Web Services are independent software systems which offer machine-to-machine interactions over the
Internet to achieve well-described operations. With the advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA),
Web Services have gained tremendous popularity. As the number of Web Services is increased, finding the
best service according to users requirements becomes a challenge. The Semantic Web Service discovery is
the process of finding the most suitable service that satisfies the user request. A number of approaches to
Web Service discovery have been proposed. In this paper, we classify them and determine the advantages
and disadvantages of each group, to help researchers to implement a new or to select the most appropriate
existing approach for Semantic Web Service discovery. We, also, provide a taxonomy which categorizes
Web Service discovery systems from different points of view. There are three different views, namely,
architectural view, automation view and matchmaking view. We focus on the matchmaking view which is
further divided into semantic-based, syntax-based and context-aware. We explain each sub-group of it in
detail, and then subsequently compare the sub-groups in terms of their merits and drawbacks.
AGENTS AND OWL-S BASED SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE DISCOVERY WITH USER PREFERENCE SU...IJwest
Service-oriented computing (SOC) is an interdisciplinary paradigm that revolutionizes the very fabric of
distributed software development applications that adopt service-oriented architectures (SOA) can evolve
during their lifespan and adapt to changing or unpredictable environments more easily. SOA is built
around the concept of Web Services. Although the Web services constitute a revolution in Word Wide Web,
they are always regarded as non-autonomous entities and can be exploited only after their discovery. With
the help of software agents, Web services are becoming more efficient and more dynamic.
The topic of this paper is the development of an agent based approach for Web services discovery and
selection in witch, OWL-S is used to describe Web services, QoS and service customer request. We develop
an efficient semantic service matching which takes into account concepts properties to match concepts in
Web service and service customer request descriptions. Our approach is based on an architecture
composed of four layers: Web service and Request description layer, Functional match layer, QoS
computing layer and Reputation computing layer.
Since service-oriented architectures make the commercial systems more reliable and reusable, they have
gained more popularity in industry and scientific community in recent decades. Service-oriented
architectures bring flexibility and reusability to software design. Due to the increasing number of services
on the Web, finding a service which is suited to user requirements is crucial. The process of finding suitable
services to user request is one of the main purposes of service-oriented architectures. Many methods have
been proposed for service discovery in service-oriented architectures that try to fulfil user requirements
and offer suitable services to user request; however the proposed methods do not have enough precision for
discovering suitable services. In this paper, we propose a method for service discovery which offers more
accurate services according to user request. The proposed method is a hybrid semantic matchmaker for
service discovery in service oriented architecture. By providing accurate services suitable to user requests,
we have greatly increased the reusability rate and reduced the time and cost of software development
AN ARCHITECTURE FOR WEB SERVICE SIMILARITY EVALUATION BASED ON THEIR FUNCTION...ijwscjournal
By increasing popularity of SOC, using Web services in applications has increased too. SOC creates a loosely coupled environment in which the actual execution environment might differ significantly from the one with the presupposed conditions during application design. Therefore, although an appropriate Web service might have been selected, by passing time, the Web service may not be efficient enough or may not be applicable under specific conditions.
For service-oriented systems to be flexible and self-adaptive, it is necessary to automatically select and use a similar service instead of the one which causes the above mentioned problems. Finding a similar service means specifying the proper services which fulfill the same requirements as those fulfilled by the problematic service.
In most of the previous works, a number of the best services (k) are selected and ordered based on functional similarity. The user must select one of these services based on his/her preferences. One important metric in selecting a similar service is considering QoS properties and user preferences about QoS. Because of the importance of this issue, in the present paper, an architecture is proposed in which, in addition to functional similarity, QoS properties and user preferences are also considered in selecting a similar service.
CONTEMPORARY SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE FRAMEWORKS: AN OVERVIEW AND COMPARISONSijwscjournal
The growing proliferation of distributed information systems, allows organizations to offer their business processes to a worldwide audience through Web services. Semantic Web services have emerged as a means to achieve the vision of automatic discovery, selection, composition, and invocation of Web services by encoding the specifications of these software components in an unambiguous and machine-interpretable
form. Several frameworks have been devised as enabling technologies for Semantic Web services. In this paper, we survey the prominent Semantic Web service frameworks. In addition, a set of criteria is identified and the discussed frameworks are evaluated and compared with respect to these criteria. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of the Semantic Web service frameworks can help researchers to utilize the most appropriate one according to their needs.
QOS Aware Formalized Model for Semantic Web Service SelectionIJwest
Selecting the most relevant Web Service according to a client requirement is an onerous task, as innumerous number of functionally same Web Services(WS) are listed in UDDI registry. WS are functionally same but their Quality and performance varies as per service providers. A web Service Selection Process involves two major points: Recommending the pertinent Web Service and avoiding unjustifiable web service. The deficiency in keyword based searching is that it doesn’t handle the client request accurately as keyword may have ambiguous meaning on different scenarios. UDDI and search engines all are based on keyword search, which are lagging behind on pertinent Web service selection. So the search mechanism must be incorporated with the Semantic behavior of Web Services. In order to strengthen this approach, the proposed model is incorporated with Quality of Services (QoS) based Ranking of semantic web services.
This paper focuses on various concepts of Quality of Service associated with web services. Various QoS parameters like performance, availability, reliability and stability etc. are formalized in order to enhance the pertinence of web service selection. A QoS mediator agent based Web Service Selection Model is proposed where QoS Consultant acts as a Mediator Agent between clients and service providers. Model suggests user’s preferences on QoS parameter selection. The proposed model helps to select pertinent Web Service as per user’s requirement and reduce the human effort.. Further process of adding ontology with semantic web services is also illustrated here.
SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES – DISCOVERY, SELECTION AND COMPOSITION TECHNIQUEScscpconf
Web services are already one of the most important resources on the Internet. As an integrated solution for realizing the vision of the Next Generation Web, semantic web services combine semantic web technology with web service technology, envisioning automated life cycle
management of web services. This paper discusses the significance and importance of service
discovery & selection to business logic, and the requisite current research in the various phases of the semantic web service lifecycle like discovery and selection. We also present several different composition strategies, based on current research, and provide an outlook towards critical future work
Semantic web services discovery selection and composition techniquescsandit
Web services are already one of the most important resources on the Internet. As an integrated
solution for realizing the vision of the Next Generation Web, semantic web services combine
semantic web technology with web service technology, envisioning automated life cycle
management of web services. This paper discusses the significance and importance of service
discovery & selection to business logic, and the requisite current research in the various phases
of the semantic web service lifecycle like discovery and selection. We also present several
different composition strategies, based on current research, and provide an outlook towards
critical future work.
Cluster based approach for Service Discovery using Pattern RecognitionYogesh Santhan
Abstract— Web services that are appropriate to a user specific request are usually not considered in discovering the exact service since they are present without explicit related semantic descriptions. In our approach, we deal with the issue of service discovery provided non-explicit service description semantics that match a particular service request. We propose a system that involves semantic-based service categorization which is performed at the UDDI with a key for achieving the service categorization at functional level based on an ontology skeleton. Also, clustering is used for literally systemizing the web services based on functionality which is achieved by using analytic algorithm. An efficient matching for the relevant services is achieved by the enhancing the service request semantically and involves expanding the additional functionality (obtained from ontology) that are related for the requested service. The pattern recognition algorithm is used to select appropriate service from the cluster formation of related (grouped) web services.
AGENTS AND OWL-S BASED SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE DISCOVERY WITH USER PREFERENCE SU...IJwest
Service-oriented computing (SOC) is an interdisciplinary paradigm that revolutionizes the very fabric of
distributed software development applications that adopt service-oriented architectures (SOA) can evolve
during their lifespan and adapt to changing or unpredictable environments more easily. SOA is built
around the concept of Web Services. Although the Web services constitute a revolution in Word Wide Web,
they are always regarded as non-autonomous entities and can be exploited only after their discovery. With
the help of software agents, Web services are becoming more efficient and more dynamic.
The topic of this paper is the development of an agent based approach for Web services discovery and
selection in witch, OWL-S is used to describe Web services, QoS and service customer request. We develop
an efficient semantic service matching which takes into account concepts properties to match concepts in
Web service and service customer request descriptions. Our approach is based on an architecture
composed of four layers: Web service and Request description layer, Functional match layer, QoS
computing layer and Reputation computing layer.
Since service-oriented architectures make the commercial systems more reliable and reusable, they have
gained more popularity in industry and scientific community in recent decades. Service-oriented
architectures bring flexibility and reusability to software design. Due to the increasing number of services
on the Web, finding a service which is suited to user requirements is crucial. The process of finding suitable
services to user request is one of the main purposes of service-oriented architectures. Many methods have
been proposed for service discovery in service-oriented architectures that try to fulfil user requirements
and offer suitable services to user request; however the proposed methods do not have enough precision for
discovering suitable services. In this paper, we propose a method for service discovery which offers more
accurate services according to user request. The proposed method is a hybrid semantic matchmaker for
service discovery in service oriented architecture. By providing accurate services suitable to user requests,
we have greatly increased the reusability rate and reduced the time and cost of software development
AN ARCHITECTURE FOR WEB SERVICE SIMILARITY EVALUATION BASED ON THEIR FUNCTION...ijwscjournal
By increasing popularity of SOC, using Web services in applications has increased too. SOC creates a loosely coupled environment in which the actual execution environment might differ significantly from the one with the presupposed conditions during application design. Therefore, although an appropriate Web service might have been selected, by passing time, the Web service may not be efficient enough or may not be applicable under specific conditions.
For service-oriented systems to be flexible and self-adaptive, it is necessary to automatically select and use a similar service instead of the one which causes the above mentioned problems. Finding a similar service means specifying the proper services which fulfill the same requirements as those fulfilled by the problematic service.
