infinitive
  form.
 You would never say “no puedo”
 Examples:
*deber
*desear
*necesitar
*poder
*saber
*soler
Present progressive

 when you use
           with the
present progressive     Estoy esperando
you can put them in     Estás esperando
one of two places:      Esté esperando
                        estamos esperando
 Put pronouns before   Están esperando
  the conjugated form
  of estar
 Or attach them to
  the end of the
Adverbs
                             adverbs
                             recientemente
                             frecuentemente
 When an adjective ends     fácilmente
  in l, e, or z simply add   normalmente
  –mente to the end.
                             especialmente
 For adjectives with –o     cuidadosamente
  or –a endings add –
  mente to the feminine      rápidamente
  form.                      lentamente
                             tranquilamente

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Sp2h grammer book

  • 2. Table of contents 1) nationalities 2) Stem change 3) Para 4) IOP 5) Pronoun placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative and negative words 8) Supperlatives 9) Reflexives 10) Affirmative tú comands/ irregular/ pronoun placement 11) Negative tú commands/ irregular/ pronoun placement 12) Sequencing events 13) Preterites 14) trigger words 15) -car, -gar, -zar 16) deber + invinitive 17) Modal verbs 18) Present progressive 19) adverbs
  • 4. Stem changers E-I pido piden pedir 0-ue pides pedimos cuento cuetan pide contar cuentas contamos U-ue Cuenta juego juegan E-ie jugar pienso piensan juegas jugamos pensar juega piensas pensamos piensa
  • 5. PARA purpose PREPOSITION destination
  • 6. IOP/DOP Before a 1 conjugated verb. Attach it to an 2 infinitive Attach to a 3 gerund (“ing”)
  • 7. Pronoun placement 1) Attach the pronoun to the infinitive 2) Attach the pronoun to the progressive tense 3) Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command 4) Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb
  • 8. Gustar me Te Gustar Le Les Nos
  • 9. AFFIRMATIVE WORDS • Algo • Alguien • Algûn/Algun o (a) • Siempre NEGATIVE WORDS • También • Nada • Nadie • Ningun/Ninguno (a) • Nunca • Tampoco
  • 10. Superlatives  The suffix –ísimo, –ísimos, -ísima, -ísimas are added to adjectives and adverbs.  Adjectives an adverbs ending in -C, -G, or, -Z change their spelling to qu, gu, and c respectively.  Adjectives that end in –n, or –r form by adding –císimo (a)
  • 11. Reflexive verbs Conjugated Add verb in conjugate reflexive reflexive pronoun form • Used when the subject also receives the actions. • You will see –se attached to me the verb. le ~ex: Comerse Lavarse te nos
  • 12. Affirmative tú commands/irregular/pronoun placement +Tú Irregulars commands • Di-decir ~Drop the S~ • Haz-hacer • Ve-ir • Pon-poner • Sal-salir Pronoun Placement • Sé-ser 1. Infinitive • Ten-tener 2. Gerund/ “ing” • Ven-venir 3. Before conjugated verb 4. *Affirmative Comand
  • 13. Negative tú commands/irregular/pronoun placement -Tú commands 1. Put in Yo Irregulars form • Tener-no tengas 2. Change • Venir-no vengas the vowel • Dar/Decir-no dé/no digas 3. Add “s” • Ir-no vayas • Ser-no seas Ar->e • Hace-no hagas Er, ir->a • Estar-no estes • Saber-no sepas Pronoun Placement 1. Infinitive 2. Gerund/ “ing” 3. Before conjugated verb
  • 14. Sequencing Events Primero Entonces Luego/Después Por la Por fin Antes de/Después de mañana/Tarde/Noche Los lunes, etc.
  • 15. Preterites AR: ER/IR: -é -amos -í -imos Hablé hablamos comí comimos -aste -iste hablaste comister -ó -aron -ió -ieron habló hablaron comió comieron
  • 17. -car –gar -zar tocar jugar comenzar Toque juge comencé tocaste jugaste comenzaste tocó jugó comenzó tocamos jugamos comenzamos tocaron jugaron Comezaron
  • 18. Deber + infinitive Deber + infinitive  The verb means debo debemos should or ought to . debes  To say what people should do, use a debe deben conjugated form of deber with the infinitive of another verb.
  • 19. Modal verbs  When verbs are used in model verb combinations the 2nd verb is not conjugated but rather left in the infinitive form.  You would never say “no puedo”  Examples: *deber *desear *necesitar *poder *saber *soler
  • 20. Present progressive when you use with the present progressive Estoy esperando you can put them in Estás esperando one of two places: Esté esperando estamos esperando  Put pronouns before Están esperando the conjugated form of estar  Or attach them to the end of the
  • 21. Adverbs adverbs recientemente frecuentemente  When an adjective ends fácilmente in l, e, or z simply add normalmente –mente to the end. especialmente  For adjectives with –o cuidadosamente or –a endings add – mente to the feminine rápidamente form. lentamente tranquilamente