Top secret technologies of ancient india (hindi)

vrhr dk fnXn’kZu&oSKkfud [k.M
1@115
vks3~e
vrhr dk fnXn”kZu&nk”kZfud [k.M
bZ'oj dh l`f"V ds vn~Hkqr O;k[;krk iwT;ikn xq:nso Ük`axh eqfu
d`’.knr th egkjkt }kjk fo”ks’k ;ksx lekf/k es]nso;ku dh vkRekvks
dks lEcksf/kr izopuks dk ladyu
izdk”kd %
oSfnd vuqlU/kku lfefr ¼jft-½
vUrjtky lEiknd % Jh lqds”k R;kxh & voSrfud
vUrjtky fo”ks’k lg;ksx % Mk0lrh”k “kekZ ¼vesfjdk½ & voSrfud
vUrjtky iqLrd laLdj.k % izFke izs’k.k
l`f”V lEor % 1]96]08]53]111
foØe lEor % vf”ou d`’.k r`rh;k ]2067
vkt dk ioZ % iwT;ikn xq:nso dk tUeksRlo
Xkq#nso dk thou
14 flrEcj 1942]mrj izns”k ds xkft;kckn ftys ds ]xkze [kqjZeiqj
lysekckn es ,d ckyd dk tUe gqvk A
ckyd tUe ls gh ,d foy{k.k ls ;qDr Fkk vkSj foy{k.krk ;g fd
tc Hkh og ckyd lh/kk] “koklu dh eqnzk es] dqN vUrjky ysVtkrk ;k
fyVk fn;k tkrk rks mldh xnZu nk;sa ck;sa fgyus yxrh ] dqN
eU=ksPpkj.k vkSj mlds ckn iqjkru laLd`fr ij vk/kkfjr 45 feuV ds
yxHkx ,d fnO; izopu gksrk A ckY;koLFkk gksus ds dkj.k] izkjEHk es
vkokt vLi’V gksrh vkSj tSls vk;q c<us yxh osls gh vkokt vkSj fo’k;
nkuks Li’V gksus yxs A ij ,d vifBr ckYkd ds eq[k ls ,sls fnO;
izopu lqudj tuekul vk”p;Z djus yxk ] bl ckyd dh ,slh fnO;
voLFkk vkSj izopuks dh xw<rk ds fo”k; es dksbZ Hkh dqN dgus dh fLFkfr
es ugh Fkk A izopu lqudj tuekul vk”p;Z djus yxk ] bl ckyd dh
,alh fnO; voLFkk vkSj izopuks dh xw<rk ds fo’k; es dksbZ Hkh dqN dgus
dh fLFkfr es ugh Fkk A
bl fLFkfr dk Li’Vhdj.k Hkh fnO;kRek ds izopuks ls gh gqvk A fd
;g l`f’V ds vkfndky ls gh fofHkUu dkyks es Ük`axh _f’k dh mikf/k ls
foHkwf’kr vkSj lr;qx ds dky es vkfn czgkz ds “kki ds dkj.k bl ;qx es
tUe dk dkj.k cuh A xq#nso bl tUe es Hkys gh vifBr jgs]ysfdu
“koklu dh eqnzk es vkrs gh budk iwoZ tfUer Kku]mncq) gks tkrk vkSj
vUrfj{k&LFk vkRekvks dk fnO; mn~cks/ku ]izopu djrs vkSj “kjhj dh
fLFkfr ;gkW gksus ds dkj.k ge lcdks Hkh budh fnO; ok.kh lqukbZ nsrh A
bu iaopuks es bZ”ojh; dh l`f’V dk vn~Hkqr jgL; lek;k gqvk gS ]
czgkzk.M dh fo”kkyrk ] l`f’V dk mn~ns”;]fofHkUu dkyks dk vka[kks ns[kk
o.kZu Hkxoku jke vkSj Hkxoku d`’.k ds thou dh fnO;rk dk n”kZu D;k
dqN fnO; u gha gS bu izopuks es ;s fdlh Hkh euq’; dk]lekt dk vkSj
jk’Vª dk ekxZ n”kZu djus dk lkeF;Z j[krs gS A
20 o’kZ dh voLFkk rd ;s izopu ,sls gh tuekul dks vk”p;Z vkSj
ekxZn”kZu djrs jgs A
fnYyh ds dqN izcq) egkuqHkoks us izopuks dh bl fuf/k dks “kCn
/ofu ys[ku midj.k ds }kjk laxzfgr djds ]iqLrd :Ik es izdkf”kr djus
dk fu”p; fd;k] ftlds fy, oSfnd vuqlU/kku lfefr uked laLFkk dk
xBu fd;k A ftlds vUrZxr lu~ 1962 ls izopuks dks laxzgfr vkSj
izdk”ku izkjEHk gqvk A bl fnO;kRek us iwoZ fu/kkZfjr 50 o’kZ ds thou dks
Hkksxdj lu~ 1992 es egkiz;k.k fd;k A
bl vUrjky buds 1500 izopu] “kCn /ofu ysf[kr ;U= ds }kjk
xzg.k fd;s x;s A ftudks /khjs&/khjs izdkf”kr fd;k tk jgk gSAoSfnd
thou vkSj oSsfnd laLd`fr dk tks Lo:Ik bues lek;k gqvk gS A mlds
lEo/kZu ] laj{k.k vkSj izlkj.k ds fy, gj oSfnd /kehZ ds lg;ksx dh
vis{kk gS A ftlls olq/kSo dqVqEcde dh laLd`fr ls fufgr ;g egku Kku
tuekul es izlkfjr gks ldsA
oSfnd vuqlU/kku lfefr ¼jft½

1@115
Ø-la- izopu “kh’kZd i`’B La[k;k
1- izFke v/;k; 1
ekuo 'kjhj vkSj LokLF;----------------------------------------------------------------------------1
ekuo ;ksfu loZJs"B gS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
ekuo dk vkgkj-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
ek¡lkgkj ij fo'ks"k foospu ------------------------------------------------------------------------2
lkr vkgkj---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
1- lcdk lk>k vUu-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
2- nwljk vkgkj--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
3- gqr------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
4&izgwr----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
5&p{kq&vkgkj----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
6&Jks=&vkgkj---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
7&?kzk.k&vkgkj---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
ladYi&'kfDr-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
fopkj-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
foJke------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
jksx&xzLr gksus ij fpfdRlk ---------------------------------------------------------------------4
;ksx&fpfdRlk----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
vkS"kfèk;ksa }kjk fpfdRlk------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
ân;&jksx -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1 ân;&xfr eUn D;ksa-----------------------------------------------------------------------------4
HkkSfrd vkS"kfèk;ksa dh mi;ksfxrk----------------------------------------------------------------4
eUn xfr D;ksa--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
2&{k;jksx&fpfdRlk------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
3&uiaqldrk dh fpfdRlk--------------------------------------------------------------------------5
mUekn jksx ,oe~ fpfdRlk-------------------------------------------------------------------------5
lrksxq.kh mUekn-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
nso&mUekn ¼nsoksUekn½--------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
tM+ksUekn-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
jtksxq.kh&mUekn-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
reksxq.kh mUekn--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
jksxksRifr dk ewy dkj.k eu gh gS ----------------------------------------------------------6
ukfLrdrk Hkh ,d ekufld jksx gS----------------------------------------------------------6
fpfdRlk--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
xk;=h flf)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
4&mUeknksa dk mipkj---------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
5&d.B dVus ij mls tksM+us dh vkS"kfèk-----------------------------------------------7
jksx dk funku djus dh fofèk------------------------------------------------------------------7
2- }rh; vè;k; 8
ekr` 'kfDr-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
lekt&fuekZrk %ekrk dh egÙkk----------------------------------------------------------------8
ekuo rhu izdkj ds l¡Ldkj ysdj mRiUu gksrk gS%------------------------------8
ekrk,¡ rhu gksrh gSaA-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
