Presentation by Fabiola Perales, Osinergmin, at the RIA workshop which took place in Lima on 26-28 September 2016. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/.
La experiencia mexicana en el Análisis de AlternativasOECD Governance
Presentation by Fabiola Perales, Consultant and regulatory policy specialist and former Director in the Federal Regulatory Improvement Commission of Mexico, at a RIA workshop for the transport infrastructure regulator of Peru (OSITRAN) which took place in Lima 20-22 February 2017. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/.
La Superintendencia de Competencia informó sobre los principales resultados de su gestión durante el año
2014, dando a conocer las actividades de protección y promoción de la competencia.
Manual de Exámenes de Mercados: Aplicación y resultados en el sistema financieroOECD Governance
Presentation by Pedro Adalberto González Hernández, Director of Competition and Transparency in the Financial System, Bank of Mexico, at the II Competition and Regulation Forum: “Reaching for market efficiency” which took place in Mexico on 9-10 January 2018. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/.
Conocedora que en los próximos días se retomará la discusión sobre la ley de medicamentos en la Asamblea Legislativa, la SC busca hacer un aporte al debate exponiendo su posición respecto a la competencia del sector la cual se hizo pública el pasado noviembre.
La experiencia mexicana en el Análisis de AlternativasOECD Governance
Presentation by Fabiola Perales, Consultant and regulatory policy specialist and former Director in the Federal Regulatory Improvement Commission of Mexico, at a RIA workshop for the transport infrastructure regulator of Peru (OSITRAN) which took place in Lima 20-22 February 2017. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/.
La Superintendencia de Competencia informó sobre los principales resultados de su gestión durante el año
2014, dando a conocer las actividades de protección y promoción de la competencia.
Manual de Exámenes de Mercados: Aplicación y resultados en el sistema financieroOECD Governance
Presentation by Pedro Adalberto González Hernández, Director of Competition and Transparency in the Financial System, Bank of Mexico, at the II Competition and Regulation Forum: “Reaching for market efficiency” which took place in Mexico on 9-10 January 2018. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/.
Conocedora que en los próximos días se retomará la discusión sobre la ley de medicamentos en la Asamblea Legislativa, la SC busca hacer un aporte al debate exponiendo su posición respecto a la competencia del sector la cual se hizo pública el pasado noviembre.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
La experiencia mexicana en la adopción e implementación de la Política de Mej...OECD Governance
Presentation by Fabiola Perales, Osinergmin, at the RIA workshop which took place in Lima on 26-28 September 2016. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/.
S P JAIN HOSTS THE 3RD EDITION OF ANNUAL HR CONCLAVE 2013 IN DUBAIPrajakta Talathi
The article describes the synopsis of the Annual HR Conclave hosted by SP Jain School of Global Management.
There were 2 panel discussions:
Panel Discussion 1 – ‘Innovation, the differentiator in engaging talent’
Panel Discussion 2 – ‘Strategies for motivating and retaining talent’
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Postero anterior cephalometrics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Torque in p.e.a /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The differences between Roth, MBT and Edgewise brackets
In orthodontics, brackets are small pieces of molded metal with extended bits that are attached to the teeth of the patient and used to hold an adjustable wire. Brackets help the dentist straighten the teeth through gradual adjustments.
The two most common types of braces for teeth are traditional metal braces and invisible braces. Traditional braces use metal brackets connected to the teeth with wire threaded through the brackets that adjust the teeth.
And what is the differences between Roth, MBT and Edgewise on the torque and the angle?
Evolution of orthodontic Brackets /certified fixed orthodontic courses by In...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
Indications to CTC are increasing
CTC is recommended in all cases of unfeasibility of colonoscopy
CTC is not ready for mass screening but is ideal for screening on an individual basis.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Objective: To evaluate the role of age as a moderator of bone regeneration patterns and
symphysis remodeling after genioplasty.