In most of the previous works, a number of the best services (k) are selected and ordered based on functional similarity. The user must select one of these services based on his/her preferences. One important metric in selecting a similar service is considering QoS properties and user preferences about QoS. Because of the importance of this issue, in the present paper, an architecture is proposed in which, in addition to functional similarity, QoS properties and user preferences are also considered in selecting a similar service.
CONTEMPORARY SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE FRAMEWORKS: AN OVERVIEW AND COMPARISONSijwscjournal
The growing proliferation of distributed information systems, allows organizations to offer their business processes to a worldwide audience through Web services. Semantic Web services have emerged as a means to achieve the vision of automatic discovery, selection, composition, and invocation of Web services by encoding the specifications of these software components in an unambiguous and machine-interpretable
form. Several frameworks have been devised as enabling technologies for Semantic Web services. In this paper, we survey the prominent Semantic Web service frameworks. In addition, a set of criteria is identified and the discussed frameworks are evaluated and compared with respect to these criteria. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of the Semantic Web service frameworks can help researchers to utilize the most appropriate one according to their needs.
QOS Aware Formalized Model for Semantic Web Service SelectionIJwest
Selecting the most relevant Web Service according to a client requirement is an onerous task, as innumerous number of functionally same Web Services(WS) are listed in UDDI registry. WS are functionally same but their Quality and performance varies as per service providers. A web Service Selection Process involves two major points: Recommending the pertinent Web Service and avoiding unjustifiable web service. The deficiency in keyword based searching is that it doesn’t handle the client request accurately as keyword may have ambiguous meaning on different scenarios. UDDI and search engines all are based on keyword search, which are lagging behind on pertinent Web service selection. So the search mechanism must be incorporated with the Semantic behavior of Web Services. In order to strengthen this approach, the proposed model is incorporated with Quality of Services (QoS) based Ranking of semantic web services.
This paper focuses on various concepts of Quality of Service associated with web services. Various QoS parameters like performance, availability, reliability and stability etc. are formalized in order to enhance the pertinence of web service selection. A QoS mediator agent based Web Service Selection Model is proposed where QoS Consultant acts as a Mediator Agent between clients and service providers. Model suggests user’s preferences on QoS parameter selection. The proposed model helps to select pertinent Web Service as per user’s requirement and reduce the human effort.. Further process of adding ontology with semantic web services is also illustrated here.
SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES – DISCOVERY, SELECTION AND COMPOSITION TECHNIQUEScscpconf
Web services are already one of the most important resources on the Internet. As an integrated solution for realizing the vision of the Next Generation Web, semantic web services combine semantic web technology with web service technology, envisioning automated life cycle
management of web services. This paper discusses the significance and importance of service
discovery & selection to business logic, and the requisite current research in the various phases of the semantic web service lifecycle like discovery and selection. We also present several different composition strategies, based on current research, and provide an outlook towards critical future work
Semantic web services discovery selection and composition techniquescsandit
Web services are already one of the most important resources on the Internet. As an integrated
solution for realizing the vision of the Next Generation Web, semantic web services combine
semantic web technology with web service technology, envisioning automated life cycle
management of web services. This paper discusses the significance and importance of service
discovery & selection to business logic, and the requisite current research in the various phases
of the semantic web service lifecycle like discovery and selection. We also present several
different composition strategies, based on current research, and provide an outlook towards
critical future work.
Cluster based approach for Service Discovery using Pattern RecognitionYogesh Santhan
Abstract— Web services that are appropriate to a user specific request are usually not considered in discovering the exact service since they are present without explicit related semantic descriptions. In our approach, we deal with the issue of service discovery provided non-explicit service description semantics that match a particular service request. We propose a system that involves semantic-based service categorization which is performed at the UDDI with a key for achieving the service categorization at functional level based on an ontology skeleton. Also, clustering is used for literally systemizing the web services based on functionality which is achieved by using analytic algorithm. An efficient matching for the relevant services is achieved by the enhancing the service request semantically and involves expanding the additional functionality (obtained from ontology) that are related for the requested service. The pattern recognition algorithm is used to select appropriate service from the cluster formation of related (grouped) web services.
Web Services Discovery and Recommendation Based on Information Extraction and...ijwscjournal
This paper shows that the problem of web services representation is crucial and analyzes the various
factors that influence on it. It presents the traditional representation of web services considering traditional
textual descriptions based on the information contained in WSDL files. Unfortunately, textual web services
descriptions are dirty and need significant cleaning to keep only useful information. To deal with this
problem, we introduce rules based text tagging method, which allows filtering web service description to
keep only significant information. A new representation based on such filtered data is then introduced.
Many web services have empty descriptions. Also, we consider web services representations based on the
WSDL file structure (types, attributes, etc.). Alternatively, we introduce a new representation called
symbolic reputation, which is computed from relationships between web services. The impact of the use of
these representations on web service discovery and recommendation is studied and discussed in the
experimentation using real world web services.
Evaluation of QoS based Web- Service Selection Techniques for Service Composi...Waqas Tariq
This document discusses quality of service (QoS) based techniques for selecting web services for service composition. It begins by providing background on service-oriented computing and defining service composition. The document then reviews three approaches to web service selection: functional, non-functional, and user-based. It focuses on non-functional (QoS-based) service selection, describing the specifications of QoS-based service selection techniques, including QoS modeling, categorization, user preferences, evaluation criteria, and aggregating evaluation results. The document aims to evaluate various QoS-based service selection techniques and identify criteria for comparing them.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A review on framework and quality of service based web services discoveryMustafa Algaet
In consequence these services are nowadays accessible to the final clients. In the last few years, more
and more Web Services providing the same functionalities are available in the environment. In order to
select the best service adapted to client’s requests, we need some method capable to evaluate and
compare different services providing the same functionalities. In this context, Quality of service can be defined as the capability to respond to the requirements (constraints) of a client and to fulfill these
needs with the best criteria (preferences) established by the client. It is calculated based on the non-
functional properties of the service. This paper provides an overview of a research progress in Quality
of Service Based Web Services Discovery; it also highlights the issues that need to be investigated in
Quality of Service Based Web Services
Project - UG - BTech IT - Cluster based Approach for Service Discovery using ...Yogesh Santhan
Abstract— Web services that are appropriate to a user specific request are usually not considered in discovering the exact service since they are present without explicit related semantic descriptions. In our approach, we deal with the issue of service discovery provided non-explicit service description semantics that match a particular service request. We propose a system that involves semantic-based service categorization which is performed at the UDDI with a key for achieving the service categorization at functional level based on an ontology skeleton. Also, clustering is used for literally systemizing the web services based on functionality which is achieved by using analytic algorithm. An efficient matching for the relevant services is achieved by the enhancing the service request semantically and involves expanding the additional functionality (obtained from ontology) that are related for the requested service. The pattern recognition algorithm is used to select appropriate service from the cluster formation of related (grouped) web services.
This is my UG Final Year Project - BTech Information Technology.
Web Service Discovery Mechanisms Based on IR ModelsIRJET Journal
This document discusses various approaches for web service discovery that employ information retrieval (IR) methods. It describes five main approaches:
1. Using singular value decomposition (SVD) to find similar services by representing them as vectors and calculating cosine similarity.
2. Applying the vector space model of IR to represent services and queries as vectors and calculate cosine similarity to discover analogous services.
3. Combining the vector space model with a structure matching algorithm to refine service discovery results.
4. Measuring semantic similarity of services instead of structural similarity by representing data types as trees and calculating edit distances.
5. Enhancing service requests and descriptions with ontologies, representing them as vectors using latent semantic
5 ijitcs v7-n1-7-an empirical study on testing of soa based servicesAbhishek Srivastava
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) removed the gap between software and business. Today, there is a business transformation among enterprises and they adopt a service based information technology (IT) model. So, testing is necessary for SOA based applications. This paper investigates different type of approaches and techniques that address the testing problems of SOA based services. Here we also investigate the differences between SOA and web services and traditional testing and SOA testing. Various testing levels are also discussed in detail. This paper also expresses various testing perspectives, challenges of SOA testing and review the many testing approaches and identify the problems that improve the testability of SOA based services.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Text preprocessing and document classification plays a vital role in web services discovery. Nearest centroid classifiers were mostly employed in high-dimensional application including genomics. Feature selection is a major problem in all classifiers and in this paper we propose to use an effective feature selection procedure followed by web services discovery through Centroid classifier algorithm. The task here in this problem statement is to effectively assign a document to one or more classes. Besides being simple and robust, the centroid classifier s not effectively used for document classification due to the computational complexity and larger memory requirements. We address these problems through dimensionality reduction and effective feature set selection before training and testing the classifier. Our preliminary experimentation and results shows that the proposed method outperforms other algorithms mentioned in the literature including K-Nearest neighbors, Naive Bayes classifier and Support Vector Machines.
TOWARDS UNIVERSAL RATING OF ONLINE MULTIMEDIA CONTENTcsandit
Most website classification systems have dealt with the question of classifying websites based on
their content, design, usability, layout and such, few have considered website classification
based on users’ experience. The growth of online marketing and advertisement has lead to
fierce competition that has resulted in some websites using disguise ways so as to attract users.
This may result in cases where a user visits a website and does not get the promised results. The
results are a waste of time, energy and sometimes even money for users. In this context, we design
an experiment that uses fuzzy linguistic model and data mining techniques to capture users’
experiences, we then use the k-means clustering algorithm to cluster websites based on a set of
feature vectors from the users’ perspective. The content unity is defined as the distance between
the real content and its keywords. We demonstrate the use of bisecting k-means algorithm for
this task and demonstrate that the method can incrementally learn from user’s profile on their
experience with these websites.
WEB SERVICES COMPOSITION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: A REVIEWijcseit
This document provides a review of existing approaches for web service composition. It begins with an introduction and background on key concepts related to web services and composition such as ontologies, semantic web architecture, semantic annotations, reasoners, matching, and quality of service. It then discusses current methods for web service composition, distinguishing between manual/static composition done at design time versus automatic/dynamic composition done at runtime. The document categorizes and compares different composition approaches and aims to help focus future research efforts.