ekrk,¡ rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSa-------------------------------------------------------------------9
ekrkvksa dk lEeku--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
lrhRo dh egÙkk-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
ekrk dh ;ksX;rk--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
ekrkvksa dks fo|k ds vè;;u dk vfèkdkj------------------------------------------- 10
lw;Z&fl)kUr --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
ekrk cuus esa ckèkd jksxksa dh fpfdRlk------------------------------------------------ 10
cUè;kRo dk mipkj---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
3- r`rh; vè;k; 11
vk;qosZn--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
vk;qosZn ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku----------------------------------------------------------------11
nh?kkZ;q gksus dk lkèku------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
vkS"kfèk;ksa dk izHkko------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
vk;qosZnK ds xq.k---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
vk;qosZnKksa dh dk;Z fofèk -------------------------------------------------------------------------12
vkS"kfèk fl)kUr------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
vk;q"eku gksus dh fofèk ----------------------------------------------------------------------------12
eu nks izdkj ls izlUu jgrk gS-------------------------------------------------------------12
dqN vkS"kfèk;ksa dh igpku------------------------------------------------------------------------12
4- prqFkZ vè;k; 12
izÑfr iwtk vFkkZr~ izÑfr dk lnqi;ksx ------------------------------------------------13
Hkw&xHkZ foKku--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
lw;Z foKku -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
Lwk;Z dh vkB fdj.ksa----------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
lw;Z fpfdRlk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
fdj.kksa dk i`Foh esa izHkko ------------------------------------------------------------------------14
pUnz&foKku-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
lw;Z vkSj pUnzek dh rqyuk----------------------------------------------------------------------15
ty--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
vfXu------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
lkexku ls nhiekfydk----------------------------------------------------------------------------16
'kfp-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
ok;q--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
vUrfj{k rFkk iUprUek=k,¡----------------------------------------------------------------------17
'kCn dh mRifÙk-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
'kq)&v'kq) okD;ksa dk izHkko-------------------------------------------------------------------18
jDrHkjh ØkfUr dk ewy vlR; mPpkj.k-----------------------------------------------19
lR; rFkk ifo= ok.kh dh egÙkk------------------------------------------------------------19
|q&yksd------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
fopkjksa dk izR;korZu --------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
fo'oHkku ¼lef"V½ eu------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
eu dh O;kidrk ;k lkoZ HkkSeRo-----------------------------------------------------------19
foHkktu dk ewy eu--------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
izk.k fo'o&Hkku ;k lkekU; ¼lef"V½-----------------------------------------------------20
thou vkSj izy; dk ewy izk.k---------------------------------------------------------------20
eu vkSj izk.k dh layXurk----------------------------------------------------------------------20
izHkq&feyu dk ekxZ-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
_r~ vkSj lr~ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
lR; rhu izdkj dk gksrk gSA-----------------------------------------------------------------21
o"kkZ--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
o"kkZ ds lEcUèk esa vyadkfjd dFkkvksa dk lkjka'k--------------------------------21
1 izkphfnd-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
2&nf{k.k&fnd-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
3&izrhfp&fnd------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
4&mnhfp&fnd------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
5&i`Foh dyk---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
6&vUrfj{k&dyk---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
7&leqnz&dyk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
8&ok;q&dyk----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22

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9&pUnz&dyk-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
10&lw;Z&dyk------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
11&fo|qr~&dyk---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
12&vfXu&dyk----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
13&eu dyk--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
14&p{kq&dyk------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
15&?kzk.k&dyk------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23
16&Jks=&dyk------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23
izÑfr dk izHkko---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
5- iape v/;k; 23
HkkSfrd foKku rFkk vkè;kfRed foKku ------------------------------------------------ 23
foKku prqFkZ fo|k gS------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
foKku dk Lo:i ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
foKku dk egRo--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
vkè;kfRed&foKku esa ijekRek dk fo"k; gksrk gS------------------------------ 25
HkkSfrd&foKku dh lhek,¡----------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
vfHkeku dk ewy dkj.k dsoy izÑfr dh mikluk----------------------------- 25
vè;kReokn dk ifj.kke--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
iw.kZ foKku dks dSls izkIr djsa---------------------------------------------------------------- 25
vkè;kfRed ,oa HkkSfrd foKku ds leUo; ls Js; dh izkfIr------------ 25
Hkkj}kt&nkyH;&laokn--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
