2020 Session Research Methods

1. CTEC810 TransD Research Methods
Week 4
Nau Mai, Welcome
Course: https://blackboard.aut.ac.nz

2. CTEC810 Week 4
Today:
• 15” presentation
• 45” for peer feedback
• 50” Methods: Surveys, questionnaires and interviews
Important: Install Microsoft Teams and follow the CTEC810 channel for videos, files, and messages

3. Titles:
1: Influence of form and function of the library as an architectural typology in future urban integration/upgrading.
3: Influence of form and function in a hybrid approach of the library as a heterotopia in urban integration.
4: Exploring hybrid library as heterotopia in urban integration.
5: Influence of Form and Function in the History of The Library as an Architectural typology
6: Exploring hybrid library as social infrastructure in urban integration.
Keywords:
• Form, Function, Hybrid Library, Urban integration. Social infrastructure
Research questions:
•How does the function of the libraries respond to the requirements for offering public space?
•What are the spatial dimensions of these two roles (library use and public use)?
•How has the advancement in technology and innovation over the years influenced changes form and function of the architecture of
public libraries?
•How have the transitions in the public library designs over the years made the interface between the new replacement and spatial values
in developing urban space?
•How a hybrid design of forms and functions could explore a dynamic approach to plan the future public libraries in smart cities?
•How hybrid libraries could transform their environments from repositories of knowledge of the creation of knowledge and community
hubs of engagement?
•How a hybrid library could be a center of meaning to let visitors build, develop and refine what matters to their community?
•How will a hybrid library's form reflect evolving ecology of information and educational infrastructures which are the major future public
libraries' functions?
•How do public libraries develop in the ways to form the smart urban context as forms and functions to facilitate the social and economic
crises?
•How designers could give dynamic shapes to the future public libraries by considering the texture of democratic culture to persuade the
people to reach for something higher than the bottom line?
•How does architecture enhance the library's function to ensure civic space for advancing common interests to meet the values of an
adaptive smart social infrastructure?

4. Bibliography (132)
Information/Library Science = 80.426 %

5. Excluding these categories Narrowing down field/year

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8. Bruce, J. S., De La Cruz, M. M., Moreno, G., & Chamberlain,
L. J. (2017). Lunch at the library: examination of a
community-based approach to addressing summer food
insecurity. Public Health Nutrition, 20(9), 1640-1649.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017000258

9. Capille, C. (2018). Political Interiors: The Case of Public
Libraries. Space and Culture, 21(4), 408-423.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331217739825

10. Chang, J. H., & Wang, J. Y. (2016). Analysis of Parent-Child Interaction at
Various Space and Furniture of Reading Environment-Take Parent-Child
Reading Areas in Taipei Public Libraries as an Example. In R. Goonetilleke
& W. Karwowski (Eds.), Advances in Physical Ergonomics and Human
Factors (WOS:000389642400056, Vol. 489, pp. 571-581). Retrieved from
<Go to ISI>://WOS:000389642400056. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-
319-41694-6_56

11. Glusac, L. (2018). Local public libraries as human rights
intermediaries. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights,
36(2), 133-151.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0924051918772968

12. Hernandez-Pedreno, M., Romero-Sanchez, E., & Gomez-
Hernandez, J. A. (2019). Public libraries in the context of
digital inclusion services: challenges for a more equal
citizenship. Revista Mediterranea Comunicacion-Journal of
Communication, 10(1), 41-54.
https://doi.org/10.14198/medcom2019.10.1.12

13. Bruce, J. S., De La Cruz, M. M., Moreno, G., & Chamberlain, L. J. (2017). Lunch at the library: examination of a
community-based approach to addressing summer food insecurity. Public Health Nutrition, 20(9), 1640-
1649. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017000258
• Objective: To examine a library-based approach to addressing food insecurity through a child and adult summer
meal programme. The study examines: (i) risk of household food insecurity among participants; (ii) perspectives on
the library meal programme; and (iii) barriers to utilizing other community food resources.
• Design: Quantitative surveys with adult participants and qualitative semi-structured interviews with a sub-sample
of adult participants.
• Setting: Ten libraries using public and private funding to serve meals to children and adults for six to eight weeks in
low-income Silicon Valley communities (California, USA) during summer 2015.
• Subjects: Adult survey participants (≥18 years) were recruited to obtain maximum capture, while a sub-sample of
interview participants was recruited through maximum variation purposeful sampling.
• Results: Survey participants (n 161) were largely Latino (71 %) and Asian (23 %). Forty-one per cent of participants
screened positive for risk of food insecurity in the past 12 months. A sub-sample of programme participants
engaged in qualitative interviews (n 67). Interviewees reported appreciating the library’s child enrichment
programmes, resources, and open and welcoming atmosphere. Provision of adult meals was described as building
community among library patrons, neighbours and staff. Participants emphasized lack of awareness,
misinformation about programmes, structural barriers (i.e. transportation), immigration fears and stigma as
barriers to utilizing community food resources.
• Conclusions: Food insecurity remains high in our study population. Public libraries are ideal locations for
community-based meal programmes due to their welcoming and stigma-free environment. Libraries are well
positioned to link individuals to other social services given their reputation as trusted community organizations.