Design and Implementation of SOA Enhanced Semantic Information Retrieval web ...iosrjce
The document describes a proposed system for a semantic web information retrieval service using domain ontology, WCF services, and .NET technologies. It discusses implementing concept relevancy ranking of link and page content as web services. The system architecture includes an admin module to create domain ontology and semantic annotations, a search interface for users, and a testing module. Experimental results show the proposed approach provides more relevant results than traditional search engines for the sample query "company cts chennai taramani".
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techno...ijcseit
Web Services are modular, self-describing, self-contained and loosely coupled applications that can be
published, located, and invoked across the web. With the increasing number of web services available on
the web, the need for web services composition is becoming more and more important. Nowadays, for
answering complex needs of users, the construction of new web services based on existing ones is required.
This problem is known as web services composition. However, it is one of big challenge problems of recent
years in a distributed and dynamic environment. The various approaches in field of web service
compositions proposed by the researchers. In this paper we present a review of existing approaches for
web service composition and compare them among each other with respect to some key requirements. We
hope this paper helps researchers to focus on their efforts and to deliver lasting solutions in this field.
WEB SERVICE COMPOSITION PROCESSES: A COMPARATIVE STUDYijwscjournal
Service composition is the process of constructing new services by combining several existing ones. It considered as one of the complex challenges in distributed and dynamic environment. The composition process includes, in general, the searching for existing services in a specific domain, and selecting the appropriate service, then coordinating composition flow and invoking services. Over the past years, the problem of web service composition has been studied intensively by researchers. Therefore, a significant amount of solutions and new methods to tackle this problem are presented. In this paper, our objective is to investigate algorithms and methodologies to provide a classification of existing methods in each composition phase. Moreover, we aim at conducting a comparative study to discover the main features and limitation in each phase in order to assist future research in this area.
The semantic Web service discovery has been given massive attention within the last few years. With the
increasing number of Web services available on the web, looking for a particular service has become very
difficult, especially with the evolution of the clients’ needs. In this context, various approaches to discover
semantic Web services have been proposed. In this paper, we compare these approaches in order to assess
their maturity and their adaptation to the current domain requirements. The outcome of this comparison
will help us to identify the mechanisms that constitute the strengths of the existing approaches, and
thereafter will serve as guideline to determine the basis for a discovery approach more adapted to the
current context of Web services.
CONTEMPORARY SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE FRAMEWORKS: AN OVERVIEW AND COMPARISONSijwscjournal
The growing proliferation of distributed information systems, allows organizations to offer their business processes to a worldwide audience through Web services. Semantic Web services have emerged as a means to achieve the vision of automatic discovery, selection, composition, and invocation of Web services by encoding the specifications of these software components in an unambiguous and machine-interpretable form. Several frameworks have been devised as enabling technologies for Semantic Web services. In this paper, we survey the prominent Semantic Web service frameworks. In addition, a set of criteria is identified and the discussed frameworks are evaluated and compared with respect to these criteria. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of the Semantic Web service frameworks can help researchers to utilize the most appropriate one according to their needs.
RECOMMENDATION FOR WEB SERVICE COMPOSITION BY MINING USAGE LOGSIJDKP
Web service composition has been one of the most researched topics of the past decade. Novel methods of
web service composition are being proposed in the literature include Semantics-based composition, WSDLbased
composition. Although these methods provide promising results for composition, search and
discovery of web service based on QoS parameter of network and semantics or ontology associated with
WSDL, they do not address composition based on usage of web service. Web Service usage logs capture
time series data of web service invocation by business objects, which innately captures patterns or
workflows associated with business operations. Web service composition based on such patterns and
workflows can greatly streamline the business operations. In this research work, we try to explore and
implement methods of mining web service usage logs. Main objectives include Identifying usage
association of services. Linking one service invocation with other, Evaluation of the causal relationship
between associations of services.
WEB SERVICES DISCOVERY AND RECOMMENDATION BASED ON INFORMATION EXTRACTION AND...ijwscjournal
This paper shows that the problem of web services representation is crucial and analyzes the various factors that influence on it. It presents the traditional representation of web services considering traditional textual descriptions based on the information contained in WSDL files. Unfortunately, textual web services descriptions are dirty and need significant cleaning to keep only useful information. To deal with this problem, we introduce rules based text tagging method, which allows filtering web service description to keep only significant information. A new representation based on such filtered data is then introduced. Many web services have empty descriptions. Also, we consider web services representations based on the
WSDL file structure (types, attributes, etc.). Alternatively, we introduce a new representation called symbolic reputation, which is computed from relationships between web services. The impact of the use of these representations on web service discovery and recommendation is studied and discussed in the
experimentation using real world web services.
AN ARCHITECTURE FOR WEB SERVICE SIMILARITY EVALUATION BASED ON THEIR FUNCTION...ijwscjournal
By increasing popularity of SOC, using Web services in applications has increased too. SOC creates a loosely coupled environment in which the actual execution environment might differ significantly from the one with the presupposed conditions during application design. Therefore, although an appropriate Web service might have been selected, by passing time, the Web service may not be efficient enough or may not be applicable under specific conditions.
For service-oriented systems to be flexible and self-adaptive, it is necessary to automatically select and use a similar service instead of the one which causes the above mentioned problems. Finding a similar service means specifying the proper services which fulfill the same requirements as those fulfilled by the problematic service.
In most of the previous works, a number of the best services (k) are selected and ordered based on functional similarity. The user must select one of these services based on his/her preferences. One important metric in selecting a similar service is considering QoS properties and user preferences about QoS. Because of the importance of this issue, in the present paper, an architecture is proposed in which, in addition to functional similarity, QoS properties and user preferences are also considered in selecting a similar service.
AN ARCHITECTURE FOR WEB SERVICE SIMILARITY EVALUATION BASED ON THEIR FUNCTION...ijwscjournal
By increasing popularity of SOC, using Web services in applications has increased too. SOC creates a loosely coupled environment in which the actual execution environment might differ significantly from the one with the presupposed conditions during application design. Therefore, although an appropriate Web service might have been selected, by passing time, the Web service may not be efficient enough or may not be applicable under specific conditions.
For service-oriented systems to be flexible and self-adaptive, it is necessary to automatically select and use a similar service instead of the one which causes the above mentioned problems. Finding a similar service means specifying the proper services which fulfill the same requirements as those fulfilled by the problematic service.
In most of the previous works, a number of the best services (k) are selected and ordered based on functional similarity. The user must select one of these services based on his/her preferences. One important metric in selecting a similar service is considering QoS properties and user preferences about QoS. Because of the importance of this issue, in the present paper, an architecture is proposed in which, in addition to functional similarity, QoS properties and user preferences are also considered in selecting a similar service.
A Novel Approach: A Hybrid Semantic Matchmaker For Service Discovery In Servi...IJNSA Journal
Since service-oriented architectures make the commercial systems more reliable and reusable, they have gained more popularity in industry and scientific community in recent decades. Service-oriented architectures bring flexibility and reusability to software design. Due to the increasing number of services on the Web, finding a service which is suited to user requirements is crucial. The process of finding suitable services to user request is one of the main purposes of service-oriented architectures. Many methods have been proposed for service discovery in service-oriented architectures that try to fulfil user requirements and offer suitable services to user request; however the proposed methods do not have enough precision for discovering suitable services. In this paper, we propose a method for service discovery which offers more accurate services according to user request. The proposed method is a hybrid semantic matchmaker for service discovery in service oriented architecture. By providing accurate services suitable to user requests, we have greatly increased the reusability rate and reduced the time and cost of software development.
Semantic Web: A Study on Web Service Composition Approachesijtsrd
A Web service is a collection of open protocols and standards used for exchanging data between applications and systems. Web Service discovery, selection and composition are the important tasks of the any automated business processes. In a web service composition set of web services are collectively executed to achieve the objectives. This study reveals the existing approaches used for web service composition in both syntactic and semantic environments. We have reviewed more than 40 articles in this domain and concluded with merits and demerits of the methodologies applied for the implementation of the web service composition. Michael Raj TF, | Siva Prakasam. P"Semantic Web: A Study on Web Service Composition Approaches" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd115.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/world-wide-web/115/semantic-web-a-study-on-web-service-composition-approaches/michael-raj-tf-
Web Services Discovery and Recommendation Based on Information Extraction and...ijwscjournal
This paper shows that the problem of web services representation is crucial and analyzes the various
factors that influence on it. It presents the traditional representation of web services considering traditional
textual descriptions based on the information contained in WSDL files. Unfortunately, textual web services
descriptions are dirty and need significant cleaning to keep only useful information. To deal with this
problem, we introduce rules based text tagging method, which allows filtering web service description to
keep only significant information. A new representation based on such filtered data is then introduced.
Many web services have empty descriptions. Also, we consider web services representations based on the
WSDL file structure (types, attributes, etc.). Alternatively, we introduce a new representation called
symbolic reputation, which is computed from relationships between web services. The impact of the use of
these representations on web service discovery and recommendation is studied and discussed in the
experimentation using real world web services.