Method: Fifty-four patients who underwent genioplasty at the end of their orthodontic treatment
were divided into three age groups: younger than 15 years at the time of surgery (group 1), 15 to
19 years (group 2), and 20 years or older (group 3). Twenty-three patients who did not accept
genioplasty and had a follow-up radiograph 2 years after the end of their orthodontic treatment
were used as a control group. Patients were evaluated at three time points: immediate preoperative
(T1), immediate postoperative (T2,) and 2 years postsurgery (T3).
Results: The mean genial advancement at surgery was similar for the three age groups, but the
extent of remodeling around the repositioned chin was greater in group 1, less in group 2, and still
less in group 3. Symphysis thickness increased significantly during the 2-year postsurgery interval
for the three groups, and this increase was significantly greater in group 1 than in group 3.
Remodeling above and behind the repositioned chin also was greater in the younger patients. This
was related to greater vertical growth of the dentoalveolar process in the younger patients. There
was no evidence of a deleterious effect on mandibular growth.
Conclusion: The outcomes of forward-upward genioplasty include increased symphysis
thickness, bone apposition above B point, and remodeling at the inferior border. When indications
for this type of genioplasty are recognized, early surgical correction (before age 15) produces a
better outcome in terms of bone remodeling.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Extra oral examination /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
La experiencia mexicana en el Análisis de AlternativasOECD Governance
Presentation by MPP Fabiola Perales, Ministerio de Economia y Finanzas, at the RIA workshop which took place in Lima on 22-24 May 2017. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/.
Presentation by Andrés Blancas Martínez, OECD Regulatory Policy Division, at a RIA workshop for the transport infrastructure regulator of Peru (OSITRAN) which took place in Lima 20-22 February 2017. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
La experiencia mexicana en la adopción e implementación de la Política de Mej...OECD Governance
Presentation by Fabiola Perales, Osinergmin, at the RIA workshop which took place in Lima on 26-28 September 2016. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/.
S P JAIN HOSTS THE 3RD EDITION OF ANNUAL HR CONCLAVE 2013 IN DUBAIPrajakta Talathi
The article describes the synopsis of the Annual HR Conclave hosted by SP Jain School of Global Management.
There were 2 panel discussions:
Panel Discussion 1 – ‘Innovation, the differentiator in engaging talent’
Panel Discussion 2 – ‘Strategies for motivating and retaining talent’
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Postero anterior cephalometrics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Torque in p.e.a /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The differences between Roth, MBT and Edgewise brackets
In orthodontics, brackets are small pieces of molded metal with extended bits that are attached to the teeth of the patient and used to hold an adjustable wire. Brackets help the dentist straighten the teeth through gradual adjustments.
The two most common types of braces for teeth are traditional metal braces and invisible braces. Traditional braces use metal brackets connected to the teeth with wire threaded through the brackets that adjust the teeth.
And what is the differences between Roth, MBT and Edgewise on the torque and the angle?
Evolution of orthodontic Brackets /certified fixed orthodontic courses by In...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
Indications to CTC are increasing
CTC is recommended in all cases of unfeasibility of colonoscopy
CTC is not ready for mass screening but is ideal for screening on an individual basis.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Objective: To evaluate the role of age as a moderator of bone regeneration patterns and
symphysis remodeling after genioplasty.
Method: Fifty-four patients who underwent genioplasty at the end of their orthodontic treatment
were divided into three age groups: younger than 15 years at the time of surgery (group 1), 15 to
19 years (group 2), and 20 years or older (group 3). Twenty-three patients who did not accept
genioplasty and had a follow-up radiograph 2 years after the end of their orthodontic treatment
were used as a control group. Patients were evaluated at three time points: immediate preoperative
(T1), immediate postoperative (T2,) and 2 years postsurgery (T3).
Results: The mean genial advancement at surgery was similar for the three age groups, but the
extent of remodeling around the repositioned chin was greater in group 1, less in group 2, and still
less in group 3. Symphysis thickness increased significantly during the 2-year postsurgery interval
for the three groups, and this increase was significantly greater in group 1 than in group 3.
Remodeling above and behind the repositioned chin also was greater in the younger patients. This
was related to greater vertical growth of the dentoalveolar process in the younger patients. There
was no evidence of a deleterious effect on mandibular growth.