fuJs;l dh izkfIr esa dsoy HkkSfrdokn ckèkd gS-------------------------------- 26
vkè;kfRed&foKku D;k gS ------------------------------------------------------------------ 26
vkRek izÑfr dk 'kkld dSls curk gS -------------------------------------------- 26
vkè;kReosÙkk dh lkeF;Z-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
vkè;kfRed o HkkSfrd foKkuksa dh rqyuk---------------------------------------------- 27
vè;kReokn esa thokRek dh vuUr xfr------------------------------------------------ 27
vkfRed foKku loksZÙke--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
vkèkqfud foKku dh igq¡p eu rd gh gS--------------------------------------------- 28
mnkgj.k----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
foKkuokn vkSj bZ'ojokn------------------------------------------------------------------------ 28
ijekRek vuUr gS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
ekuo ukfLrd dc vkSj D;ksa curk gS-------------------------------------------------- 28
ijekRek dk foKku vuUr gS----------------------------------------------------------------- 29
HkkSfrd vkSj vkè;kfRed foKkuksa dk leUo;--------------------------------------- 29
nksuksa foKkuksa dks tkuuk ekuo dk dÙkZO; gS-------------------------------------- 29
vè;kReokn dh flf) ds fy, ;K djuk dÙkZO; gS-------------------------- 30
ekuork dh LFkkiuk--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
HkkSfrd foKku ls Hkksxokn dk izlkj gksrk gS-------------------------------------- 30
nksuksa dh izfØ;k---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Kku&foKku esa izos'k-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
1&izÑfr ds rÙoksa dk fo"k;------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
2&vkRek dk foKku--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
3&ijekRek dk fo"k;------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
eku&viekue; thou ladqfpr gksrk gS---------------------------------------------- 32
vkè;kfRed T;ksfr dk ?k`r Kku&foKku gS------------------------------------------ 32
vuq"Bku D;ksa ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
fo".kq in dks izkIr djks--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
vè;kReokn ds pkj vè;FkhZ--------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
1&nq%f[kr--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
2&ftKklq-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
3&vFkkFkhZ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
4&Kkuh-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
Kkuh vkSj vFkkFkhZ esa vUr}ZU} ----------------------------------------------------------------33
izHkq dks lefiZr djus okyk lokZfèkd izcy gksrk gS----------------------------33
ek¡lkgkj dk izHkko ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
'kq) vkgkj&O;ogkj D;ksa--------------------------------------------------------------------------33
yksd&yksdkUrjksa dh ^fot;* esa nksuksa foKkuksa dh rqyuk-------------------33
6- i"B v/;k; 34
1&vrhr esa HkkSfrd izxfr ds dqN mnkgj.k----------------------------------------34
2&izÑfr ds dqN oSKkfud fl)kUr-------------------------------------------------------34
3&fp=.k dk fl)kUr-------------------------------------------------------------------------------34
4&'kCn dk fl)kUr----------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
5 vkadqapu dk fl)kar------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
6&fo|qr~ ,oa ijek.kq fl)kUr-----------------------------------------------------------------36
7&vUur “kfDr dk lzksr rFkk fl)kUr-------------------------------------------------36
8&Lo.kZ fuekZ.k dk fl)kUr--------------------------------------------------------------------36
9&lkSj e.Myks dh vkd’kZ.k “kfDr dk fl)kUr----------------------------------36
10&yksd yksd yksdkarjks dk ;k=k dk fl)kUr----------------------------------36
13&fdlh ykad es gq, foLQksV dks tkuus dk fl)kUr---------------------36
14&iaPk egkHkwr fl)kUr--------------------------------------------------------------------------37
oSKkfud lkfgR;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37
1&oSKkfud ;U=ksa ds mnkgj.k----------------------------------------------------------------37
2&HkwxHkZ losZ{k.k-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37
3& Lokueke~ dh js[kk------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
4&fouk”kdkjh vL=----------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
5&”kCn lUEcU/kh ;U= ------------------------------------------------------------------------------41
6&nsorkvksa dh ok.kh lquus dk ;U=------------------------------------------------------41
7&fp=koyh lUEcU/kh ;U= ----------------------------------------------------------------------41
fpÙkkUos"k.k&vojkt&;U= ------------------------------------------------------------------------42
fpfdRlk&{ks=---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43
yksd&yksdkUrjksa esa ;kuksa }kjk Hkze.k------------------------------------------------------43
vU; yksdksa esa foLQksV------------------------------------------------------------------------------46
lw;Z esa foLQksV ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46
c`gLifr ij foLQksV---------------------------------------------------------------------------------46
vkèkqfud&foKku if'pe ns'kksa esa Hkkjr ls gh x;k-----------------------------46
7- lIre vè;k; 47
yksd&yksdkUrjksa dk ifjp;--------------------------------------------------------------------47
iap egkHkwr rFkk mudh izèkkurk------------------------------------------------------------47
yksd&yksdkUrjksa ds fuoklh---------------------------------------------------------------------48
osn&èofu loZyksdksa esa gS--------------------------------------------------------------------------48
;Kksa dk foèkku ¼;K dh O;kidrk½-------------------------------------------------------48
foKku dh izxfr ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48
i`Foh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48
lw;Z&yksd ;k fo".kq&yksd------------------------------------------------------------------------48
jf'e;k¡---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
pUnzyksd ds izk.kh-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
i`Foh dss oSKkfudksa dk pUnzyksd esa igq¡puk------------------------------------------49