Evaluation of QoS based Web- Service Selection Techniques for Service Composi...Waqas Tariq
This document discusses quality of service (QoS) based techniques for selecting web services for service composition. It begins by providing background on service-oriented computing and defining service composition. The document then reviews three approaches to web service selection: functional, non-functional, and user-based. It focuses on non-functional (QoS-based) service selection, describing the specifications of QoS-based service selection techniques, including QoS modeling, categorization, user preferences, evaluation criteria, and aggregating evaluation results. The document aims to evaluate various QoS-based service selection techniques and identify criteria for comparing them.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A review on framework and quality of service based web services discoveryMustafa Algaet
In consequence these services are nowadays accessible to the final clients. In the last few years, more
and more Web Services providing the same functionalities are available in the environment. In order to
select the best service adapted to client’s requests, we need some method capable to evaluate and
compare different services providing the same functionalities. In this context, Quality of service can be defined as the capability to respond to the requirements (constraints) of a client and to fulfill these
needs with the best criteria (preferences) established by the client. It is calculated based on the non-
functional properties of the service. This paper provides an overview of a research progress in Quality
of Service Based Web Services Discovery; it also highlights the issues that need to be investigated in
Quality of Service Based Web Services
Project - UG - BTech IT - Cluster based Approach for Service Discovery using ...Yogesh Santhan
Abstract— Web services that are appropriate to a user specific request are usually not considered in discovering the exact service since they are present without explicit related semantic descriptions. In our approach, we deal with the issue of service discovery provided non-explicit service description semantics that match a particular service request. We propose a system that involves semantic-based service categorization which is performed at the UDDI with a key for achieving the service categorization at functional level based on an ontology skeleton. Also, clustering is used for literally systemizing the web services based on functionality which is achieved by using analytic algorithm. An efficient matching for the relevant services is achieved by the enhancing the service request semantically and involves expanding the additional functionality (obtained from ontology) that are related for the requested service. The pattern recognition algorithm is used to select appropriate service from the cluster formation of related (grouped) web services.
This is my UG Final Year Project - BTech Information Technology.
Web Service Discovery Mechanisms Based on IR ModelsIRJET Journal
This document discusses various approaches for web service discovery that employ information retrieval (IR) methods. It describes five main approaches:
1. Using singular value decomposition (SVD) to find similar services by representing them as vectors and calculating cosine similarity.
2. Applying the vector space model of IR to represent services and queries as vectors and calculate cosine similarity to discover analogous services.
3. Combining the vector space model with a structure matching algorithm to refine service discovery results.
4. Measuring semantic similarity of services instead of structural similarity by representing data types as trees and calculating edit distances.
5. Enhancing service requests and descriptions with ontologies, representing them as vectors using latent semantic
5 ijitcs v7-n1-7-an empirical study on testing of soa based servicesAbhishek Srivastava
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) removed the gap between software and business. Today, there is a business transformation among enterprises and they adopt a service based information technology (IT) model. So, testing is necessary for SOA based applications. This paper investigates different type of approaches and techniques that address the testing problems of SOA based services. Here we also investigate the differences between SOA and web services and traditional testing and SOA testing. Various testing levels are also discussed in detail. This paper also expresses various testing perspectives, challenges of SOA testing and review the many testing approaches and identify the problems that improve the testability of SOA based services.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Text preprocessing and document classification plays a vital role in web services discovery. Nearest centroid classifiers were mostly employed in high-dimensional application including genomics. Feature selection is a major problem in all classifiers and in this paper we propose to use an effective feature selection procedure followed by web services discovery through Centroid classifier algorithm. The task here in this problem statement is to effectively assign a document to one or more classes. Besides being simple and robust, the centroid classifier s not effectively used for document classification due to the computational complexity and larger memory requirements. We address these problems through dimensionality reduction and effective feature set selection before training and testing the classifier. Our preliminary experimentation and results shows that the proposed method outperforms other algorithms mentioned in the literature including K-Nearest neighbors, Naive Bayes classifier and Support Vector Machines.
TOWARDS UNIVERSAL RATING OF ONLINE MULTIMEDIA CONTENTcsandit
Most website classification systems have dealt with the question of classifying websites based on
their content, design, usability, layout and such, few have considered website classification
based on users’ experience. The growth of online marketing and advertisement has lead to
fierce competition that has resulted in some websites using disguise ways so as to attract users.
This may result in cases where a user visits a website and does not get the promised results. The
results are a waste of time, energy and sometimes even money for users. In this context, we design
an experiment that uses fuzzy linguistic model and data mining techniques to capture users’
experiences, we then use the k-means clustering algorithm to cluster websites based on a set of
feature vectors from the users’ perspective. The content unity is defined as the distance between
the real content and its keywords. We demonstrate the use of bisecting k-means algorithm for
this task and demonstrate that the method can incrementally learn from user’s profile on their
experience with these websites.
WEB SERVICES COMPOSITION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: A REVIEWijcseit
This document provides a review of existing approaches for web service composition. It begins with an introduction and background on key concepts related to web services and composition such as ontologies, semantic web architecture, semantic annotations, reasoners, matching, and quality of service. It then discusses current methods for web service composition, distinguishing between manual/static composition done at design time versus automatic/dynamic composition done at runtime. The document categorizes and compares different composition approaches and aims to help focus future research efforts.
Design and Implementation of SOA Enhanced Semantic Information Retrieval web ...iosrjce
The document describes a proposed system for a semantic web information retrieval service using domain ontology, WCF services, and .NET technologies. It discusses implementing concept relevancy ranking of link and page content as web services. The system architecture includes an admin module to create domain ontology and semantic annotations, a search interface for users, and a testing module. Experimental results show the proposed approach provides more relevant results than traditional search engines for the sample query "company cts chennai taramani".
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techno...ijcseit
Web Services are modular, self-describing, self-contained and loosely coupled applications that can be
published, located, and invoked across the web. With the increasing number of web services available on
the web, the need for web services composition is becoming more and more important. Nowadays, for
answering complex needs of users, the construction of new web services based on existing ones is required.
This problem is known as web services composition. However, it is one of big challenge problems of recent
years in a distributed and dynamic environment. The various approaches in field of web service
compositions proposed by the researchers. In this paper we present a review of existing approaches for
web service composition and compare them among each other with respect to some key requirements. We
hope this paper helps researchers to focus on their efforts and to deliver lasting solutions in this field.
WEB SERVICE COMPOSITION PROCESSES: A COMPARATIVE STUDYijwscjournal
Service composition is the process of constructing new services by combining several existing ones. It considered as one of the complex challenges in distributed and dynamic environment. The composition process includes, in general, the searching for existing services in a specific domain, and selecting the appropriate service, then coordinating composition flow and invoking services. Over the past years, the problem of web service composition has been studied intensively by researchers. Therefore, a significant amount of solutions and new methods to tackle this problem are presented. In this paper, our objective is to investigate algorithms and methodologies to provide a classification of existing methods in each composition phase. Moreover, we aim at conducting a comparative study to discover the main features and limitation in each phase in order to assist future research in this area.
The semantic Web service discovery has been given massive attention within the last few years. With the
increasing number of Web services available on the web, looking for a particular service has become very
difficult, especially with the evolution of the clients’ needs. In this context, various approaches to discover
semantic Web services have been proposed. In this paper, we compare these approaches in order to assess
their maturity and their adaptation to the current domain requirements. The outcome of this comparison
will help us to identify the mechanisms that constitute the strengths of the existing approaches, and
thereafter will serve as guideline to determine the basis for a discovery approach more adapted to the
current context of Web services.
CONTEMPORARY SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE FRAMEWORKS: AN OVERVIEW AND COMPARISONSijwscjournal
The growing proliferation of distributed information systems, allows organizations to offer their business processes to a worldwide audience through Web services. Semantic Web services have emerged as a means to achieve the vision of automatic discovery, selection, composition, and invocation of Web services by encoding the specifications of these software components in an unambiguous and machine-interpretable form. Several frameworks have been devised as enabling technologies for Semantic Web services. In this paper, we survey the prominent Semantic Web service frameworks. In addition, a set of criteria is identified and the discussed frameworks are evaluated and compared with respect to these criteria. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of the Semantic Web service frameworks can help researchers to utilize the most appropriate one according to their needs.
RECOMMENDATION FOR WEB SERVICE COMPOSITION BY MINING USAGE LOGSIJDKP
Web service composition has been one of the most researched topics of the past decade. Novel methods of
web service composition are being proposed in the literature include Semantics-based composition, WSDLbased
composition. Although these methods provide promising results for composition, search and
discovery of web service based on QoS parameter of network and semantics or ontology associated with
WSDL, they do not address composition based on usage of web service. Web Service usage logs capture
time series data of web service invocation by business objects, which innately captures patterns or
workflows associated with business operations. Web service composition based on such patterns and
workflows can greatly streamline the business operations. In this research work, we try to explore and
implement methods of mining web service usage logs. Main objectives include Identifying usage
association of services. Linking one service invocation with other, Evaluation of the causal relationship
between associations of services.
WEB SERVICES DISCOVERY AND RECOMMENDATION BASED ON INFORMATION EXTRACTION AND...ijwscjournal
This paper shows that the problem of web services representation is crucial and analyzes the various factors that influence on it. It presents the traditional representation of web services considering traditional textual descriptions based on the information contained in WSDL files. Unfortunately, textual web services descriptions are dirty and need significant cleaning to keep only useful information. To deal with this problem, we introduce rules based text tagging method, which allows filtering web service description to keep only significant information. A new representation based on such filtered data is then introduced. Many web services have empty descriptions. Also, we consider web services representations based on the
WSDL file structure (types, attributes, etc.). Alternatively, we introduce a new representation called symbolic reputation, which is computed from relationships between web services. The impact of the use of these representations on web service discovery and recommendation is studied and discussed in the
experimentation using real world web services.
AN ARCHITECTURE FOR WEB SERVICE SIMILARITY EVALUATION BASED ON THEIR FUNCTION...ijwscjournal
By increasing popularity of SOC, using Web services in applications has increased too. SOC creates a loosely coupled environment in which the actual execution environment might differ significantly from the one with the presupposed conditions during application design. Therefore, although an appropriate Web service might have been selected, by passing time, the Web service may not be efficient enough or may not be applicable under specific conditions.
For service-oriented systems to be flexible and self-adaptive, it is necessary to automatically select and use a similar service instead of the one which causes the above mentioned problems. Finding a similar service means specifying the proper services which fulfill the same requirements as those fulfilled by the problematic service.
