The document discusses advanced machine learning workflows that can be implemented using WhizzML, an automated machine learning programming language. It provides examples of implementing best-first feature selection, stacked generalization, and gradient boosting algorithms as workflows composed of machine learning operations. The document outlines how algorithms like these that are composed of iterative modeling, prediction, and evaluation steps can be automated and scaled using the composable primitives and backend infrastructure of WhizzML. It highlights how non-trivial model selection, automation of tasks, and advanced algorithms are possible with WhizzML workflows.

1. Automating Machine Learning
Advanced WhizzML Workflows
#VSSML16
September 2016
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2. Outline
1 Introduction
2 Advanced Workflows
3 A WhizzML Implementation of Best-first Feature Selection
4 Even More Workflows!
5 Stacked Generalization in WhizzML
6 A Brief Look at Gradient Boosting in WhizzML
7 Wrapping Up
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3. Outline
1 Introduction
2 Advanced Workflows
3 A WhizzML Implementation of Best-first Feature Selection
4 Even More Workflows!
5 Stacked Generalization in WhizzML
6 A Brief Look at Gradient Boosting in WhizzML
7 Wrapping Up
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4. What Do We Know About WhizzML?
• It’s a complete programming language
• Machine learning “operations” are first-class
• Those operations are performed in BigML’s backend
One-line of code to perform API requests
We get scale “for free”
• Everything is Composable
Functions
Libraries
The Web Interface
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5. What Can We Do With It?
• Non-trivial Model Selection
n-fold cross validation
Comparison of model types (tree, ensemble, logistic)
• Automation of Drudgery
One-click retraining/validation
Standarized dataset transformations / cleaning
• Sure, but what else?
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6. Outline
1 Introduction
2 Advanced Workflows
3 A WhizzML Implementation of Best-first Feature Selection
4 Even More Workflows!
5 Stacked Generalization in WhizzML
6 A Brief Look at Gradient Boosting in WhizzML
7 Wrapping Up
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7. Algorithms as Workflows
• Many ML algorithms can be thought of as workflows
• In these algorithms, machine learning operations are the
primitives
Make a model
Make a prediction
Evaluate a model
• Many such algorithms can be implemented in WhizzML
Reap the advantages of BigML’s infrastructure
Once implemented, it is language-agnostic
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8. Examples: Best-first Feature Selection
Objective: Select the n best features for modeling your data
• Initialize a set S of used features as the empty set
• Split your dataset into training and test sets
• For i in 1 . . . n
For each feature f not in S, model and evaluate with feature set
S + f
Greedily select ˆf, the feature with the best performance and set
S ← S + ˆf
https://github.com/whizzml/examples/tree/master/best-first
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9. Outline
1 Introduction
2 Advanced Workflows
3 A WhizzML Implementation of Best-first Feature Selection
4 Even More Workflows!
5 Stacked Generalization in WhizzML
6 A Brief Look at Gradient Boosting in WhizzML
7 Wrapping Up
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10. Modeling
First, construct a bunch of models. selected is the features
that have already been selected, and potentials are the
candidates we might select on this iteration.
(define (make-models dataset-id obj-field selected potentials)
(let (model-req {"dataset" dataset-id "objective_field" obj-field}
make-req (lambda (fid)
(assoc model-req "input_fields" (cons fid selected)))
all-reqs (map make-req potentials))
(create-and-wait* "model" all-reqs)))
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11. Evaluation
Now, conduct the evaluations. potentials is again the list
of potential features to add, and model-ids is the list of
corresponding model-ids created in the last step.
(define (select-feature test-dataset-id potentials model-ids)
(let (eval-req {"dataset" test-dataset-id}
make-req (lambda (mid) (assoc eval-req "model" mid))
all-reqs (map make-req model-ids)
evs (map fetch (create-and-wait* "evaluation" all-reqs))
vs (map (lambda (ev) (get-in ev ["result" "model" "average_phi"])) evs)
value-map (make-map potentials vs) ;; e.g, {"000000" 0.8 "0000001" 0.7}
max-val (get-max vs)
choose-best (lambda (id) (if (= max-val (get value-map id)) id false)))
(some choose-best potentials)))
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12. Main Loop
The main loop of the algorithm. Set up your objective id,
inputs, and training and test dataset. Initialize the selected
features to the empty set and iteratively call the previous two
functions.
(define (select-features dataset-id nfeatures)
(let (obj-id (dataset-get-objective-id dataset-id)
input-ids (default-inputs dataset-id obj-id)
splits (split-dataset dataset-id 0.5)
train-id (nth splits 0)
test-id (nth splits 1))
(loop (selected []
potentials input-ids)
(if (or (>= (count selected) nfeatures) (empty? potentials))
(feature-names dataset-id selected)
(let (model-ids (make-models dataset-id obj-id selected potentials)
next-feat (select-feature test-id potentials model-ids))
(recur (cons next-feat selected)
(filter (lambda (id) (not (= id next-feat))) potentials)))))))
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13. Outline
1 Introduction
2 Advanced Workflows
3 A WhizzML Implementation of Best-first Feature Selection
4 Even More Workflows!
5 Stacked Generalization in WhizzML
6 A Brief Look at Gradient Boosting in WhizzML
7 Wrapping Up
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14. Examples: Stacked Generalization
Objective: Improve predictions by modeling the output scores of
multiple trained models.