pUnzek dk oSKkfud----------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
eaxy&yksd ds izk.kh---------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
c`gLifr ;k xUèkoZ&yksd ds izk.kh----------------------------------------------------------51
T;s"Bk; ¼T;s"Bk½ u{k= ds izk.kh--------------------------------------------------------------51

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yksdksa ds oSKkfudksa dh ;kstuk;sa------------------------------------------------------------ 51
tkudkjh dk vkèkkj--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
yksdksa dh ;k=k dk fl)kUr------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
8- v"Ve vè;k; 52
loZ&lw[k ,oa Kku&foKku dk ewy&;K --------------------------------------------- 52
;K ik[k.M ugha--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
l`f"V :ih ;K------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 53
;K&deZ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
;K vusd izdkj ds gSa ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
ekuo dk ;Ke; thou-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
es[kyk--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
HkkSfrd&Lo:i------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
HkkSfrd&;K----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
HkkSfrd&;K ls ykHk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
HkkSfrd&;K dh oSKkfud izfØ;k ---------------------------------------------------------- 55
;K dh lqxfUèk ij vuqlUèkku--------------------------------------------------------------- 55
;K&i)fr dh O;oLFkk--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
;K dk foèkku------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
;K ds lehi izlUu eu ls tkuk pkfg,-------------------------------------------- 57
;kx ds izeq[k O;fDr;ksa dh ;ksX;rk rFkk dÙkZO;-------------------------------- 58
1&;teku-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60
2&iqjksfgr -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60
3&czãk------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
4&vèo;qZ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
5&mn~xkrk------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
;Kksa ds izdkj rFkk mudh izfØ;k -------------------------------------------------------- 62
lkèkkj.k&;K--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
fofèk------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 62
;K&osnh---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
;K'kkyk ds izdkj------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 63
vuq"Bku&;K--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
1&o`f’V ;K----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
lksejl ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64
2&iq=sf"V&;K------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64
iq=sf"V&;K dh lkexzh---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64
3&nsoh ;K------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 64
nsoh&;K dk foÑr :i------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
'kq) :i&js[kk------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
HkkSfrd :i&js[kk-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
vt;es?k ;K -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
ty&flapu dk vfHkizk;------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
Hkw ;K--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66
vtkes/k ;K---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66
ik¡p izdkj ds ;K ;k iap egk;K-------------------------------------------------------- 66
1&czã ;K------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 66
2&nso&iwtk ;k nso&;K ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 66
3&vfrfFk&;K------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 67
4&cfy oS'o&;K------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67
5&Hkwr&;K ;k fir` ;K------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67
;K&fpfdRlk-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67
;K }kjk ?k`r dk fuekZ.k------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67
;K ds Lo:i dk ;U=ksa }kjk fnXn'kZu-------------------------------------------------67
egkjktk jke }kjk fo'ks"k ;K-----------------------------------------------------------------67
;K vkSj lnkpkj--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------68
;K dh nf{k.kk dk vkn'kZ-----------------------------------------------------------------------68
;K ds izR;sd inkfèkdkjh ds mÙkj--------------------------------------------------------68
czã&osÙkkvksa dh n`f"V esa nzO;-----------------------------------------------------------------68
egf"kZ Üka`xh th ls dU;k ds iz'u------------------------------------------------------------68
nf{k.kk ds nzO; dk R;kx-------------------------------------------------------------------------69
vkè;kfRed&;K-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------69
vkè;kfRed nsoh&;K--------------------------------------------------------------------------------70
vkfRed&;K----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------70
vkè;kfRed vt;esèk&;K------------------------------------------------------------------------70
vkè;kfRed iapd&;K -----------------------------------------------------------------------------70
fo"k;&okluk okys lkfgR; dk R;kx ----------------------------------------------------70
9- uoe~ vè;k; 71
lkekftd [k.M-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71
loZ&lq[kksa dk ewy-èkeZ------------------------------------------------------------------------------71
èkeZ dh ehekalk------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71
èkeZ ds pkj in------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71
èkeZ vksj :f<+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72
ekuork dk fouk'kd :f<+okn----------------------------------------------------------------72
èkeZ vkSj lEiznk; --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72
èkeZ vkSj ik[k.M----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------73
èkeZ esaa oSfnd lkfgR; dk ;ksxnku---------------------------------------------------------75
vkuUn dSls izkIr gks---------------------------------------------------------------------------------76