In most of the previous works, a number of the best services (k) are selected and ordered based on functional similarity. The user must select one of these services based on his/her preferences. One important metric in selecting a similar service is considering QoS properties and user preferences about QoS. Because of the importance of this issue, in the present paper, an architecture is proposed in which, in addition to functional similarity, QoS properties and user preferences are also considered in selecting a similar service.
AN ARCHITECTURE FOR WEB SERVICE SIMILARITY EVALUATION BASED ON THEIR FUNCTION...ijwscjournal
By increasing popularity of SOC, using Web services in applications has increased too. SOC creates a loosely coupled environment in which the actual execution environment might differ significantly from the one with the presupposed conditions during application design. Therefore, although an appropriate Web service might have been selected, by passing time, the Web service may not be efficient enough or may not be applicable under specific conditions.
For service-oriented systems to be flexible and self-adaptive, it is necessary to automatically select and use a similar service instead of the one which causes the above mentioned problems. Finding a similar service means specifying the proper services which fulfill the same requirements as those fulfilled by the problematic service.
In most of the previous works, a number of the best services (k) are selected and ordered based on functional similarity. The user must select one of these services based on his/her preferences. One important metric in selecting a similar service is considering QoS properties and user preferences about QoS. Because of the importance of this issue, in the present paper, an architecture is proposed in which, in addition to functional similarity, QoS properties and user preferences are also considered in selecting a similar service.
A Novel Approach: A Hybrid Semantic Matchmaker For Service Discovery In Servi...IJNSA Journal
Since service-oriented architectures make the commercial systems more reliable and reusable, they have gained more popularity in industry and scientific community in recent decades. Service-oriented architectures bring flexibility and reusability to software design. Due to the increasing number of services on the Web, finding a service which is suited to user requirements is crucial. The process of finding suitable services to user request is one of the main purposes of service-oriented architectures. Many methods have been proposed for service discovery in service-oriented architectures that try to fulfil user requirements and offer suitable services to user request; however the proposed methods do not have enough precision for discovering suitable services. In this paper, we propose a method for service discovery which offers more accurate services according to user request. The proposed method is a hybrid semantic matchmaker for service discovery in service oriented architecture. By providing accurate services suitable to user requests, we have greatly increased the reusability rate and reduced the time and cost of software development.
Semantic Web: A Study on Web Service Composition Approachesijtsrd
A Web service is a collection of open protocols and standards used for exchanging data between applications and systems. Web Service discovery, selection and composition are the important tasks of the any automated business processes. In a web service composition set of web services are collectively executed to achieve the objectives. This study reveals the existing approaches used for web service composition in both syntactic and semantic environments. We have reviewed more than 40 articles in this domain and concluded with merits and demerits of the methodologies applied for the implementation of the web service composition. Michael Raj TF, | Siva Prakasam. P"Semantic Web: A Study on Web Service Composition Approaches" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd115.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/world-wide-web/115/semantic-web-a-study-on-web-service-composition-approaches/michael-raj-tf-
SIMILARITY MEASURES FOR WEB SERVICE COMPOSITION MODELSijwscjournal
This document discusses similarity measures for comparing web service composition models. It begins with an abstract that introduces the concept of web service compositions and the need for similarity measures to determine how close one composition is to a given specification. It then provides background on related work involving syntactic, semantic and behavioral similarity measures for web services. The main part of the document proposes a set of similarity measures for comparing web service composition models, including state similarity measures based on state name, type, output parameters, and service type. It represents compositions as finite state machines to define states and transitions. The goal is to measure the degree of closeness between compositions regardless of their modeling language.
Similarity measures for web service composition modelsijwscjournal
A Web service composition is an interconnected set of multiple specialized Web service operations, which
complement each other to offer an improved tool capable of solving more complex problems. Manual
design and implementation of Web service compositions are among the most difficult and error prone tasks.
To face this complexity and to reduce errors at design time, the developer can alternatively search and
reuse existing compositions that have solved similar problems. Thus the problem of designing and
implementing Web service compositions can be reduced to the problem of finding and selecting the
composition closest to an initial specification. To achieve this goal, there is the need to define and use
similarity measures to determine how close is a given composition with respect to any given specification.
Comparison of Web service compositions can be done using two possible sources: composition designs
(models), and execution logs of compositions. In particular, in this paper a set of similarity measures are
described for Web service composition models. The main objective is to measure and assess the degree of
closeness between two given compositions of Web services regardless of their modelling language.
WEB SERVICES COMPOSITION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: A REVIEWijcseit
This document provides a review of web service composition methods and techniques. It begins with an abstract that discusses the increasing need for web service composition as more services become available online. The document then reviews several key concepts related to web service composition, such as ontologies, semantic annotations, quality of service measures, and description languages. It categorizes composition approaches as either syntactic or semantic-based. Syntactic composition relies on syntax alone while semantic composition leverages semantic descriptions. The document discusses various composition methods including manual/static composition, automatic/dynamic composition, and semi-automatic/dynamic or static composition. It provides examples of techniques used for each method. Overall, the document aims to help researchers focus their efforts on developing lasting solutions for
A new approach to gather similar operations extracted from web servicesIJECEIAES
A web service is an autonomous software that exposes a set of features on the Internet, it is developed and published by providers and accessed by customers who discover it, select it, invoke and use it. Several research policies have been implemented such as searching through keywords, searching according to semantics and searching by estimating the similarity. A customer is looking for a service for the operations he/she carries out, hence the interest of guiding the search for services towards a search for operations: finding the desired operations amounts to finding the services. For this, groupings of similar operations would make it possible to obtain all the services that can meet the desired functionalities. The customer can then select, in this set the service or services according to its non-functional criteria. The paper presents a study of the similarity between operations. The proposed approach is validated through an experimental study conducted on web services belonging to various domains.
A Novel Testing Model for SOA based ServicesAbhishek Kumar
This document proposes a novel testing model for generating and selecting test cases for service-oriented architecture (SOA) based applications. The model involves:
1) A service provider publishing a service and its Web Service Description Language (WSDL) file.
2) A service tester generating test cases by applying XML schema constraints to the WSDL and creating a test data set.
3) The tester using a tool like SoapUI to create test suites containing automatically generated test cases based on the service operations.
4) The tester selecting additional test cases to cover any "missed coverage items" revealed when testing new versions of a service against previous test results.
6 ijmecs v7-n1-5 a novel testing model for soa based servicesAbhishek Srivastava
SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) filled the gap between software and commercial enterprise. SOA integrates multiple web services. We bear to secure the caliber of web services that gives guarantee about what network services work and their output results. There is close to work has to be performed for an automatic test case generation for SOA based services. But, full coverage of XML elements is missing. To the best of our knowledge this all works do not attempt to cover all possible elements of the XML schema presents in the WSDL file. There is also a need to apply different assertions on each service operation for generating the test cases. To overcome this problem we proposed a novel testing model for SOA based application. This new testing model helps us to get the automatic test cases of SOA based application. We build up our new test model with the aid of our proposed test case generation algorithm and test case selection algorithm. In the end, we generate the test suite execution results and find the coverage of XML schema elements present in the WSDL file.
IRJET- A Parameter Based Web Service Discovery with Underlying Semantics ProfileIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses various approaches for web service discovery. It describes syntax-based and semantic-based approaches.
2. It outlines several specific approaches for web service discovery including one based on schema matching that uses semantic annotations to enhance discovery. Another approach uses a neural network to calculate semantic similarities between schemas to improve matching.
3. A third approach discusses goal-oriented discovery of resources in RESTful architectures using three layers of abstraction from the agent level to service level to content level.
4. Finally, it introduces the concept of linked services for the web of data by publishing service annotations as linked data and creating services that process and generate linked data.
WEB SERVICE COMPOSITION PROCESSES: A COMPARATIVE STUDYijwscjournal
The document provides a comparative study of web service composition processes and methods. It summarizes the key phases of composition as planning, discovery, selection, and execution. For the planning phase, it describes various approaches including workflow-based, AI planning based on state space, logic, graph models, and satisfiability. AI planning methods are further broken down into state-space based planning using forward/backward search, logic-based planning using rules and constraints, graph-based planning using directed graphs, and planning as satisfiability using reasoning algorithms. The document aims to classify existing solutions for each composition phase to better understand their capabilities and limitations.
1) The document proposes a system for a semantic web information retrieval service using domain ontology, WCF services, and .NET technologies to improve search in a distributed environment.
2) It involves developing three web services - one to extract search engine result pages based on a user query, one to pre-process the query and results using domain ontology and semantic annotation, and one to determine and compare the link and page content against a repository to calculate relevancy.
3) The most relevant results are then re-ranked based on the total relevancy calculated from the link and page content matching to provide more precise search results compared to traditional keyword-based approaches.
A Framework For Resource Annotation And Classification In BioinformaticsKate Campbell
This document proposes a framework to semi-automatically extract lightweight semantic annotations from textual descriptions of bioinformatics web services. It uses natural language processing techniques to derive service properties, then applies a simultaneous clustering algorithm to identify clusters of highly correlated services and annotations. This helps classify bioinformatics services to boost discovery, while also detecting relationships between annotations to support ontology building. The approach is evaluated on a corpus of bioinformatics service descriptions.
An Empirical Study on Testing of SOA based ServicesAbhishek Kumar
This document provides an empirical study on testing of service-oriented architecture (SOA) based services. It discusses SOA testing perspectives from different stakeholder views, different levels of SOA testing including unit, integration, system and regression testing. It also outlines the challenges of SOA testing due to its distributed, dynamic and heterogeneous nature. Traditional testing approaches are centralized and static, while SOA testing requires a collaborative approach across service providers, integrators and clients.