Conclusion: The outcomes of forward-upward genioplasty include increased symphysis
thickness, bone apposition above B point, and remodeling at the inferior border. When indications
for this type of genioplasty are recognized, early surgical correction (before age 15) produces a
better outcome in terms of bone remodeling.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Extra oral examination /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
La experiencia mexicana en el Análisis de AlternativasOECD Governance
Presentation by MPP Fabiola Perales, Ministerio de Economia y Finanzas, at the RIA workshop which took place in Lima on 22-24 May 2017. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/.
Presentation by Andrés Blancas Martínez, OECD Regulatory Policy Division, at a RIA workshop for the transport infrastructure regulator of Peru (OSITRAN) which took place in Lima 20-22 February 2017. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/
La Superintendencia de Competencia (SC) de El Salvador presentará la “Guía de evaluación de competencia”, elaborada por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE).
Objetivos y opciones, Jacobo Pastor García VillarrealOECD Governance
Presentación de Jacobo Pastor García Villarreal, Especialista en reforma regulatoria, División de Política Regulatoria, OCDE, en el Taller de capacitación para la elaboración y evaluación de manifestaciones de impacto regulatorio, Cuernavaca, México, 11-12 Noviembre 2014, Sesión 3. Información adicional disponible en http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/
Presentation by Andrés Blancas Martínez, OECD, at the RIA workshop which took place in Lima on 26-28 September 2016. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/.
Presentation by Alberto Morales, OECD, at the RIA workshop which took place in Lima on 22-24 May 2017. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/.
La experiencia mexicana la Evaluación de Desempeño de la propuesta regulatoriaOECD Governance
Presentation by MPP Fabiola Perales, Ministerio de Economia y Finanzas, at the RIA workshop which took place in Lima on 22-24 May 2017. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/.
Retos de instrumentación de la MIR a nivel subnacional, David Samadi CastillaOECD Governance
Presentación de David Samadi Castilla, Coordinador General de Proyectos Especiales, COFEMER, en el Taller de capacitación para la elaboración y evaluación de manifestaciones de impacto regulatorio, Cuernavaca, México, 11-12 Noviembre 2014, Sesión 10. Información adicional disponible en http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/
La experiencia mexicana la Evaluación de Desempeño de la propuesta regulatoriaOECD Governance
Presentation by Fabiola Perales, Osinergmin, at the RIA workshop which took place in Lima on 26-28 September 2016. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/.
Presentation by Andrés Blancas Martínez, OECD, at the RIA workshop which took place in Lima on 26-28 September 2016. Further information is available at www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/.
Summary of the OECD expert meeting: Construction Risk Management in Infrastru...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
Using AI led assurance to deliver projects on time and on budget - D. Amratia...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
ECI in Sweden - A. Kadefors, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm (SE)OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
Building Client Capability to Deliver Megaprojects - J. Denicol, professor at...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
Procurement strategy in major infrastructure: The AS-IS and STEPS - D. Makovš...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
Procurement of major infrastructure projects 2017-22 - B. Hasselgren, Senior ...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
ECI Dutch Experience - A. Chao, Partner, Bird&Bird & J. de Koning, Head of Co...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
ECI in Sweden - A. Kadefors, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, StockholmOECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
EPEC's perception of market developments - E. Farquharson, Principal Adviser,...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
Geographical scope of the lines in Design and Build - B.Dupuis, Executive Dir...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
Executive Agency of the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
Presentation of OECD Government at a Glance 2023OECD Governance
Paris, 30 June, 2023
Presentation by Elsa Pilichowski, Director for Public Governance, OECD.
The 2023 edition of Government at a Glance provides a comprehensive overview of public governance and public administration practices in OECD Member and partner countries. It includes indicators on trust in public institutions and satisfaction with public services, as well as evidence on good governance practices in areas such as the policy cycle, budgeting, procurement, infrastructure planning and delivery, regulatory governance, digital government and open government data. Finally, it provides information on what resources public institutions use and how they are managed, including public finances, public employment, and human resources management. Government at a Glance allows for cross-country comparisons and helps identify trends, best practices, and areas for improvement in the public sector.