14. Capille, C. (2018). Political Interiors: The Case of Public Libraries. Space and Culture, 21(4), 408-423.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331217739825
• The article reviews the literature on the historical emergence of public libraries and recommends that studies of
contemporary libraries should consider how this building type originally framed social relationships through its
architecture, materializing specific ideologies of politics and culture.
• In synthesis, this article has clarified the “traditional” social intentions of public libraries and how these intentions
were manifested in space, program, and use. Space organizes access to knowledge according to an epistemology,
program defines an educational agenda, and use materializes these conceptual definitions into real collective
behaviors. Moreover, it is argued that each of these three aspects—space, program, and use—produced forms of
separation and organization of political ideologies, power, public realm, and public use. In short, these three
aspects’ interrelation and configuration produced a “political condition” for the public library building type.
• Moreover, one should interrogate what kind of politics should we expect from the collective use of the interior of a
building—and conversely, what kind of architectural interior can respond to the political needs of contemporary
societies.

15. Chang, J. H., & Wang, J. Y. (2016). Analysis of Parent-Child Interaction at Various Space and Furniture of
Reading Environment-Take Parent-Child Reading Areas in Taipei Public Libraries as an Example. In R.
Goonetilleke & W. Karwowski (Eds.), Advances in Physical Ergonomics and Human Factors
(WOS:000389642400056, Vol. 489, pp. 571-581). Retrieved from <Go to ISI>://WOS:000389642400056.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41694-6_56
• We visited eight Taipei public libraries in person, analyzing pros and cons of space and furniture arrangement… as
well as recording parent-child reading behavior at varied environments with Nonparticipant Observation Method…
After evaluation and analysis of the research, we found two aspects to be improved which are library space and
furniture arrangement—furniture lack of containing space and space lack of artistic display and decoration…
• Field Study: The researcher visited eight public libraries in Taipei City from December 1–16, 2015 in order to record
and analyze the current conditions in relation to space planning for parent-child shared reading…
• Observation Survey: The research [16] classified the children’s reading rooms and parent-child shared reading
areas at public libraries in Taipei City into eight types…
• Results: In this study, the following items are assessed in terms of the three categories: “achieved rate”, “failure
rate” and “to be improved rate”… The results from the observation will be organized so as to identify the
relationships between the environments, furniture and parent-child interactions. For carrying out this study, visits
were paid to the public libraries representing these eight types in Taipei City.

16. Glusac, L. (2018). Local public libraries as human rights intermediaries. Netherlands Quarterly of Human
Rights, 36(2), 133-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0924051918772968
• The research is framed within the Orchestration theory… We demonstrate that the relationship between the
Ombudsman and local libraries can successfully be analysed with O-I-T framework, where the Ombudsman
(Orchestrator) enlists local libraries (Intermediary) to become more accessible to citizens (Target)…
• Before proceeding to a more thorough elaboration on why this is a case of orchestration, it seems appropriate to
firstly explain why this is not some other type of governance. It is immediately obvious that the relation between
NHRIs and local public libraries is not a hard type of governance, as NHRIs and libraries are not in any kind of
subordinated order, necessary for both hierarchy and delegation. Their relationship in this context does not
present a case of collaboration, because the goal of their interaction is not bilateral…
• Traditionally, libraries have not been part of regular human rights protection infrastructure. Nevertheless, they
have always had a role in the promotion of human rights, even if their activities were not labelled as such. This role
in the promotion of human rights comes out from their very core mission, which can be defined as…
• Building on their role in the promotion of human rights, the next part demonstrates how libraries could participate
in the protection of human rights by using the case study of Serbia.
• The aim of this research was threefold. The first was to show that local public libraries are already important actors
in the promotion of human rights. The second was to demonstrate that besides promotional, public local libraries
could, in fact, play an effective role in the protection of human rights, as well. The third was theoretical, aiming to
prove that through that new role in the protection of human rights, libraries actually serve as an intermediary
between the Ombudsman (Orchestrator) and citizens (Targets).