• Create a training and a holdout set
• Create n different models on the training set (with some difference
among them; e.g., single-tree vs. ensemble vs. logistic regression)
• Make predictions from those models on the holdout set
• Train a model to predict the class based on the other models’
predictions
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15. Examples: Randomized Parameter Optimization
Objective: Find the best set of parameters for a machine learning
algorithm
• Do:
Generate a random set of parameters for an ML algorithm
Do 10-fold cross-validation with those parameters
• Until you get a set of parameters that performs “well” or you get
bored
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16. Examples: SMACdown
Objective: Find the best set of parameters even more quickly!
• Do:
Generate several random sets of parameters for an ML algorithm
Do 10-fold cross-validation with those parameters
Learn a predictive model to predict performance from parameter
values
Use the model to help you select the next set of parameters to
evaluate
• Until you get a set of parameters that performs “well” or you get
bored
Coming soon to a WhizzML gallery near you!
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17. Examples: Boosting
• General idea: Iteratively model the dataset
Each iteration is trained on the mistakes of previous iterations
Said another way, the objective changes each iteration
The final model is a summation of all iterations
• Lots of variations on this theme
Adaboost
Logitboost
Martingale Boosting
Gradient Boosting
• Let’s take a look at a WhizzML implementation of the latter
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18. Outline
1 Introduction
2 Advanced Workflows
3 A WhizzML Implementation of Best-first Feature Selection
4 Even More Workflows!
5 Stacked Generalization in WhizzML
6 A Brief Look at Gradient Boosting in WhizzML
7 Wrapping Up
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19. A Stacked generalization library: creating the stack
;; Splits the given dataset, using half of it to create
;; an heterogeneous collection of models and the other
;; half to train a tree that predicts based on those other
;; models predictions. Returns a map with the collection
;; of models (under the key "models") and the meta-prediction
;; as the value of the key "metamodel". The key "result"
;; has as value a boolean flag indicating whether the
;; process was successful.
(define (make-stack dataset-id)
(let (ids (split-dataset-and-wait dataset-id 0.5)
train-id (nth ids 0)
hold-id (nth ids 1)
models (create-stack-models train-id)
id (create-stack-predictions models hold-id)
orig-fields (model-inputs (head models))
obj-id (dataset-get-objective-id train-id)
meta-id (create-and-wait-model {"dataset" id
"excluded_fields" orig-fields
"objective_field" obj-id})
success? (resource-done? (fetch meta-id)))
{"models" models "metamodel" meta-id "result" success?}))
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20. A Stacked generalization library: using the stack
;; Use the models and metamodels computed by make-stack
;; to make a prediction on the input-data map. Returns
;; the identifier of the prediction object.
(define (make-stack-prediction models meta-model input-data)
(let (preds (map (lambda (m) (create-prediction {"model" m
"input_data" input-data}))
models)
preds (map (lambda (p)
(head (values (get (fetch p) "prediction"))))
preds)
meta-input (make-map (model-inputs meta-model) preds))
(create-prediction {"model" meta-model "input_data" meta-input})))
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21. A Stacked generalization library: auxiliary functions
;; Extract for a batchpredction its associated dataset of results
(define (batch-dataset id)
(wait-forever (get (fetch id) "output_dataset_resource")))
;; Create a batchprediction for the given model and datasets,
;; with a map of additional options and using defaults appropriate
;; for model stacking
(define (make-batch ds-id mod-id opts)
(create-batchprediction (merge {"all_fields" true
"output_dataset" true
"dataset" ds-id
"model" (wait-forever mod-id)}
{})))
;; Auxiliary function extracting the model_inputs of a model
(define (model-inputs mod-id)
(get (fetch mod-id) "input_fields"))
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22. A Stacked generalization library: creating the stack
;; Splits the given dataset, using half of it to create
;; an heterogeneous collection of models and the other
;; half to train a tree that predicts based on those other
;; models predictions. Returns a map with the collection
;; of models (under the key "models") and the meta-prediction
;; as the value of the key "metamodel". The key "result"
;; has as value a boolean flag indicating whether the
;; process was successful.