See: https://www.oecd.org/publication/government-at-a-glance/2023/
The Protection and Promotion of Civic Space: Strengthening Alignment with Int...OECD Governance
Infographics from the OECD report "The Protection and Promotion of Civic Space Strengthening Alignment with International Standards and Guidance".
See: https://www.oecd.org/gov/the-protection-and-promotion-of-civic-space-d234e975-en.htm
OECD Publication "Building Financial Resilience
to Climate Impacts. A Framework for Governments to manage the risks of Losses and Damages.
Governments are facing significant climate-related risks from the expected increase in frequency and intensity of cyclones, floods, fires, and other climate-related extreme events. The report Building Financial Resilience to Climate Impacts: A Framework for Governments to Manage the Risks of Losses and Damages provides a strategic framework to help governments, particularly those in emerging market and developing economies, strengthen their capacity to manage the financial implications of climate-related risks. Published in December 2022.
OECD presentation "Strengthening climate and environmental considerations in infrastructure and budget appraisal tools"
by Margaux Lelong and Ana Maria Ruiz during the 9th Meeting of the OECD Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting held on 17 and 18 of April 2023 in Paris.
OECD presentation "Building Financial Resilience to Climate Impacts. A Framework to Manage the Risks of Losses and Damages" by Andrew Blazey, Stéphane Jacobzone and Titouan Chassagne. Presented during the 9th Meeting of the OECD Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting held on 17 and 18 of April 2023 in Paris
OECD Presentation "Financial reporting, sustainability information and assurance" by Peter Welch during the 5th Session during the 9th Meeting of the OECD Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting held on 17 and 18 of April 2023 in Paris
Presentation "Developments in sovereign green bond markets" by Ms. Fatos Koc during the 4th Session of 9th Meeting of the OECD Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting held on 17 and 18 of April 2023 in Paris.
Este documento presenta una guía para encontrar soluciones a problemas complejos. Explica qué es un problema público, cómo podríamos definir un problema público, cómo podríamos definir un problema público de forma innovadora, cómo podríamos resolver un problema público con herramientas de pensamiento sistémico, sistemas complejos y pensamiento sistémico: ¿con qué herramientas contamos?
Con esta píldora formativa podrás comprender cómo implementar herramientas como el Arco del proceso de resolución de problemas (Beth S. Noveck / The GovLab), GovLab's Public Problem Solving Canvas o la Guía Un conjunto de herramientas introductorias al pensamiento sistémico para funcionarios públicos del Government Office for Science del Gobierno de Reino Unido.
En esta segunda entrega, el periódico Tierra se adentra en la operación «Inherent Resolve», una de las dos en las que participa el Ejército de Tierra en Irak. Personal de las Fuerzas Aeromóviles del Ejército de Tierra y del Mando de Operaciones Especiales forman parte de la coalición internacional para la lucha contra el Dáesh.
Informe de Movilidad / Abril 2024 - Caja de JubilacionesCórdoba, Argentina
El Informe de Movilidad es una publicación de carácter mensual en la cual se detallan los sectores con reajustados en la liquidación de haberes. Se tratan temas relacionados a haber medio, haber mínimo, ley 10.333 y tope previsional, entre otros. A su vez se efectúa una estimación del impacto financiero que tendrá la movilidad sobre las erogaciones corrientes del sistema previsional.
Características del ESTADO URUGUAYO establecidos en la ConstituciónGraciela Susana Bengoa
Concepto General de ESTADO.
Características y estructura del Estado Uruguayo.
Normas Constitucionales donde se establece los distintos elementos que componen el Estado Uruguayo.
La experiencia mexicana en el Análisis de Alternativas
1. La experiencia mexicana en el
Análisis de Alternativas
MPP FABIOLA PERALES
Consultora Independiente
2. INTRODUCCIÓN
La política de mejora regulatoria es un cambio en la cultura del
quehacer gubernamental – exige R E P E N S A R la forma de elaborar
las regulaciones y hacer política pública.
