1. What is Psychology?

4. A history os psychology: Schools of Psychological thought, past and present WERTHEIMER Suggested that conscious experience is more than simply the sum of its parts. Focused on the unity of perception and thinking. GESTALT JAMES Grew out structuralism and was concerned with how and mhy the conscious mind, works; a principal aim was to know how those contents of consciousness worked together. FUNCTIONALISM WUNDT Consideres conscious experience the proper subject matter of psychology. Used a technique called introspection (the description and analysis by a person of what he or she is thinking and feeling. STRUCTURALISM EARLY LEADER FOCUS SCHOOL

5. EARLY LEADER FOCUS SCHOOL WATSON The behaviorists’ prespective focuses on how observable responses are learned, modified, and forgotten. A fundamental assumption is that disordered behavior can be reshaped and that appropriate, worthwhile behavior can be substituted throught the traditional learning techniques. BEHAVIORISM VARIOUS Focuses on thought processes and mental activities involved in perception, memory, learning, and thinking. Cognitive psychology focuses on the mental processes involved in behavior, such as how people solve problems and appriaise situations as threatening. COGNITIVE FREUD He focused on the causes and treatment of emotional disturbances. Freud worked from the premise the unconscious processes direct daily behavior. He emphasized the idea that childhood experiences influence future adult behavior and the sexual energy fuels day – to – day behavior. PSYCHOANALYSIS

8. PSYCHOLOGIST Person who studies behavior and uses behavioral principles in scientific research or in applied settings for the treatment of emotional problems

24. Techniques used to study behavior

25. The psychologists study behavior in both animals and human beings

26. Psychologists often work with a human participants called Subjets

27. The typical research process is usually systematic and begins whit a specific question. But sometimes unexpectedly find an answer to another problem.

28. A hypothesis is a tentative idea that express a causal relationship of two events o variable.

29. Systematic explorations The researchers follow up systematically, that is they try to consider all the aspects of a situation that might cause an organism to behave as it does. Only controlled laboratory experiments permit researches to make cause-an effect-statements

31. Significant differences: is the statistically determined likelihood that a behavior not occurred because of chance alone

32. The technique they use more than any other to explore a cause-effect relationship is a controlled experiment.

34. questionnaires interviews naturalistic case study observation Another techniques To collect information

35. Strengths and weaknesses of 5 approaches to research Lack of generalizability of findings time-consuming Study or rare events; extensive evidence gathered on a single person Case study Little opportunity to conrol variables; time-consuming Observation of behavior in its natural context Naturalistic observation Lack of explanatory power; validity of findings may be limitted by samples realibity dificult to determine; self report may be inaccurate or biased Effective means of measuring actions, attitudes, opinions, preferences, and intentions of large number of people. Questionarie Limited opportunity to controlled third factors; unable to draw conclusions about causal relationships. Measurement of degree of asociation among variables; good basis for predictions Correlational study Artificially or laboratory envirotment, limited or generalizability of findings, manipulation of some variables is unethical or impractical Manipulated the variable to control the extraneus influences, best method for identifying ausal realtionships Experiment Weaknesses Strengths Aproach