Similar a International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT) (19)
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT)
1. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol. 4,No.1, February 2014
DOI : 10.5121/ijcseit.2014.4101 1
WEB SERVICE DISCOVERY METHODS AND
TECHNIQUES: A REVIEW
Soodeh Pakari and Esmaeel Kheirkhah and Mehrdad Jalali
Department of Computer Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Mashhad, Iran
ABSTRACT
Web Services are independent software systems which offer machine-to-machine interactions over the
Internet to achieve well-described operations. With the advent of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA),
Web Services have gained tremendous popularity. As the number of Web Services is increased, finding the
best service according to users requirements becomes a challenge. The Semantic Web Service discovery is
the process of finding the most suitable service that satisfies the user request. A number of approaches to
Web Service discovery have been proposed. In this paper, we classify them and determine the advantages
and disadvantages of each group, to help researchers to implement a new or to select the most appropriate
existing approach for Semantic Web Service discovery. We, also, provide a taxonomy which categorizes
Web Service discovery systems from different points of view. There are three different views, namely,
architectural view, automation view and matchmaking view. We focus on the matchmaking view which is
further divided into semantic-based, syntax-based and context-aware. We explain each sub-group of it in
detail, and then subsequently compare the sub-groups in terms of their merits and drawbacks.
KEYWORDS
Semantic Web Service, Service Discovery, Ontology, Context-aware
1. INTRODUCTION
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) describes interaction between the service provider and the
service consumer through provision, discovery, and usage of services over the Internet. The
provider introduces the core functionality that will be used by requesters. The term “service” will
be used to refer to the Software Engineering community, i.e., the computational parts of concrete
services. The Business community, on the other hand, is used to refer to the whole process,
including actual interactions, as a service [1]. Recent research works focus on the whole process
of the Web Services’ (WS) life cycle. They study how to specify, discover, select, compose,
secure, ensure the correctness, and invoke Web Services. Nowadays, because most of the
organizations have attempted to implement their Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-
Customer (B2C) transactions in the form of Web Services, the number of available Web Services
has increased dramatically. Therefore, finding an appropriate Web Service which is in agreement
with the user’s requirements is a challenge. This emphasizes the need for effective and efficient
Web Service discovery approaches.
In this paper, we focus on the Web Service discovery and offer a review of recent approaches that
offer solutions to the Semantic Web Service discovery problem. Furthermore, we introduce a
taxonomy for Web Service discovery systems. According to Mohebbi [2], there are three different
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2
views, namely architectural view, automation view, and matchmaking view. We focus on the
latter, which is further divided into semantic-based, syntax-based and context-aware.
2. RELATED WORK
In a survey performed by Mydhili, et al. [3] they divide Web Service discovery into two
categories: functional requirements of the Web Service and non-functional requirements or
Quality of Service (QoS). They, then, divide functional requirements of the Web Service into five
categories: Google WSIL1
, StikeIron Registry2
, Google WSDL search3
, Crawl WSDL search4
,
UDDI Keyword Query. Non-functional Requirements or Quality of Service (QoS) includes
Quality Metrics Typology, Quality Models, and Quality Ontologies. In another survey performed
by Netra Patil et al. [4], Web Service discovery methods are divided into two categories: Web
Service discovery based on decentralized approach, and Web Service discovery based on
centralized approach. Many researchers have focused on centralized Web Service discovery.
Although centralized methods have some advantages for the discovery of Web Services, they
suffer from problems associated with having centralized systems such as a single point of failure,
and bottlenecks. Mohebbi, et al. [2] suggested a taxonomy based on three different points of view,
namely: architecture view, automation view, and matchmaking view. Each view, in turn, is
divided into further sub-categories. Architecture view is divided into centralized and
decentralized, automation view is divided into manual and automatic, and matchmaking view is
divided into syntax-based and semantic-based. Semantic-based, itself, is divided into logic-based
and non-logic-based approaches. Malaimalavathani [5], classified Web Service discovery
methods into four categories: Taxonomy-based matchmaking, structural ontological knowledge,
role-oriented matchmaking, and filtering.
3. A TAXONOMY OF WEB SERVICE DISCOVERY SYSTEM
This section presents a taxonomy of Web Service discovery, based on three different points of
view namely: architecture view, automation view, and matchmaking view, with our focus being
on matchmaking view. Figure1 illustrate this taxonomy.Additionally, we focus on semantic-based
approach which is further divided into domain ontology approaches, public ontology approaches,
syntax- and semantic-based approaches. Another group is context-aware approaches, as pointed
out in Introduction.
1
This Google Web Service API and developer kit is used to extract Web Service Inspection Language Document WSIL, which can
be parsed for WSDL locations.
2
Search a registry not associated with a public Universal Business Registry (UBR) like Microsoft. Instead, StrikeIron Registry is used.
3
Use Google Web Service API and developer kit and extract the WSDL references using the Google Search Engine.
4
Use Web crawling to try and locate a WSDL from a domain.
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FIGURE 1. Taxonomy of Service Discovery
3.1. Domain Ontology-based Approach
Some authors have suggested semantic-based approaches with a domain ontology, of which we
discuss a few. In [6], they consider ontologies as knowledge structures that specify attributes of
services, their properties and relations among them to enable finding semantic similarity between
service descriptions and service requests. They use knowledge from ontologies to enhance the
both user service requests and service descriptions by adding concepts that are not presented in
the original descriptions, and use them in a comparison process. It results in more precise
matching, since they consider also implicit concepts. Thus, services and requests that do not
contain exact matching attributes can be found semantically matching on some abstraction level.
In [7], they propose a Web Service discovery with non-explicit service description semantics that
match a specific service request. They suggest an approach, including semantic-based service
categorization and semantic enhancement of the service request. They propose a solution for
achieving functional level service categorization based on an ontology framework. Additionally,
they cluster Web Services based on service functionality. This clustering is performed offline at
the Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI). The semantic enhancement of the
service request causes to find more relevant services. The service request enhancement involves
expansion of additional terms, retrieved from ontology to the request services. Then the matching
will be done between the enhanced service request and the retrieved service descriptions. In [8], a
framework of Semantic Web Service Discovery based on Ontology Mapping (SWSDOM) is
proposed. Their framework performs mapping of input and output parameters in functional
properties of Semantic Web Services expressed by different ontologies, the final similarity is
obtained by aggregating linguistic similarity, structural similarity and instance similarity.
In [9], the semantics-based Web Service matching model is proposed to improve the performance
of Web Service discovery. Semantics-based Web Service matching is a method, including
semantic similarity matching and qualitative filtering. Function-based semantic similarity
matching is used by matching algorithm in order to find the most appropriate services. It is, also,
used for selecting the best service among the results of qualitative filtering.
In [10], they propose a semantic based Web Service discovery and a prototypical tool based on
syntactic and structural schema matching. Their method is based on matching an input ontology,
describing a service request, to Web Service descriptions at the syntactic level through Web
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Service description language or at the semantic level through service ontologies described with
languages such as Ontology Web Language for Services (OWL-S), Web Service Modeling
Ontology(WSMO), Semantic Web Service Framework and Web Service Description Language
Semantics(WSDL-S). The different input schemas, WSDL descriptions, Ontology Web Language
(OWL) ontologies, OWL-S, WSMO, SWSF and WSDL-S components are represented in a
directed rooted graphs. In this uniform internal representation, a number of matching algorithms
operate, including structural-based algorithms (children matcher, leaves matcher, graph and sub-
graph isomorphism) and syntactical ones (edit distance (levenshtein distance or LD) and synonym
matcher (through the WordNet synonyms thesaurus)).
In [11], they propose a two-fold Semantic Web Service matchmaking approach, consisting of (a)
a general-purpose semantic-level mediator and (b) comparison and matchmaking of Semantic
Web Service capabilities. Their Semantic-level mediation approach enables the implicit
representation of similarities across distinct Semantic Web Service by grounding service
descriptions in so-called Mediation Spaces (MS). Given a set of Semantic Web Service and their
respective grounding, a Semantic Web Service matchmaker automatically computes instance
similarities across distinct Semantic Web Service ontologies and matches the request to the most
suitable Semantic Web Service.
In [12], they propose a Web Service discovery framework using OWL-S advertisements. The
purpose of this approach is to determine fast an initial set of candidate Web Services for a specific
request. This set can then be used in more fine-grained discovery approaches, based on richer
Web Service descriptions.
In [13], proposes a novel Semantic Web Service discovery method based on user preference
cluster. Firstly, the method optimizes the design of unmixed semantic UDDI model and then
makes use of the clustering technology to preprocess the user preference from the standpoint
of user demand before service discovery. For that reason, a user could receive demanded
services quickly, which have been thought highly of other users, whose preferences similar
to, reducing processing semantic information. Verified by actual test environment, this
method can shorten the service discovery response time on condition of not affecting the
service discovery accuracy, thereby enhancing the performance of unmixed semantic UDDI.
In [14], Web Service ontology is defined. They use Web Service function and progress to
calculate similarity. Petri net is used to describe Web Service process. This similarity is based on
an accurate concept semantic similarity of the domain ontology. A domain ontology hierarchy is
defined to describe the concept semantic information. The concept semantic similarity is
discussed from several aspects, such as the path between two concepts, the path weight, the
density of concepts, and the antisense relationship. Finally, they use the Web Service similarity to
cluster services, and prove the similarity efficiency.
[15], proposes a weighted ontology-based semantic similarity algorithm for Web Service to
support a more automated and veracious service discovery and rank process in the Semantic Web
Service framework. In [16], they propose a Semantic Web Services discovery method. In this
approach, they use vector space model for calculating the semantic distance at first. Then match
Web Services with ontology hierarchically; finally match Web Services with QoS. In [17], they
present a self-adaptive Semantic Web Service matching method, which improves the precision
and recall of service discovery. In this method, they transform the requirement document and
service profile ontology in to the ontology trees respectively. Conception similarity, attribute
similarity and structure similarity of corresponding nodes in trees are calculated through
taxonomic and hierarchical methodology. Then a serial of constraints are defined according to the
relationship between conception similarity and structure similarity, to get the corresponding
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restructure rules. By restructuring requirement ontology tree in self-adaptive way, they achieve
more accurate destination service collections.