Autodisciplina
para pensamiento crítico – analizar –
discutir – buscar las mejores
alternativas para resolver un problema.
Gobiernos
abiertos
transparencia, consulta pública, acceso
a la información y datos abiertos.
Gobiernos
eficientes y
eficaces
Resultados.
Gobiernos competitivos
capaces de atraer inversiones y
retenerlas- simplificación de trámites/
reducir cargas admvas.
3. COFEMER, APEC (2013). Guía para
evaluar el impacto de la regulación. Vol. I
Métodos y Metodologías. pp 9. México.
Disponible en:
http://www.cofemer.gob.mx/presentacio
nes/Espa%F1ol_Vol%20I.%20Metodos%20y
%20Metodologias_FINAL.pdf
PROCESO DE
EVALUACIÓN DE
IMPACTO REGULATORIO
2-3 años
4. E f i c a c i a
• Un "buen" instrumento de política debe alcanzar el
objetivo para el que fue introducido.
¿Qué debemos analizar de cada alternativa?
Fuente: OCDE, Alternatives to traditional regulation, 1995.
Eficiencia
• Grado en que el instrumento de política maximiza el
bienestar de la comunidad o los beneficios netos y minimiza
los costos de cumplimiento.
5. ¿Qué limitaciones podemos encontrar para
identificar alternativas?
Incertidumbre
y percepción
de riesgo
Restricciones
legales
Datos e
Información no
disponible
Restricciones
de cultura
institucional
1. Falta de conocimiento de
qué alternativas han sido
usadas y las
circunstancias en las
cuáles han tenido éxito.
2. Falta de entendimiento de
cómo funciona el
mecanismo.
3. Miedo de que la alternativa
elegida resulte en la
pérdida de control del
gobierno.
Fuente: OCDE, Alternatives to traditional regulation, 1995.
6. Checklist para la toma de decisiones regulatorias
Fuente: OCDE, Alternatives to traditional regulation, 1995.
¿Está definido
correctamente el
problema?
¿La intervención del
gobierno está justificada?
¿Intervenir a través de
regulación es la mejor
acción que puede tomar
el gobierno?
¿Se cuenta con una
base/fundamento legal
para regular?
¿Cuál es el nivel (u orden)
de gobierno apropiado
para esta regulación?
¿Los beneficios de la
regulación justifican los
costos? Es decir, ¿los
beneficios son superiores
a los costos?
¿La regulación es clara,
coherente, comprensible
y accesible para los
usuarios?
¿Todos los interesados
tienen la oportunidad de
presentar sus
comentarios y puntos de
vista sobre la regulación?
¿Cómo se logrará el
cumplimiento?
7. Fuentes de información para el análisis de
alternativas
Investigaciones &
Estudios
Consulta
Experiencia
Internacional
Escenario Base
Del proceso de emisión de
regulaciones
México:
http://www.cofemersimir.gob.mx
Estados Unidos
•http://www.regulations.gov
Australia
•http://ris.dpmc.gov.au
•Regulaciones emitidas,
experiencias de
implementación, buenas
prácticas regulatorias.
8. MEXICO: El análisis de alternativas en la MIR
5. Justifique las razones por las que la regulación propuesta es considerada la mejor opción para
atender la problemática señalada.
Seleccione Descripción de las alternativas, y
estimación de los costos y
beneficios.
No emitir regulación alguna
Esquemas de Autorregulación
Esquemas voluntarios
Incentivos económicos
Otro tipo de regulación
Otra
4. Señale y compare las alternativas con que se podría resolver la problemática que fueron
evaluadas, incluyendo la opción de no emitir la regulación. Asimismo, indique para cada una de
las alternativas consideradas una estimación de los costos y beneficios que implicaría su
instrumentación
6. Describa la forma en la que la problemática se encuentra regulada en otros países y/o las
buenas prácticas internacionales en la materia.
MIR de alto impacto
9. Ejemplo. DISPENSORES DE GASOLINA , “litros de a litro”
En México la distribución y comercialización al menudeo de combustibles y
lubricantes, se realiza exclusivamente a través de lo que se ha denominado
Franquicia PEMEX, la cual puede ser adquirida por personas físicas y morales de
nacionalidad mexicana.