èkeZ vkSj jk"Vª---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------76
vfgalk ijeksèkeZ-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77
10- n'ke~ vè;k; 77
ekuork gh èkeZ gS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77
mRFkku dh ;kstuk-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------78
lRlax dk egRo---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------78
vUrjkRek dk egRo----------------------------------------------------------------------------------79
pfj= dk egRo-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------79
_.k&eqfDr dSls----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------80
deZ O;k[;k------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------80
O;kidrk ¼izlkj.k½------------------------------------------------------------------------------------80
fØ;k ¼xeu½-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------81
dÙkZO;okn dh rhu vfXu;sa----------------------------------------------------------------------81
eu&opu&deZ dh ,drk------------------------------------------------------------------------81
foosd-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------83
;FkkFkZ ØkfUr----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------85
11- ,dkn'k vè;k; 87
oSfnd&o.kkZÜkze&O;oLFkk---------------------------------------------------------------------------87
ekuo&thou ds pkj vkJe--------------------------------------------------------------------88
1&czãp;Z---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88
2- x`gLFkkJe----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88
3- okuizLFk vkJe-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88
4- laU;kl vkJe---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88
czãp;kZJe -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88
xq#&f'k"; lEcUèk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------89
xq#vksa dh vkpkj&lafgrk ------------------------------------------------------------------------89

4@115
f'k"; ds fy;s vkpkj lafgrk------------------------------------------------------------------ 90
f'k{kk nsus esa vfèkdkj vufèkdkj dk fopkj----------------------------------------- 90
f'k{kk ds fo"k;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90
vkèkqfud f'k{kk&i)fr ij ,d fogaxe n`f"V--------------------------------------- 90
xq# dk egRo-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91
nh{kk------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 91
x`gLFkkÜkze-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92
lq[kh&x`gLFk dh :ijs[kk------------------------------------------------------------------------ 92
lUrkuksRifÙk----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93
laLdkjksa dk egRo------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 93
ukedj.k laLdkj-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
eq.Mu laLdkj------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
okuizLFk vkJe ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
laU;kl vkJe-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
12- }kn'k vè;k; 94
prq;qZx-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
1& lr;qx------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
2& =srk------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 94
3& }kij---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
4& dfy;qx----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
lr;qx ds lekt dh >yd------------------------------------------------------------------- 95
;Kksiohr] f'k[kk vkSj ekyk-------------------------------------------------------------------- 95
;Kksiohr _.kksa dk izrhd---------------------------------------------------------------------- 95
;Kksiohr dk foKku-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95
;Kksiohr dk egRo---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96
#nzk{k dh ekyk----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96
nsork vkSj nSR;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96
nsork----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97
nso&izo`fÙk-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97
nsork&ekuo&nkuo---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97
dqEHk&ioZ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97
dqEHk dh O;k[;k--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98
xaxk o.kZu-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98
xaxkorj.k dh yksd&dFkk---------------------------------------------------------------------- 98
rhu xaxk,a-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98
xaxk dk vkè;kfRed Lo:i -------------------------------------------------------------------- 99
f=xaxk Luku---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 99
frfFk fopkj------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 99
,dkn'kh ozr---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 99
iwf.kZek ozr------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100
uojkf= ozr----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100
v"VHkqth nqxkZ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------101
nhiekfydk----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------101
xÅ laoèkZu----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------103
=;ksn'k vè;k;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------104
iFk&izn'kZd lnqins'k-----------------------------------------------------------------------------104
vkuUn dh [kkst-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------104
'kkfUr&izkfIr dh ;kstuk------------------------------------------------------------------------104
;g lalkj dYio`{k gS----------------------------------------------------------------------------105
Js"B iq#"k cuks----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------106
pfj= dk egRo---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------107
ijksidkj djks-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------108
vfèkdkj rFkk dÙkZO;-------------------------------------------------------------------------------108
izQqfYyr jgks-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------109
_rq ifjorZu dk LokLF; ij izHkko----------------------------------------------------109