In [18], they proposed a new QoS-aware framework to improve the Semantic Web Service
discovery based on broker by using ontology concepts. Due to having real-time values of QoS
attributes of Web Services, composite monitoring mechanism in which various Web Service-
related applied reports continuously can be collected. These reports are compiled through Web
Service monitoring agent, feedback from user, and provider advertisement. This problem is
solved by combining Semantic Web and Web Service technologies.
In [19], a new architecture of SOA is proposed which incorporates a new adaptive technique
called social learning that improves service provider’s domain ontology from service consumer’s
concept contributions and thus eventually makes the service more semantically discoverable. The
proposed architecture contains new similarity measure and automatic merging algorithms on
weighted ontology. The proposed architecture reduces overlapping concepts and thus more
relevant services are discovered.
In [20], they use semantic matchmaking for discovery and composition of Semantic Web
Services to find more relevant service candidates. Among these candidates, best ones are chosen
to build up the composition, or for substitution in the case of an execution failure. This
matchmaker performs semantic matching of Web Services on input, output, precondition and
effect.
There are some advantages and disadvantages of domain ontology based approach that we
mention them briefly:
Advantages:
• The aim of Semantic Web Service technology is to reduce the manual discovery and
achieve automatic identification, integration, and execution of these Web Services [21].
• Increasing number of similar Web Services, one of the important issues is to discover
most relevant services to the user request. Using semantics can improve the relevancy of
Web Service discovery [22].
• Pledge the automation of Web Service discovery process [23].
• Effective and reliable technique [23].
Disadvantages:
• Some proposed discovery methods are based on a user request that is expressed in a
specific semantic description language like OWL-S, WSMO, or WSDL-S. As a result,
end user should have intimate knowledge of Semantic Web Services and related
description and implementation details which makes their usage difficult for end users
[21].
• The problem is that, the requestor may not be aware of all the knowledge that constitutes
the domain ontology. Specifically, the service requestor may not be aware of all the terms
related to the service request. As a result, we miss many services relevant to the request
during service discovery process [21].
• Another limitation of some proposed methods consist on their semantic matching
approaches. In fact, both service provider and service requester use domain ontologies to
build semantic service description file. Most of proposed approaches assume that both
service provider and service requester use the same ontology domain to describe service
but is not applicable in real-world scenario. To overcome this ontology heterogeneity, it
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is needed to utilize ontology mapping techniques to coordinate the differences between
these ontologies to support interoperability [21].
• More complex technique [23].
• In these approaches semantic tagging of Web Services may be needed [23].
3.2. Public Ontology-based Approach
In [24], they present a new way of enhancing Web Services semantically using WordNet concepts
(synsets). The important advantage of the solution is that it allows developers to enhance Web
Services with semantic information without semantic annotation against an ontology. This is
different from traditional, ontology-based researches, which require significant cost and effort for
semantic annotation and ontology management. The proposed solution allows associating
semantic tags on the message parts of Web Services. They solve the semantic service discovery
problem with a domain neutral service annotation technique. In [25], a two-stage filtering
approach based on implicit semantics of Web Service description and WordNet is proposed to
identify candidate services using semantic reasoners. In the first stage, after filtering out
irrelevant services, the candidate services relevant to the given service query are identified. In the
second stage, the trust score of each candidate service is compared against a user-defined trust
score using Trust Rank algorithmic tool. Only those candidate services with trust score greater
than the user-defined trust score are considered as the services which necessarily require complete
semantic matching of service capabilities using a semantic reasoner. In order to give service
semantic information, service ontology should be build. There are two kinds of service ontology:
self-defined ontology and public ontology. By way of improving the usability of the method, they
prefer public ontology. [26], proposes two levels Semantic Web Service discovery method. This
method uses semantic word in WordNet to annotate service and service interface, and then
discovers target service within two levels. At the first level, compute service similarity degree; at
the second level, compute service interface similarity degree. Threshold is used to eliminate
unsatisfied service in every level. In [27] they present Themis-S, a prototype of an ontology-
based natural language service discovery engine. In a series of experiments, they evaluate the
retrieval effectiveness of Themis-S in comparison with other information retrieval models. The
experiments show that Themis-S, using WordNet as a general purpose ontology, can outperform
systems applying syntactic information retrieval models such as the Vector Space Model (VSM)
or the Probabilistic Relevance Model (PRM).
Now we explain some advantages and disadvantages of these approaches.
Advantages:
• The important advantage of these approaches is that it allows developers to enhance Web
Services with semantic information without semantic annotation against an ontology.
This is different from traditional, ontology-based researches, which require significant
cost and effort for semantic annotation and ontology management [24].
• There are two kinds of service ontology: self-defined ontology and public ontology. By
way of improving the usability of the method, public ontology is used. WordNet is a
well-known public dictionary, terms and concepts in WordNet has its precise semantic.
Therefore, we take WordNet as our service ontology, and use terms and concepts in
WordNet to annotate service library, service and service interface [28].
• Mostly all semantic service annotations are based on ontologies. Despite being
theoretically ideal solution for semantic annotation, ontologies have some drawbacks.
First, they are domain dependent. In case of mash-ups where services from different
domains are involved, domain dependent annotations introduce ontology matching
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problems. Second, the cost of ontologies is relatively high and requires special expertise
for creation and maintenance. WordNet is aggregation of dictionary and thesaurus that is
perfect for text analysis and AI use-cases [24].
• WordNet, It is not domain specific and nearly eliminates the semantic annotation cost of
services [24].
Disadvantages:
• Different parts of WordNet have different granularity for the description of word senses.
In general, WordNet is too fine-granular for many purposes [29].
• There are WordNet versions for a large number of languages, but there is no real multi-
lingual WordNet. The different WordNet differ in coverage, format, and availability [29].
• WordNet focuses on paratactic semantic relations between single words [29].
.
3.3. Syntax- and Semantic-based Approaches
[30], proposes an ontological Web Service discovery approach based on semantic matching
process of functional and non-functional requirements. This Web Service discovery process
matches functional and non-functional requirements, ranks according to preferences, considering
three related ontologies: 1. An ontology for integration of quality standards and retrieve
properties, 2. An ontology for modelling the relations between these standards and preferences to
rank functionality and/or qualities, 3. An ontology relating quality models to Web Service
functionality. The main activities of the proposed Web Service discovery process, combining
syntactic and semantic issues are: First activity: matching of FR. The Web Service query using
FR is expressed as an OWLS file; the matching is performed syntactically using a Web server,
containing the information on the Web Service functionality; the matching results are the URLs
with the descriptions of the services represented also by OWLS files, responding to the functional
requirements of the client. Second activity: matching on NFR. This search is also based on a
matching to retrieve QoS metrics from the properties defined in the quality model for the specific
Web Service functionality, that are specified in the QStdOnt ontology; an inference engine of
Protégé is used, and the queries are expressed in SQWRL; for example, search for a transactional
Web Service that requires efficiency, with a certain throughput, measured by a resource-
utilization metric. Third activity: Web Service ranking according to expert-assigned common
preferences. The services, found after the matching of NFR, are ranked according to their
common preferences specified in Onto-Relation-ComPref Ontology. Generally, levels (high,
medium, and low) are associated to each quality property in order to rank them. Domain experts
assign these preferences to quality properties. For example, Web Service with high-level rate of
internet access are frequently demanded. Fourth activity: Web Service ranking according to user-
assigned functional preferences and/or priorities.
In [31], their efficient technique has two stages including ‘input parameter search’ and ’synonym
based search’. For the service discovery in the proposed approach, they search the Semantic Web
Service description syntactically. Semantic description of Web Services plays a very important
part in Semantic Web Service discovery. They proposed an approach for service discovery in
Semantic Web Services. This approach searches Web Services correctly. A Web Service contains
two types of parameters; Input parameters and Output parameters. The other information about
Web Service what are the main tasks done by that Web Service. The functionality which is
performed by Web Service is the task performed by that service. They use input parameters, their
synonyms, goal description and goal description synonym matches. In [32], they select the Web
Service that best matches user contexts on a mobile device. They use OWL-S to conclude the
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semantic similarity between the request and advertisement’s parameters. In this approach, the
filtering of Web Services is done in three stages:
• Functional matching
• Contextual matching
• QoS matching
[33], present a hybrid Semantic Web Service discovery framework that exploits both the
signatures and specifications of a Web Service , whilst adopting logical and non-logical service
matching methods. For signature level service matching, they have developed two techniques: (a)
logical similarity measures applied to the services’ input/output concepts; and (b) non-logical
matching based on a Structure Preserving Semantic Matching algorithm. For specification level
service matching, they have applied a unique short sentence matching approach on the textual-
description of a Web Service. They evaluated the performance of the S5 Web Service
Matchmaker using the OWLS-TC dataset, and furthermore compared its performance with the
OWLS-MX discovery model. Their results indicate that S5 Web Service Matchmaker offers an
improved Web Service matching performance with a significant increase in recall and subtle
improvements in precision. Web Services are independent software systems designed to offer
machine-to-machine interactions over the WWW to achieve well-described operations. The
description of a Web Service entails (a) a syntactic component detailing the service’s operations
and data structures in terms of the Web Services Description Language (WSDL), and (b) a
semantic component that offers a semantic description, in terms of an ontology, of the services’
data and operations. Typically, service providers expose their services to the public by providing
brief descriptions of the service’s operations; the challenge is to discover the right service based
on rather sparse service descriptions in response to a specific service request.