Bajo este modelo de negocios, existen 10,564 estaciones en el país
aproximadamente, con ventas de 793 mil barriles por día, de los cuales el 92.9% es
gasolina Pemex Magna y el 7.1% es gasolina Pemex Premium. Las ventas de diesel
son de 332 mil barriles por día.
Para prestar el servicio de venta al menudeo las franquicias utilizan maquinas
llamadas dispensarios, las cuales están compuestas por elementos mecánicos,
electrónicos y de programación que les permiten obtener mediciones más exactas.
CONTEXTO
Fuentes:
COFEMER, Manifestación de Impacto Regulatorio: http://www.cofemersimir.gob.mx/portales/resumen/24177
COFEMER, APEC (2013). Guía para evaluar el impacto de la regulación. Vol. II Casos de Estudio, México. Caso 5, Disponible en:
http://www.cofemer.gob.mx/presentaciones/Espa%C3%B1ol_Vol%20%202_Casos%20de%20estudio_FINAL.pdf
10. En el 2004 se identificó que 90% de las
estaciones de servicio no entregaban litros de
a litros.
Se cuantificó un faltante de un 5%, 10 veces
por encima de la tolerancia. Equivalente entre
14 a 20 mil mdp al año.
En 2005, 86% de los consumidores NO
confiaban en las gasolineras.
ANTECEDENTES 2004-2005
11. El 31 de mayo de 2006, se suscribió el “Convenio de Concertación de Confiabilidad de
Dispensarios”, (el Convenio de Concertació Gobierno Federal- fabricantes de
dispensarios).
Los fabricantes se comprometen a “fabricar, distribuir y vender dispensarios nuevos y
confiables” que cumplieran con la NOM-005-SCFI-2005; e incluir alguno de los siguientes
dispositivos: chip encapsulado o tarjeta principal del sistema embebida con software y
algoritmo de encriptación MD5 a 128 bits.
Así como, incluir los siguientes dispositivos de control o sus equivalentes: esquemas de
pistas de auditoría y bitácora de eventos que permitan obtener información inalterable e
imborrable de todos los accesos al módulo electrónico del dispensario, en particular de los
dispositivos de calibración, configuración y medición de flujos.
Cuasi-regulación
A efecto de asegurar el despacho efectivo de combustibles líquidos el Gobierno Mexicano
ha realizado diversos esfuerzos previos, desde 2006.
ANTECEDENTES ACCIONES 2006
12. El 26 de junio de 2006, el Gobierno Federal publicó en el Diario Oficial de la Federación
(DOF) el “Decreto por el que se otorgan estímulos fiscales a los contribuyentes que
adquieran e instalen dispensarios de gasolina en establecimientos abiertos al público
en general” (el Decreto).
El Decreto tuvo una vigencia de 6 meses y otorgó un estímulo fiscal a los contribuyentes que
enajenaran gasolina o diesel para combustión automotriz en establecimientos abiertos al
público en general.
El estímulo consistió en permitir el acreditamiento contra el impuesto sobre la renta (ISR) a
su cargo o retenido a terceros, así como contra el impuesto al activo (IA) o el impuesto al
valor agregado (IVA), equivalente al 70% del monto original de la inversión en dispensarios
que cumplieran con la NOM-005-SCFI-2005 y con las condiciones de seguridad indicadas en
el Convenio de Concertación. Y un estímulo fiscal del 30% de la inversión en los nuevos
dispensarios, por enajenar los dispensarios antiguos para convertirlos en chatarra y que
efectivamente éstos se chatarreen en un plazo no mayor a 6 meses.
Instrumentos de mercado
ANTECEDENTES ACCIONES 2006
13. 1. En el 2006 se consiguió que el 43% de los dispensarios de combustibles
líquidos fueran sustituidos.