vuqHkoksa dks ys[kuhc) djrs le; lkoèkku---------------------------------------109
Kku&izkfIr ds pkj lkèku ---------------------------------------------------------------------109

1@115
1- izFke v/;k;
ekuo 'kjhj vkSj LokLF;
ekuo ;ksfu loZJs"B gS
ekuo 'kjhj ,d ;U=ky; gS D;ksafd blesa vusd izdkj ds ;U= yxs gSaA buls og dHkh ifjokj ij] lekt ij] dHkh loZ lalkj ij
fopkj&fofue; fd;k djrk gSA dgha ekuo ds ¼ân; esa½ }s"k&Hkkouk;sa vkus yxrh gSaA ekuo ;fn oSKkfud cuuk pkgrk gS rks loZizFke mls vius
thou dk eUFku djuk pkfg;s] ekuo thou ds egRo dks tkuuk pkfg;sA tc ekuo vius thou dks tku tkrk gS rks og vius thou dh
izfØ;kvksa dks Hkh tku tkrk gSA ekuo dk thou ,slk vkokxeue; cuk gqvk gS] ,slh mldh izfØ;k cuh gqbZ gS fd bl lalkj esa dksbZ lkj izrhr
ughaaa gksrkA ¼ukSok¡ iq"i] 27&10&67 bZ-½
bl ekuo 'kjhj dks fofoèk ukeksa ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA tSls fo".kq&iqjh] czã&iqjh] bUnz&iqjh] _f"k&iqjh] nso&iqjh] v;ksè;k vkfnA bl iqjh esa
ukS }kj gSaA buesa je.k djus okyk jke gSA
1 jke % je èkkrq ls ¼.k vFkok èk´~ izR;; djus ij½ ^jke 'kCn* dh jpuk gksrh gSA bl iqjh esa 'kklu djus okyk ;g vUrjkRek gS] bldks
tkuksA
2 fo".kq iqjh % blfy;s dgk tkrk gS fd tc ekuo lrksxq.k dh izèkkurk ls Kku esa je.k djus okyk czãosÙkk cu tkrk gSA mllsa lrksxq.k]
nwljksa ds izfr n;k] uezrk vkSj vkst mRiUu gks tkrk gSA rks og ekuo fo".kq in dks izkIr gks tkrk gSA og rstoku vkSj czãpkjh cu djds fo".kq
yksdksa dks igq¡p tkrk gSA ;g vkRek fo".kq&in dks izkIr gks tkrk gSA blfy;s bl 'kjhj dks fo".kq iqjh dgk tkrk gSA
3 czãiqjh % blfy;s ekuk x;k gS fd czãk mls dgrs gSa tks pkjksa osnksa dk egku~ if.Mr gksrk gS vkSj ;K'kkyk esa ¼czã ds in ij½ ifj.kr
gks tkrk gSA
;s ;K nks izdkj ds gSa 1&,d vkUrfjd ;K rFkk 2&nwljk cká;KA
1 vkUrfjd&;K esa ijek.kq ^czãk* gS] vkRek bldk ;teku gSaA eu vkSj cqf) blds ^gksrk* gSaA ik¡p desZfUnz;k¡ rFkk ik¡p KkusfUnz;k¡ ;s nl
ik= gSaA ekuo 'kjhj ;Kosnh gS] blesa vkUrfjd izo`fÙk;ksa rFkk vÑrksa dh vkgqfr nh tkrh gSA blesa fopkjksa dh lqxfUèk rFkk dqfopkjksa dh nqxZfUèk
mRiUu gksrh jgrh gSA
bl izdkj ;g ;K gSA bl ;K dks djus okyk ekuo viuh bfUnz;ksa ds] tks ;K ds nl ik= gSa] fo"k;ksa dh lkexzh cukdj ân; :ih
;K'kkyk esa vkgqfr nsrk gSA ,slk ekuo czãk dgykrk gS rFkk mldk 'kjhj ^czãiqjh* dgk tkrk gSA
2 cká&;K esa ,d czãk] ,d vèo;Zq] ,d mn~xkrk vkSj ;teku gksrk gSA ;s ukuk izdkj dh ouLifr;ksa dh lkexzh cukdj ;K'kkyk esa
^Lokgk* ds lkFk vkgqfr nsrs gSaaA blls txr~ dks lqxfUèk izkIr gksrh gS rFkk ijek.kq lqUnj curs gSaA
3 _f"k iqjh % blfy;s dgk tkrk gS fd ;g ekuo 'kjhj ,d ;Kosnh gS ftlesa lalkj dk foKku vksr&izksr gSA tks ekuo yksd&yksdkUrjksa
dks tkuuk pkgrk gS og vkRek dks czãjUèkz esa ys tk;sA czãjUèkz esa ,d lglz ukfM+;k¡ gksrh gSaA mu ,d lglzks ukfM+;ksa esa ls izR;sd ls 94&94
ukfM+;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA bu ukfM+;ksa dk lEcUèk yksd&yksdkUrjksa esa gSA tc ;ksxh dh vkRek 1&y?kq&efLr"d] 2&vØkUr efLr"d vkSj
3&czãjUèkz esa ifj.kr gks tkrk gS rks ml le; dksbZ ,slk yksd ughaa ftldk bldks fnXn'kZu u gks ldsA bl izdkj ;g _f"k iqjh gSA
_+f"k blesa vuqlUèkku djrs gSaA dgha ;ksx dk vuqlUèkku] dgha vk;qosZn dk vuqlUèkku] dgha foKku ds ijek.kqokn dk vuqlUèkkuA vuqlUèkku
djrs&djrs os e`R;q ls ikj gksus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA _f"k;ksa dk dÙkZO; ;gh gksrk gS fd os ;ksxkH;kl djrs gq, vius vUrjkRek dks mTToy cuk
ysrs gSaA bfUnz;ksa ds fo"k;ksa dh vkgqfr nsdj vius _f"kRo dks izkIr gks tkrs gSA
4 bUnz&iqjh % blfy;s dgk tkrk gS fd ^bUnz* mls dgrs gSa tks bfUnz;ksa dk Lokeh rFkk nsorkvksa dk vfèkjkt gksA bl vkRek dks ml le;
^bUnz* dgrs gSa] tc ;g nsorkvksa dks izkIr gks tkrk gSA tM+ nsork bldks viuk vfèkjkt pqu ysrs gS( vFkkZr~ og nksuksa izdkj ds nsorkvksa dks tku
ysrk gSA bl izdkj ds vkRek dk fuokl ;g 'kjhj ^bUnziqjh* dgykrk gSA D;ksafd bl ekuo 'kjhj dks fHkUu&fHkUu inoh izkIr gks ldrh gSaA
blfy;s ekuo ;ksfu dks gh loZJs"B ;ksfu ekuk x;k gSA¼pkSngok¡ iq"i] 27&3&70 bZ-½
ukuk izdkj ds jksxksa ls jksxh gks tkuk ekuo ds fy;s lqUnj ughaa gSA ekuo dks vius 'kjhj dh j{kk ds fy;s ukuk izdkj ds funku dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA mlesa ukuk izdkj dh ok;q dks tkuus dh vko';drk gSA ;s ukuk izdkj dh ok;q,a vUrfj{k vkSj |qyksd esa je.k djrh gSaA
buds fo"k; esa cgqr dqN tkuuk gksrk gSA ;fn ge izÑfr rFkk okrkoj.k ds vkèkkj ij vius thou dk fuekZ.k djus okys cusaxs rks ;g Kku rFkk
foKku ifo= cu tk;sxkA vk;qosZn gesa vk;q nsus okyk gS] rFkk ifo=rk dk izlkj djus okyk gSA ¼bDdhlok¡ iq"i] i`- 24½
ekuo dk vkgkj
ekuo 'kjhj ,d izdkj dk ;K gSA ;fn blesa v'kq) Hkkstu :ih v'kq) vkgqfr;k¡ nh tk;saxh] rks 'kjhj :ih ;K u"V gks tk;sxkA ftl
izdkj ;K esa egku~ ladYi gksus pkfg;s] mlh izdkj ijekRek us bl 'kjhj dks foèkku ls cuk;k gSA blesa ok;q] vfXu] ty] i`Foh rFkk vUrfj{k lc
,d lkFk foèkku esa dk;Z dj jgsa gSaA buesa ls ,d dk Hkh foèkku lekIr gksus ij ;g 'kjhj u"V gks tkrk gSA ¼nwljk iq"i] 17&1&62 bZ-½
ijekRek us thokRekvksa dks tks ;ksfu;k¡ nh gSa os bl vkRek ds dkjkxkj ds fy;s nh gSaA ekuo&;ksfu] deZ&;ksfu vkSj Hkksx&;ksfu nksuksa ekuh
x;h gSA tks ekuo ijekRek ds dkjkxkj okys thoksa dh fgalk djds vius thou dh iwfrZ djrs gSa] ,d le; og vk;sxk tc og ijekRek ds
dkjkxkj esa vo'; tk;sxkA ijekRek us ekuo ds Hk{k.k djus ds fy;s cgqr lh lkseyrk;sa rFkk Qy fn;s gSa ftudks iku djds cqf) rhoz gksrh gS]
lkfRodrk vkrh gS ftlls rqEgkjk ân; mnkj gksrk gS] mlesa egÙkk vkrh gSA ¼NBk iq"i] 15&5&62 bZ-½
ekuo dk LokHkkfod vkgkj ukuk cuLifr;ksa vkSj o`{kksa ij yxus okys Qy gSaA ;fn ge bu LokHkkfod vkgkj dks R;kxdj flag ds leku
fgalke; vkgkj dks djrs gSa rks gekjk thou rqPN] fuÑ"V vkSj ghure cu tk;sxkA nSR;ksa vkSj fgald i'kqvksa ds vkSj vU; Hkksx ;ksfu;ksa ds vkgkj
dks ekuo }kjk fd;k tkuk ijekRek ds fu;e ds foijhr gSA blls vkRek dk guu gksrk gSA
tc ge 'kq) vkgkj djrs gS rks blls gekjh cqf) fueZy vkSj LoPN gks tkrh gSA gekjk vUr%dj.k ifo= gks tkrk gSA ok.kh ;FkkFkZ mPpkj.k
djrh gSA tc ok.kh fl) gksus yxrh gS ml le; ckSf)d iki ughaa djrsA tc ckSf)d iki ughaa djrs rks gekjk vkRek gj izdkj ls mÙke curk
pyk tkrk gSA ekuo i'kq ds leku vkgkj djus ls i'kq cu tkrk gSA
okLro esa ekuo dk vkgkj 'kq) o lkfRod gksuk pkfg;sA rkefld ;k jktfld ughaaA D;ksafd rkefld ;k jktfld vkgkj ls ekuo dh cqf)
rkefld ;k jktfld gks tkrh gSA mldk thou u"V&Hkz"V gks tkrk gSA ,d le; og vkrk gS fd og lalkj ls lekIr gks tkrk gS vkSj mldks
dbZ tUeksa esa Hkh cqf) izkIr ughaa gksrhA