In [34], the authors present an interoperable discovery platform that describes an efficient
matching and ranking algorithm able to process service descriptions and discovery requests from
both semantic and syntactic SDP5
s. The proposed discovery platform leverages the advanced
communication capabilities provided by the PLASTIC middleware to discover services in multi-
network environments. An evaluation of the prototype implementation shows that multi-protocols
service matching can be achieved in ambient computing environments. In [35], The OWLS-X
matchmaker selects OWL-S1.1 services that are relevant to a given service request by means of
logic-based matching complemented with syntactic similarity measurement. In [36], they
implemented a matchmaker OWLS-MX2 with improved precision in average. The WSMO-MX
service matchmaker applies different matching filters to retrieve Semantic Web Services written
in a dialect of the prominent service description language WSML-Rule. For this purpose,
WSMO-MX recursively computes logic-based and syntactic similarity-based matching degrees
and returns a ranked set of services that are semantically relevant to a given request
Both semantic and syntax based approaches have some advantages and soma disadvantages, with
semantic and syntax based approaches we want to use advantages of both and decrease their
disadvantages, we mention some disadvantages of them here.
Disadvantages of syntax based approaches:
• It can’t retrieve the Web Services with similar functionality [23].
• Not suited for automatic processing [23].
• Still required human interaction [23].
5
Service discovery protocols
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• The main problem is that, there are different words can be used in different terms inside
different domains, so we often receive some irrelevant information [31].
• However, UDDI service descriptions have some advantages and can provide some meta-
data on the service and are often even natural language based, but it is difficult for
automated algorithms to understand the exact semantics and capabilities of a service and
selecting the correct service [22].
• To describe Web Service by Web Service Description Language (WSDL) based on
XML, guarantees syntactic interoperability, but lacking consideration of semantic
information. Moreover, service registration and discovery mechanism based on Universal
Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI) that only support operation of syntactic
level has two weaknesses. From one hand, to describe service accurately cannot be
provided in service description process. From the other hand, required service is only
obtained through keyword matching in service discovery process. Therefore, it is difficult
to satisfy user functional and non-functional requirement. With rapid increasing of Web
Services, traditional Web Service is powerless to discover user or agent required service
accurately and efficiently from mass of Web Service [17].
• Syntax-based approaches do not allow re-planning a Web Services workflow on the way
in case a service fails [22].
• They can’t find the most similar service among a large set of available and semantically
similar services [22].
• They cannot determine the exact capabilities of a service and decide whether the service
is good in combination with other services to solve a problem [22].
• Many approaches to service discovering are based on matching algorithms that try to
identify whether service description contains keywords from user service request query.
More generally, we need to identify service descriptions that semantically match (in some
degree) content of user request. However, most current service discovering algorithms are
based on syntactic matching of keywords. Using service discovering mechanism based on
keywords matching leads to low precision and low recall of the discovery results. This
obviously results in imprecise discovery mechanism since occurrences of keywords do
not mean that service is what user needs and non-occurrences of keywords do not mean
that service does not exist or impropriate [6].
• The idea behind the keyword search is that the keyword involved in the search query
which matches them with Web Service description. Since the keyword based searching
unable to match the underlying semantics of Web Service, they may miss the relevant
results and returns irrelevant service to the users [37].
• Another limitation of keyword search is that user can’t describe the search request more
precisely than keyword. Furthermore, keywords do not suffice for accurately specifying
user’s information needs [36].
Advantages of syntax based approaches:
• Simple and widely used technique [23].
• Standards like UDDI exist [23].
• They offer a simple syntax in terms of a list of key word phrases that users can use their
own words to express their information requirement. Also, keyword-based search is more
familiar to the user [21].
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3.4. Context-aware Approaches
[37], proposes Conceptual Situation Spaces (CSS) that are aligned to established Semantic Web
Service standards. CSS enables the description of situation characteristics as members in
geometrical vector spaces, following the idea of Conceptual Spaces. Semantic similarity between
situations is calculated regarding their Euclidean distance within a CSS. To prove its feasibility,
they apply their approach to the E-Learning and E-Business domains and provide a proof-of-
concept prototype.
[38], introduces an approach for selecting the most suitable service within a SOA-based
collaboration system, where suitability depends on the user's context. The approach includes
context modeling, generation of context-aware selection criteria, and a suitable service selection
methodology. [39], proposes a context modeling approach which can dynamically handle various
context types and values. More specifically, they use ontologies to improve the meaning of a
user’s context values and automatically identify the relations among different context values.
Based on the relations among context values, they suggest the services which the user might need.
[40], presents a new compound context, public-ness, and uses it to filter out inappropriate
services. Public-ness is decided by multiple contexts; those that related to place, user, and
information. With public-ness context, proposed service discovery scheme filter out inappropriate
services which cannot be achieved by previous approaches, with negligible overhead. In addition,
as user context changes, this scheme cannot filter out precisely in some situations. Therefore, this
service discovery scheme performs post processing for accuracy.
[41] presents a fuzzy rough set theory based context-aware dynamic service matchmaking
approach that composes an application through combining semantic information and context
information. The proposed approach consists of formalized service description model with
semantics and context attributes, and fuzzy rough set based service matchmaking. By describing
the context attributes, the proposed approach is capable of composing context-aware application.
Through a transformation technique, the incomplete information system is converted into a
simpler system and then reducts are obtained from the transformed system based on the fuzzy
rough set theory. Afterwards, the candidate service sets are selected by the function of the degree
of keyword match, and ranked through the function of the degree of service match. This paper
describes the design and mechanism of the proposed approach that is expected to increase users’
satisfaction in Pervasive environments.
[42] presents the perspective of a context-aware service platform which is based on the idea of
utilizing network information as services that is delivered via application programming interfaces.
Effectively, it proposes a fuzzy MADM method and a context similarity measure. They take into
account the quality of contextual information in aggregating contextual information from different
sources. [43], proposes a middleware-level approach to support user-centric semantic service
discovery. This middleware, called AIDAS, exploits context-awareness based on
user/device/service profile metadata to provide personalized views on services of interest, and
supports semantic-based matchmaking between requested and offered service capabilities.
Semantic support services, such as ontology repositories and inference engines, typically require
a large amount of computational and memory resources that might not fit the properties of all
mobile devices. AIDAS addresses this issue by transparently and dynamically adapting semantic-
based discovery support to the properties of different access devices.
Context-aware approaches also have some advantages and disadvantages, explained next.
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Advantages of context-aware approaches:
• Semantic Web Services enable the automatic discovery of Web Services based on
comprehensive semantic representations. However, although Semantic Web Service
technology supports the automatic allocation of Web Services for a given well-defined
task, it does not entail their discovery according to a given situational context. Whereas
tasks are highly dependent on the situational context in which they occur, Semantic Web
Service technology does not explicitly encourage the representation of domain situations.
Moreover, describing the complex notion of a specific situation in all its facets is a costly
task and may never reach sufficient semantic expressiveness. Particularly, following the
symbolic Semantic Web Service approach leads to ambiguity issues and does not entail
semantic meaningfulness. Apart from that, not any real-world situation completely equals
another, but has to be matched to a finite set of semantically defined parameter
descriptions to enable context-adaptability. [37]
• Given the large amount of existing services and the diversified needs nowadays, it is
time-consuming for end-users to find appropriate services. To help end-users obtain their
desired services, context-aware systems provide a promising way to automatically search
and recommend services using a user’s context. [39]
• Context-awareness is a key in-gredient in any Ubiquitous and Pervasive system and
provides intelligence to the system, allowing computing devices to make appropriate and
timely decisions on behalf of users. Context-awareness in Mobile Computing refers to
internal and external adaptation of the environment and applications to the context state
of each other. Such systems should adapt to the changes and variations of user’s context,
such as location, device status, connectivity, etc. [42]
Disadvantages of context-aware approaches:
• The concept of context is too broad, as context could be anything related to the user and
applications. It is, unfortunately, too complicated to be modeled easily and then employed
in the applications. [44]
• Due to the complexity of the context, it is infeasible to properly model context for all
applications in one way. [44]
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TABLE 1. merits and shortcomings of service discovery methods
merits shortcomings
Domain ontology-based
approaches
1-Minimize the manual
discovery and usage of Web
Service by allowing software
agents to automatically and
dynamically discover Web
Services
2-Effective and reliable
technique
3-Relevancy of Web Service
discovery can be improved by
augmenting semantics
through expressive formats
like OWL
1-they require the end user to have
intimate knowledge of Semantic Web
Services and related description and
implementation details which makes their
usage difficult for end users
2- The discovery scope of these
approaches is often limited to some Web
Services that are published in a specific
description standard.
3- The service requestor may not be
aware of all the terms related to the
service request.
4- We need to use ontology mapping
techniques to coordinate the differences
between these ontologies to support
interoperability
Public ontology-based
approaches
1-It allows developers to
enhance Web Services with
semantic information without
semantic annotation against
an ontology.
2- WordNet, It is not domain
specific and eliminates the
semantic annotation cost of
services.
3- Terms and concepts in
WordNet has its precise
semantic
1-Different parts of WordNet have
different granularity for the description of
word senses. In general, WordNet is too
fine-granular for many purposes.
2- There is no real multi-lingual WordNet
Syntax and semantic-based
approaches
1-Simple and widely used
technique.
2- Standards like UDDI exist.
3- keyword-based search is
more familiar to the user.
1- Still required human interaction
2- can’t choose most similar service
among a large set of available and
semantically similar services
Context-aware approaches
1-Semantic Web Services
enable the automatic
discovery of distributed Web
Services based on
comprehensive semantic
representations
2- Context-awareness is a key
in-gredient in any Ubiquitous
and Pervasive system and
provides intelligence to the
system
1- The concept of context is too broad
2- Due to the complexity of the context,
it is infeasible to properly model context
for all applications in one way
4. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we provided an overview of the recent progress made in Web Service discovery
approaches. Furthermore, we performed an analysis over these approaches and highlighted some
of their merits as well as shortcomings. After introducing a taxonomy of Web Service discovery
systems, we presented the advantages and disadvantages of each group which mention them in
TABLE1 briefly. We, finally, argued that this taxonomy and classification is novel and useful for
researchers in the Semantic Web Service discovery.
13. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol. 4,No.1, February 2014
13
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