2. Apartir de la información técnica brindada por el Centro Nacional de Metrología
(CENAM) y los fabricantes de dispensarios, es posible calcular que 26,213 (57%)
de los 46,160 dispensarios existentes en el 2012 carecen de aditamentos de
confiabilidad (chip encapsulado o tarjeta principal y/o esquemas de pistas de
auditoría y bitácora de eventos).
3. Recientemente se ha encontrado la alteración del computador o contador de
los dispensarios, lo que permite que ejecute instrucciones diferentes para que éste
despache un volumen de combustible que no corresponde al monto pagado, acción
que va en detrimento del bienestar consumidor.
4. La (PROFECO), encontró sustituciones o alteraciones de la electrónica de los
dispensarios (hardware y software) en el 19% de los 10,048 instrumentos en
2009, mientras que en el 2010 correspondieron al 13.2 % de 7,518.
EVIDENCIA del problema – 2011/2012
14. 4. Inexistencia de un registro, inalterable e imborrable, que evidencie los accesos –
presenciales o remotos– a la electrónica, el software y la configuración del
dispensario; mismos que tendrían que estar limitados, por la autoridad y el fabricante,
únicamente a actividades como cambio de precios, ajustes, mantenimiento y
reparaciones.
Existen un fallo de mercado que se conoce como asimetría de información, el cual
implica que el vendedor del producto –el franquiciatario- conoce mejor la mercancía que le
ofrece al consumidor, lo cual le pone en desventaja.
Esta asimetría de información Problema de riesgo moral, ya que el Franquiciatario
está posibilitado para alterar el software o hardware del dispensario con el fin de no
despachar litros completos y así defraudar al consumidor. Lo anterior porque es muy poco
probable que el consumidor pueda darse cuenta y/o comprobar el fraude.
I DENTI FI CACI ÓN DEL PROBLEMA
O BJET IVO S D E L A INT ERVENCIÓ N
El objetivo general del gobierno con la intervención, es garantizar que los
franquiciatarios despachen litros completos, evitando la sustitución y alteración
de los componentes electrónicos originales que contienen el software de los
dispensarios.
15. Escenario base (no emitir regulación). Esta opción considera la posibilidad de dejar la
solución del problema a la buena voluntad de los franquiciatarios para no defraudar a los
consumidores, así como a una excesiva verificación por parte de la autoridad de protección
al consumidor. Sin embargo, de 2006 al 2012, el comportamiento de todos los
franquiciatarios no se ha visto modificado sustancialmente, ni por el Convenio de
Concertación, ni por el Decreto de incentivos fiscales. Por lo que no emitir una regulación
explícita permitirá que continúen afectándose los derechos y el bienestar de los
consumidores.
Cuasi-regulación
No intervenir (escenario base)
La suscripción de convenios. Sólo obligan a sus firmantes más no a nuevos proveedores
de dispensarios y a las estaciones de servicio, en tanto convenga a sus intereses. El
Convenio atiende parcialmente la problemática, pues aún cuando se fabrican dispensarios
con las características técnicas dispuestas por el Convenio de Concertación del 2006, y que
los mismos fabricantes revelan ajustes metrológicos y cambios al precio de venta
autorizado, dicha evidencia no puede ser utilizada para sancionar tales prácticas en las
estacionas de servicio, toda vez que los aditamentos de confiabilidad no se
encontraban incluidos en la NOM-005-SCFI-2005 para ser sujetos de verificación por
parte de la autoridad.
ALTERNATIVAS
16. Modificación de la Norma
Oficial Mexicana NOM-
005-SCFI-2005. (propuesta
regulatoria) . La
modificación tendría como
fin hacer obligatorios el
uso de aditamentos de
confiabilidad en los
dispensarios, y con ello
generar una base legal que
permita a la autoridad
verificar su cumplimiento y
prevenir, abatir y en su caso
sancionar la manipulación
de los dispensarios.
Regulación basada en desempeño
FIN del proceso de
mejora regulatoria
17.
18. La modificación a la
norma fue publicada
en el Diario Oficial
de la Federación
(DOF) el 22 de
febrero de 2013
y entró en vigor 2
meses después de
su publicación.
Entrada en vigor de la regulación