17. Hernandez-Pedreno, M., Romero-Sanchez, E., & Gomez-Hernandez, J. A. (2019). Public libraries in the
context of digital inclusion services: challenges for a more equal citizenship. Revista Mediterranea
Comunicacion-Journal of Communication, 10(1), 41-54. https://doi.org/10.14198/medcom2019.10.1.12
• The objective of this research is to analyse the point of view of professional librarians about… In summary, it is an
attempt to analyse the evaluation made by the Librarians themselves of the potential and the limitations which
Public Libraries themselves present for…
• The methodological strategy followed is based on two qualitative investigation techniques related to social
investigation; the interview by experts and the Discussion Groups; following structured guidelines in accordance
with the objectives and applying the comparative method in Discourse Analysis so as to arrive at results.
• Hence, for the interview of experts, ten professionals were selected. These complied with the requisites of high
experience; understood as being: of at least 20 years of experience, the territorial representative, and who fulfilled
at least two of the following conditions…
• The interview is based on guidelines structured around nine questions which, in turn, revolve around…
• The questionnaire was sent to ten professionals of both genders during the month of May 2018, and replies were
received from all in that same month.
• Their opinions were categorised and analysed on the basis of those discourses most relevant offered for this task
and, indexed, with a number assigned to each expert (E1, E2, and successively) so as to preserve their anonymity
• For the Discussion Groups, criteria of homogeneity / heterogeneity were applied jointly…
• The proceedings of the sessions of 4-6 June 2018 were transcribed, followed by the categorisation of participant
intervention. A joint analysis of the discourses of the 25 participants was then carried out…

18. Surveys, questionnaires and interviews
• What people say
• Who? How many?
• Purpose, ethics
• Topics, questions
• What counts as evidence
• Types of data collection & analysis
• Types of conclusions
• Placement in a research project/programme
• Skills to develop

19. Surveys
• Used to collect information from many people, mainly anonymous, low cost, large
amount of data
• Seeks generalisable outcomes (population)
• Set of questions with a coding scheme (multiple choice, ranking, sorting)
• Face-to-face, online, telephone, postal
• Question design is of critical importance
• Short questions, short questionnaire, maximum clarity
• Closed vs open questions; positively and negatively phrased
• Data: Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
• Pilot questions, identify biases, minimise confusion, aggregate questions
• Longitudinal or cross-sectional
• Validity: are the questions valid? respondents? responses reliable?
• Consider existing templates https://measuringu.com/standardized-usability/

21. Survey questions
• “Double-barred”:
• Should students have more design projects with industry and
community?
• How satisfied are you with your project and your team?
• Leading, suggestive
• Should single-use plastic bags be banned in NZ?
• When are you talkative?
• Complex, multiple
• Do your students use Blackboard properly?
• Narrow
• Do you prefer Photoshop or Illustrator?

22. Interviews
• Used to explore issues and to make people reflect. Rich
data collected, focused. Time intensive, costly processing.
• Structured: pre-determined and standard questions that
interviewees answer in natural language with their
answers being recorded.
• Semi-structured: set of topics to work through in the
interview; interview flows like a directed conversation;
interview is recorded.
• Unstructured: interviewer introduces the topic in general
terms but the interview then flows like a natural
conversation.
• Notes taken during and right after interview, responses
are transcribed and analysed. Requires recruitment
strategy, selection criteria, informed consent, protocol.

23. • Mikuska, E. (2018). The importance of pilot
studies [Streaming video]. Retrieved from SAGE
Research Methods.
https://methods.sagepub.com/video/the-importance-
of-pilot-studies

24. What counts as data?
• Data collection
• “Data saturation”: the point when no new or relevant information emerges so no
more data need to be collected. Theory formulation
• Data analysis
• Findings and conclusions
• Mixing methods
• Variables
• Independent or predictor
• Dependent or criterion
• Mediator: variable that accounts for the relation between an independent and a
dependent variable
• Moderator: variable that affects the direction or strength of that relation

26. “the level of parent empathy mediates the
negative relation between parent attachment
avoidance and child attachment security”

27. Weekly homework
• Search for papers related to your keywords of interest that
use surveys, questionnaires and/or interviews
• Select three (3) journal papers
• Analyse and comment on:
• Their research question(s)
• How they present their methodology and justify their methods
• Assumptions you can identify
• How was the method designed, tested, and applied
• Indicators of quality
• Results and contributions