Contributions of Tarshis: An Ontological Perspective
1. Contributions of Tarshis:
An Ontological Perspective
Fahd Rehman
Assistant Professor/Research Fellow
Suleman Dawood School of Business (SDSB), LUMS, Pakistan
3. Introduction
Harcourt presented the contributions in a chronological
order
Economic analysis based on realism
Lorie was aware of historical process and factual
background
Objectivity in analysis and wrote engaging and
appealing economics textbooks
Modification of thoughts with historical events
Uphold broader Keynesianism and infuse details with
his evolving thoughts
Unified framework to integrate theories of value, income
determination, growth and distribution and finance
Sources of strength as economist
4. Intellectual Influences
Joan Robinson
Imperfect Competition revolution
Beggars thy neighbors: distribute poverty unfairly
Richard Kahn
Inverted L shaped cost curve
Extension of short period determination of price and
output to the price level and aggregate output
Marshall
Representative firm
Strength: Solve aggregation problem and consistent
with fallacy of composition
Weakness: Lack of precision (achieved through
mathematization of economics)
5. Hall and Hitch
Mark up pricing-variable cost+
overheads+profit
Mark up pricing and marginal method gives
identical results
Keynes
Broad outlines are the same, modify the fine
details
Made General Theory consistent with
national income accounts
Analyze factors associated with propensity to
consume and private investment
Demand for consumer goods decline, the
inducement to investment would decline showing
6. Keynes as intellectual chameleon
Advise Meltzer since Keynes, sometimes, alludes to
a day and other a long run
Rapid fluctuations in price level bring uncertainty of
expectations which in turn impact the interest rate
Shaw
Money creation as a process of financial
intermediation (realistic)
7. Theorizing and Ontology
Labor could not be considered as a statistical average
since this would mask certain characteristics. For
instance, the economic interests of wheat producers
differed from bread ones.
Employers compete with other employers in certain
domains while they join hands to resist the rising
demand of wages
Favored labor unions on the grounds they increase
the share of labor in the national income by affecting
the degree of monopoly of business firms
Large corporation vs labor union brought a balance
Good theory aided in determining the relations to be
investigated while bad theory yield false clues
State of confidence of business community affects the
expected yield
8. Theorizing and Ontology
Economic realism
It is, of course, useful to understand how decisions would
be reached if businessmen worked with estimates made to
the nth decimal point-including allowance for the
uncertainty of the estimates. But if we carry this too far, if
we permit our thinking to be the prisoner of the analytical
scheme, we gain a spurious elegance and accuracy at
heavy cost- the loss of contact with reality and an
insensitivity to what really makes the wheels turn” (1966; p.
423)
9. Theorizing and Ontology
Measurement with theory: Statistical data to illustrate
an economic phenomenon
Integrate economic theory based on realistic
assumptions, facts and observations
Analysis turned out to be different from Keynes
regarding money and real wage over the trade cycle:
Money and real wage were procyclical
Notion of equilibrium to analyse the capitalist economy
i.e. equilibrium price and actual price were closed to
each other due to thoughtful experiment
Short period from objective side i.e. size of plant and
number of firms
Differentiate between short and long period by taking a
dynamic view of competition
10. Theorizing and Ontology
Explain the dynamics of commodity production by
extending short period to long one
Disguised unemployment in the agriculture sector
during depression since demand for agri products fall
and supply increase due to reverse migration
Significant contribution of Aggregate Supply function
which led to stagflation and criticized the 45 degrees
Public investment increased output and employment in
the short and long run and there was no end of worth-
while projects
Public and private investment are complementary
Inflation affects the personal distribution of income
since income transfer takes place from low to high
income classes. Powerful groups maintain their
relative position so hinted towards conflict inflation
11. Theorizing and Ontology
Debt affects the personal distribution of income since
particular bondholder is different from a particular tax
payer
He dismissed the ideology that high debt affects the
confidence of business firm and government becomes
director competitor of business firm
Remained faithful to logical time since post Keynesian
scholars favour historical time to extend short period to
long one
Novel approach of linking theory of price, theory of
income determination, theories of distribution and
growth provided a unified framework
Price setting behavior of firm is the key
Tarshis criticized the post Keynesian scholars on the
ground of realism of assumption i.e. assumptions were
12. Policy Proposals
Proposals attacked monetarism and favor Keynesianism
To tackles stagflation, monetarists primary objective is to fight
inflation at the cost of unemployment
Monetary restraint slowed down the global trade which
aggravated the international debt problem
Progressive taxation on high income classes, cut sales and
value added taxes on business firm
World economy-a closed system
Coordinated expansion to break out of the problem of
inflation, unemployment and international debt
If all countries simultaneously try to reduce their debt, it
would increase the debt burden by hinting to fallacy of
composition
High unemployment affects the psychology of society
People hold on to jobs and devise protectionist schemes
which in turn lead to uncompetitiveness in a society
13. Policy Proposals
Direct action of the people in the absence of collective action of the
government
Favor general principles, common goals and fine details
left to the implementing countries
Malfunctioning of international monetary system
Speculative capital flow grew before 1971 and
growth of Euro Dollar Market
Debt Servicing/Export ratio is the key to gauge the
debt paying capacity
Inflation has distributional consequences for personal
income
14. Conclusion
Ontology provides insights into an
economic phenomenon
Theorize and support his opinions
with facts
Delineate pattern out of data
Never uses econometrics and apply
mathematical modelling
Engage reader with real life
examples