ijekRek us gesa ekuo :i esa nsork dh ;ksfu nh gSA gesa nwljksa dk vkgkj ughaa ysuk pkfg;sA blls thou u"V gksdj vUèkdkj okyh ;ksfu;ksa
esa fxj tkrs gSaA

2@115
nwljksa ds xHkkZ'k; ¼v.Ms½ dk vkgkj djus ls ,d le; esa mRiUu fo"k }kjk ekuo ds xHkkZ'k; rFkk og Lo;e~ xHkkZ'k; esa gh u"V gks tkrs
gSaA ftlds xHkZ dks [kkdj ekuo viuh jluk dk vkuUn eukrk gS] dy og Hkh mls viuh jluk dk Hkksx cuk ysxkA
ekuo lkekU;rk ds vkgkj dks R;kxdj vkRek okys vFkkZr~ psruk okys tho&tUrqvksa dk vkgkj djrk gS rks og fgaald cu tkrk gSA ,sls
ekuo brus rqPN cu tkrs gSa fd mudk thou vxys tUeksa esa ogk¡ pyk tk;sxk tgk¡ izzdk'k dk v¡dqj Hkh izkIr u gksA
vkRek ds nks y{k.k &Kku vkSj iz;Ru lnk gh mlds lkFk jgrs gSaA o`{k rFkk ouLifr;ksa esa bu xq.kksa dk vHkko gksus ds dkj.k muesa vkRek
ughaa ekuk tk ldrkA ;g Hkyh&Hkk¡fr fl) gks pqdk gS fd o`{kksa rFkk ouLifr;ksa esa vkRek ughaa gksrkA ;s rks ekuo ds HkkssT; inkFkks± ds :i esa
ijekRek us fn;s gSaA ijekREkk ds Kku] osn dk Hkh ;gh vkns'k gSA blfy;s buds vkgkj esa dksbZ l³~dksp ughaaA ;fn ekuo izkf.k;ksa dk vkgkj djrk
gS rks ;g gekjh rqPNrk gS] ghurk gS] fuyZTtrk gS rFkk iki gSA okLro esa ekuo dk thou mlh dky esa egRonk;d gks ldrk gS tc mldk
vkgkj rFkk jluk 'kq) gksosaA ¼rhljk iq"i] 17&7&63 bZ-½
ek¡lkgkj ij fo'ks"k foospu
ek¡l Hk{k.k esa tks nks"k gSa mudk foospu bl izdkj gS fd tc ekuo fdlh izk.kh dk guu djrk gS rks vkRek 'kjhj dks R;kxdj pyk tkrk
gSA ml le; mldh osnuk rFkk viw.kZ fopkj mlds d.k&d.k esa vksr&izksr gks tkrs gSaA blls Hk{k.k djus okys ds fopkjksa esa ,d vUr}ZU} vk
tkrk gSA mlds fopkjksa esa fgald Hkko vkdj fgald izo`fÙk cu tkrh gSA bu fopkjks ds lkFk ekuo ds fy;s lkèkd cuuk rFkk ekuork dks ykuk
vlEHko gks tkrk gSA ek¡l Hk{k.k djus okys ekuoksa dks pkfg;s fd os bl ij fopkj djsa fd blls vUrjkRek dh 'kqHk izsj.kk,a nwf"kr gks tkrh gSa]
rjaxsa mRiUu ughaa gksrhaA
ek¡l Hk{k.k djuk ikio}Zd gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd gesa ;g Å¡ph izfrHkk esa ys tkus ds fy;s vojksèkd gSA gekjk lalkj esa vkus dk
mís'; gS fd ge fdlh izdkj dk iki u djsa] Å¡pk deZ djsa] n;k djsa] d#.kk djsa] nsork cusa] ekuo cusa] nSR; u cusaA
,d fl)kUr ;g fd tks ekuo nwljksa dks u"V djus dk fopkj cukrk gS og Lo;e~ u"V gks tkrk gSA
¼bDdhlok¡ iq"i]20&2&70bZ-½
ek¡l Hk{k.k os fd;k djrs gSa ftudh cqf) ikej gksrh gSA mUgsa ikej blfy;s dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd mudh cqf) _f"krk lkfRodrk dks izkIr
u gks djds jtksxq.kh rFkk reksxq.kh jgrh gSA ¼ik¡pok¡ iq"i] 20&10&64 bZ-½
vr% nwljs thoksa dk Hk{k.k u djksA ;fn rqe thou pkgrs gks] jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj lnkpkj pkgrs gks rks izkf.k;ksa dh j{kk djksA cy ls]
ok.kh ls] gLr ls j{kk djksA ;g 'kjhj nwljksa dh j{kk ds fy;s fn;k gSA oèk djus ds fy;s ughaaA ;s Hkqtk,¡ bl ckr dk izrhd gSa fd izHkq us bUgsa
nwljksa dh j{kk ds fy;s fn;k gSA
;s gekjs vaxksa dh j{kk djrs gSa( nwljs izkf.k;ksa dh j{kk djrs gSaA dke] Øksèk] en] eksg] yksHk gekjs 'k=q gSa budks u"V djuk pkfg;sA rHkh
gekjk thou egku~ cu ldrk gSA ¼vkBok¡ iq"i] 13&12&63 bZ-½
lkr vkgkj
xkSre dks fo|kè;;u i'pkr~ vfHkeku gks x;k] rks muds firk us muls iwNk fd ^lwr&izlwr* D;k gksrk gS xkSre bldk mÙkj u ns lds rks
firk us crk;k fd lwr mls dgrs gSa] tks iku fd;k tkrk gS rFkk izlwr mls dgrs gSa] tks fuxyk tkrk gSA tSls vUu fuxyk tkrk gSA fuxyus
okyk ;g izk.k gSA bu izk.kksa dks tku dj gh czãosÙkk cu ldrs gSaA
blds i'pkr~ lkr izdkj ds vkgkj dk o.kZu fd;kA
1- lcdk lk>k vUu
;g og vUu gS] ftldks ekuo izfrfnu xkgZiR; vfXu esa idkdj Hkkstu djrs gSa rFkk Ñ"kd dh [ksrh esa mRiUu gksrk gSA ;g vukt ds :i
esa gksrk gSA bldks lk>k vUu blfy;s dgrs gSa D;ksafd bls ukuk izdkj ds izk.kh xzg.k djrs gSaA
2- nwljk vkgkj bl vUu ds uhps ds ikSèkk dk Hkkx nwljk vkgkj gSaA ftldks i'kqvksa dk vkgkj dgk tkrk gS] bldks iku djds i'kq viuh
i'kqrk esa ifj.kr jgrs gSaA i'kqvksa dk izk.k bruk ofy"B gksrk gS fd os bls izkIr djds 'kh?kz 'kjhj fuekZ.k esa yxk ysrs gSaa ;gk¡ izHkq dk foKku
n'kZuh; gSA ftldk ftl izdkj dk rFkk ftl vkgkj dk mnj gS] mlh izdkj dk vkgkj cuk fn;kA bu nks izdkj ds vkgkjksa dks ijekRek us l`f"V
ds izkf.k;ksa dks loZ= izkIr djk fn;kA
3- gqr
^gqr* dgrs gSa vkgqfr nsus dks rFkk ^izgwr* dgrs gSa iqjksfgr dh lsok djus dksA ftl vkgkj dks ge nsorkvksa dks iku djkrs gSa] og gwr
dgykrk gSA ukuk ouLifr;ksa vkSj vkS"kfèk;ksa dh lkexzh cuk djds czãk] mn~xkrk] vèo;qZ vkSj gksrk ;K djrs gSa] rks vfXu }kjk HkLe gksdj lw{e
:i esa vUrfj{k esa nsorkvksa dks izkIr gks tkrk gSA vfXu bldks ijek.kqvksa esa rksM+ dj lw{e :i cuk nsrh gSA bUgsa ok;q vius nsorkvksaa dks iznku
dj nsrk gSA nsorkvksa dk nsoRo fdlh dk leqnz esa tkrk gS] fdlh dk vUrfj{k esa rik djrk gSA tc ;s nsork rirs gSa] rks lqUnj o`f"V gksrh gSA
mlls ukuk izdkj dh ouLifr;k¡ iqu% tUe ysrh gSaA izR;sd ekuo dks ^gqr* djuk pkfg;sA nso dU;kvksa dks ^xkgZiR;* vfXu dh iwtk djuh pkfg;sA
vkgqfr ls fyiVk tks ekuo dk ladYi gksrk gS og ekuo dh bPNk dks iw.kZ djrk pyk tkrk gSA tks Hkh vkgqfr;k¡ nh tk;sa] os lqUnj fopkjksa
ds lkFk ijekRek esa J)k ds lkFk gksuh pkfg;s vU;Fkk fdruh Hkh lqUnj lkexzh gks] og lc ¼lqUnj fopkjksa rFkk ijekRek esa J)k ds vHkko esa½
fu"Qy gh jgrk gSA
tc J)k ds lkFk vfXu esa vkgqfr nh tkrh gS] rks vfXu mls HkLe ughaa dj ldrhA og ¼vfXu½ rks dsoy LFkwy lkdY; dks HkLe dj
ldrh gSA
fdUrq ekuo ds ladYiksa rFkk egku~ fopkjksaa dks vfXu vU; nsorkvksa dks vfiZr dj nsrh gSA ogk¡ os fopkj rirs gSa] rFkk o`f"V ds lkFk vk
tkrs gSaA
4&izgwr
izwr ;k izgwr og vkgkj gS] tks iqjksfgr dks fn;k tkrk gSA izFke iqjksfgr rks ijefirk ijekRek gS tks ekuo ds lq[k dh izsj.kk nsrk gSA cqf)
dks Hkh iqjksfgr dgk tkrk gSA
,d iqjksfgr og gS tks vius ;teku ds fy;s] vius jktk ds fy;s] 'kqHkdkeuk,a izdV djrk gS] rFkk cqf)eÙkk dk izlkj djrk gSA iqjksfgr
dh lsok djus esa viuh fiz; oLrq dks Hkh vfiZr dj nsuk pkfg;sA iqjksfgr Hkh ,d izdkj dk vUu gSA
vUu dh ehekalk ;g gS fd ftlls nwljk izk.kh ifo= gksdj egÙkk esaa yk;k tk lds mls vUu dgrs gSaA bl izdkj tks ekuo vkgkj djrk
gS] dsoy ;gh vUu ughaa gSA cfYd og Hkh vUu gS fd ekuo vius fopkjksa dks nwljksa dks nsA rks mu fopkjksa dk rFkk nwljs izkf.k;ksa dh j{kk djus
dk uke vUu dgyk;k x;k gSA

3@115
tc jk"Vª esa iqjksfgr gksrs gSa rks ,d nwljs izk.kh dh j{kk gksrh gSA rFkk os izk.kh iqjksfgr dh j{kk djrs gSaA bl izdkj jk"Vª dk izk.k gS&
lnkpkj rFkk nwljksa dh j{kk djukA