(define (make-stack dataset-id)
(let (ids (split-dataset-and-wait dataset-id 0.5)
train-id (nth ids 0)
hold-id (nth ids 1)
models (create-stack-models train-id)
id (create-stack-predictions models hold-id)
orig-fields (model-inputs (head models))
obj-id (dataset-get-objective-id train-id)
meta-id (create-and-wait-model {"dataset" id
"excluded_fields" orig-fields
"objective_field" obj-id})
success? (resource-done? (fetch meta-id)))
{"models" models "metamodel" meta-id "result" success?}))
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23. Library-based scripts
Script for creating the models
(define stack (make-stack dataset-id))
Script for predictions using the stack
(define (make-prediction exec-id input-data)
(let (exec (fetch exec-id)
stack (nth (head (get-in exec ["execution" "outputs"])) 1)
models (get stack "models")
metamodel (get stack "metamodel"))
(when (get stack "result")
(try (make-stack-prediction models metamodel {})
(catch e (log-info "Error: " e) false)))))
(define prediction-id (make-prediction exec-id input-data))
(define prediction (when prediction-id (fetch prediction-id)))
https://github.com/whizzml/examples/tree/master/stacked-generalizati
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24. Outline
1 Introduction
2 Advanced Workflows
3 A WhizzML Implementation of Best-first Feature Selection
4 Even More Workflows!
5 Stacked Generalization in WhizzML
6 A Brief Look at Gradient Boosting in WhizzML
7 Wrapping Up
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25. The Main Loop
• Given the currently predicted class probablilities, compute a
gradient step that will push those probabilities in the right direction
• Learn regression trees to represent this step over the training set
• Make a prediction with each tree
• Sum this prediction with all gradient steps so far to get a set of
scores for each point in the training data (one score for each class)
• Apply the softmax function to these sums to get a set of class
probabilities for each point.
• Iterate!
Clone it here:
https://github.com/whizzml/examples/tree/master/gradient-boosting
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26. What will this look like in WhizzML?
• Several things here are machine learning operations
Constructing gradient models
Making predictions
• But several are not
Summing the gradient steps
Computing softmax probabilities
Computing gradients
• We don’t want to do those things locally (data size, resource
concerns)
• Can we do these things on BigML’s infrastructure?
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27. Compute Gradients From Probabilities
• Let’s just focus on computing the gradients for a moment
• Get the predictions from the previous iteration
The sum of all of the previous gradient steps is stored in a column
If this is the first iteration, assume the uniform distribution
• Gradient for class k is just y − p(k) where y is 1 if the point’s class
is k and 0 otherwise.
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28. Computing Gradients
Features Class Matrix Current Probs
0.2 10 1 0 0 0.6 0.3 0.1
0.3 12 0 1 0 0.4 0.4 0.2
0.15 10 1 0 0 0.8 0.1 0.1
0.3 -5 0 0 1 0.2 0.3 0.5
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29. Computing Gradients
Features Class Matrix Current Probs Gradients
0.2 10 1 0 0 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.4 -0.3 0.1
0.3 12 0 1 0 0.4 0.4 0.2 -0.4 0.6 -0.2
0.15 10 1 0 0 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.2 -0.1 -0.1
0.3 -5 0 0 1 0.2 0.3 0.5 -0.2 -0.3 0.5
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30. Aside: WhizzML + Flatline
• How can we do computations on the data?
Use Flatline: A language for data manipulation
Executed in BigML as a Dataset Transformation
https://github.com/bigmlcom/flatline/blob/master/
user-manual.md
• Benefits
Abitrary operations on the data are now API calls
Computational details are taken care of
Upload your data once, do anything to it
• Flatline is a First-class Citizen of WhizzML
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31. Creating a new feature in Flatline
• We need to subtract one column value from another
• Flatline provides the f operator to get a named field value from
any row
(- (f "actual") (f "predicted"))
• But remember, if we have n classes, we also have n gradients to
construct!
• Enter WhizzML!
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32. Compute Gradients: Code
(define (compute-gradient dataset nclasses iteration)
(let (next-names (grad-names nclasses iteration)
preds (if (> iteration 0)
(map (lambda (n) (flatline "(f {{n}})"))
(softmax-names nclasses iteration))
(repeat nclasses (str (/ 1 nclasses))))
tns (truth-names nclasses)
fexp (lambda (idx)
(let (actual (nth tns idx)
predicted (nth preds idx))
(flatline "(- (f {{actual}}) {predicted})")))
new-fields (make-fields next-names (map fexp (range nclasses))))
(add-fields dataset new-fields [])))
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33. Outline
1 Introduction
2 Advanced Workflows
3 A WhizzML Implementation of Best-first Feature Selection
4 Even More Workflows!
5 Stacked Generalization in WhizzML
6 A Brief Look at Gradient Boosting in WhizzML
7 Wrapping Up
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34. What Have We Learned?
• You can implement workflows of arbitrary complexity with
WhizzML
• The power of WhizzML with Flatline
• Editorial: The Commodification of Machine Learning Algorithms
Every language has it’s own ML algorithms now
With WhizzML, implement once and use anywhere
Never worry about architecture again
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