'ks"k rhu vkRek ds vUu gSaA 1&p{kq] 2&Jks=] rFkk 3&?kzk.kA vUu dk vfHkizk; gS fd tks fdlh oLrq dks xzg.k djrk gS vFkkZr~ vUu gh
ijek.kqokn dks vius es 'kks"k.k djrk gSA
5&p{kq&vkgkj
lw;Z dh fdj.ksa us=ksa dk izdk'k cu dj vkrh gSa] rks ;s us= izdk'k dk vkgkj djrs gSaA tSls izk.k bl vUu dks xzg.k djds ekuo ds lkFkh
cuk djrs gSa] blh izdkj us=ksa dk lkFkh tks izdk'k gS] og Hkh vUu dgyk;k tkrk gS] vkRe Kku dgyk;k tkrk gSA
tks ekuo us=ksa dk 'kksèku djds lqqn`f"Vikr djrk gS] mlds us=ksa dh T;ksfr T;ksa dh R;ksa cuh jgrh gSA
os ekuo bl 'kjhj dks NksM+us ds i'pkr~ lw;Ze.My dks izkIr gksrss gSaA blhfy;s gesa us=ksa dk 'kksèku djuk pkfg;s D;ksafd ;g Hkh vUu gSA
ekuo ds us=ksa esaa tks fNnz gksrs gSa] muesa lw;Z dh fdj.kksa ds ijek.kq vkxeu djrs gSa] rks lw;Z ds izdk'k rFkk vkRek ds izdk'k dk leUo; gks
tkrk gS] rHkh us= bl lalkj esa n`f"Vikr fd;k djrs gSaA okLro esa us=ksa dk viuk vfLrRo ughaa gksrk D;ksafd os rks nwljksa dh lgk;rk ls dk;Z
djrs gSaA blhfy;s us=ksa dks vkRek dk vUu dgk tkrk gSA ;g us= lw;Z dh T;ksafr dks ykdj vkRek ls mldk lekxe djkrk gSA tSls ey] fo{ksi]
vkRek vkSj ijekRek ds eè; esa vk tkrs gSa] blh izdkj us= lw;Z ds izdk'k rFkk vkRek ds eè; esa ,d iVy gS] tks nksuksa ds izdk'k dk leUo;
djkrk gSA blhfy;s us=ksa dks vUu dgk tkrk gSA
6&Jks=&vkgkj
Jks= mls dgrs gSa] ftldk fn'kkvksa ls lEcUèk gSA gekjs eq[k ls tks 'kCn fudyrk gS] og ,d {k.k le; esa i`Foh dh ifjØek dj ysrk gSA
Jks=ksa esa ;g fo'ks"krk gksrh gS fd og fn'kkvksa ls bu 'kCnksa dks ykdj vkRek ls mudk feyku djk nsrs gSaA
oSKkfud fl)kUr gS fd 'kCn ds lkFk mlds mPpkj.k djus okys dk fp= Hkh tkrk gSA
;s Jks= fn'kkvksa ls 'kCnksa dks ykdj ekuo dks Lej.k djkrs gSaA ekuo dh vUrjkRek ds tks laLdkj gksrs gSa mudk leUo; fn'kkvksa ls gks
tkrk gSA fn'kkvksaa esa tks 'kCn gSa] mudk lEcUèk vUrfj{k ls gksrk gSA vUrfj{k esa 'kCnkoyh je.k djrh jgrh gS] rks os yk[kksa o"kks± ds 'kCn Hkh ekuo
ds efLr"d esa fojkteku gks tkrs gSaaA
tks lkalkfjd 'kCn gSa] os Hkh mlds vUr&dj.k esa vk tkrs gSa vkSj bu 'kCnksa dk cká :i cu tkrk gSA
Jks= uke ds vUu dks tkuus okys oSKkfud yk[kksa o"kks± ds 'kCnksa dks ;U=ksa es ifj.kr dj nsrs gSaaA
rkRi;Z ;g gS fd tSls vUu dk vkgkj fd;k tkrk gS] ,sls gh gekjs Jks= 'kCnksa dk vkgkj djrs gSaA ge bu Jks=ksa dks tkuus okys cusaA
7&?kzk.k&vkgkj
?kzk.k esa ukuk izdkj lqxfUèk;ksa ¼xUèkksa½ dks xzg.k djus okyh ¼?kzk.ksfUnz;k¡½ ¼'kfDr;k¡½ gksrh gSaA lqxUèk dks izkIr djuk mldk vUu dgyk;k x;k
gSA iqyLR;] Hkkj}kt vkfn _f"k;ksa us bl ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, dgk gS fd ?kzk.k bfUnz; dks tkuus okys izk.kh _f"k gksrs gSaA os ml Qy ls] tks
ekuo ds ikl gks] viuh ?kzk.ksfUnz; rFkk us=ksa dk lekxe djds vkRek vkSj mnj ls mldk lacaèk djds] ?kzk.k ls mldh xUèk dks xzzg.k djds
vius mnj dh iwfrZ mlds lw{e ijek.kqvksa ls dj ysrs gSaaA tks _f"k&eqfu iou vkgkjh dgyk;s tkrs gSa] os ?kzk.ksfUnz; dks tkuus okys gksrs gSaA os
ok;q e.My ls eUn lqxUèk dks xzg.k djrs gSaA os ml vUu dks xzg.k djrs gSa ftlls ?kzk.k dk lEcUèk gksrk gSA ml vUu dks iku djds r`Ir gks
tkrs gSaaA
O;kl rFkk tSfefu dk fl}kUr gS fd tks ckjg o"kZ iqjkuh lqxUèk ok;qe.My esa gksrh gS] mldks ;ksxhtu xzg.k dj ysrs gSa] rFkk mls viuh
mnj iwfrZ dk lkèku cuk ysrs gSaA
vfHkizk; ;g gS fd ;fn ge vius thou dks egku~ cukuk pkgrs gSa] rks bu lkr izdkj ds vkgkjksa dks tkuus okys cusaA bu esa rhu vkgkj
vkRek ds gSa rFkk pkj lalkj dh lkewfgd izfØ;k ds fy;sA bu lkr izdkj ds vUu ls ekuo dh izfrHkk dk tUe gksrk gSA
ge ijekRek dh mikluk djrs gq,] vUuksa dks iku djrs gq, pys tk;sa] ftlls gekjk thou vfXue;] T;ksfreZ; curk gqvk bl lalkj
lkxj ls ikj gks tk;sA ¼pkSngok¡ iq"i] 13&8&70 bZ-½
ladYi&'kfDr
;g eu gekjs vkgkj &O;ogkj ls mRiUu gksrk gSA vkgkj&O;ogkj gekjs ladYi ls izkIr gksrs gSaA ;g lalkj dYio`{k gSA ;gk¡ vkRek tks Hkh
dYiuk djsxk] ogh cusxk] tks ¼oLrq½ pkgsxk ogh oLrq izkIr gks tk;sxhA
ijUrq ladYi ;FkkFkZ gksuk pkfg;sA blesa foosd gksuk pkfg;s] ftlls ekuo dk thou ifo= gks tk;sA ladYi og inkFkZ gS] ftldks èkkj.k
djds yksd&yksdkUrjks esa Hkze.k dj ldrs gSaA Å¡ph ladYi 'kfDr ls ekuo ds jksx Hkh 'kkUr gks tkrs gSaA ;g loksZÙke vkS"kfèk gSA
ladYi dks lkse jl Hkh dgrs gSaA lkse uke ijekRek dk rFkk jl uke Kku dk gSA lkse jl iku djus dk rkRi;Z gS] ijekRek ls feyku
djus okyh fo|k dk iku djukA bldk iku ladYi ek= ls djrs gSaA
gekjk ladYi okLrfod gksuk pkfg;sA ladYi ls Åps pyrs&pyrs ge ijekRek ls feyku dj ysrs gSaA ladYi ds lkFk ifjJe rFkk foosd
Hkh gksuk pkfg;sA ;fn iq#"kkFkZ vkSj ladYi eu] opu rFkk deZ ls ân; esa gksrk gS] rks og Å¡ps f'k[kj ij ig¡qqp tkrk gSA
fodYi og gS ftldk dksbZ vkfn vkSj vUr ughaa gksrkA tSls ekuo bl lalkj esa vusdksa izdkj ds lEcUèk rFkk fj'rs cuk ysrk gS ;s lEcUèk
ekrk ds xHkZ esa vkus ls igys ughaa Fks vkSj u bl 'kjhj R;kx ds i'pkr~ jgsaxsA
fodYi thou esa vfHkeku dks tUe nsrs gSaA ladYi uke ijekRek rFkk fodYi uke izÑfr dk gSA nksuksa dk feyku gksus ls lalkj jp x;kA
tc ladYi&fodYi dk feyku gks tkrk gS rks gekjs ân; esa ,d 'kfDr mRiUu gks tkrh gS] ftldks eu dgrs gSaA
fopkj
ftl izdkj oV o`{k ds cht esa lw{e lk vadqj gksrk gS] blh izdkj ekuo ds 'kjhj esa lw{e lk vUr%dj.k gksrk gSA tc cqf) vkSj fpÙk dk
l³~?kkr vkSj feyku gksrk gS] rks fopkjksa dh mRifÙk gksrh jgrh gSA ¼ukSok¡ iq"i] 7&6&67 bZ-½
ftl izdkj lw;Z dh jf'e;k¡ fofHkUu izdkj ds rÙoksa ij fxj dj muds xq.kksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z djrh gqbZ] lw;Z dk izfrfcEc dgykrh gSa] blh
izdkj bl vkRek ls 'kq} fopkjksa dh jf'e;k¡ pyrh gSaA izÑfr ls cus bl 'kjhj dks ;g vkRek fLFkj dj jgk gSA vkRek dk lEcUèk ijekRek ls gSA
tc psru vkRek ls us=ksa ds }kj ls izdk'k pyk] rks vkxs cqf) vk;hA cqf) dk feyku eu ls gqvk] eu dk lEcUèk gekjs fopkj :ih izdk'k ls
gksdj blh izdkj dk izfrfcEc cuk vkSj bl lalkj esa dk;Z djus yxs bldks ge fopkj dgrs gSaA
bldks bl izdkj ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS fd vkRek ls pyh jf'ke;k¡ eu] cqf) ij Nk;s ey] fo{ksi vkSj vkoj.k ls gksrh gqbZ eq[kkjfoUn
ij vkdj mudk foLrkj gks tkrk gSA foLrkj gksdj 'kCnksa dk dk;Z djrk gS vkSj rnuqlkj 'kCnksa dk mPpkj.k gksus yxrk gSA tSls gekjh bfUnz;ksa

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esa ukuk izdkj dk vfHkeku gS] rFkk us= nwf"kr gSa] rks fdlh iq#"k dks dqn`f"V ls ns[krs gSaA eq[k nwf"kr gksus ij v'kq) mPpkj.k djrs gSa] fdlh dks
Hkqtkvksa ls n.M nsrs gSaA
la{ksi esa vkRek ls jf'ke;ka py( ey] fo{ksi vkSj vkoj.k ls feyku djrh gqbZ] os eq[k ij vkdj foLrh.kZ gks x;haA
bfUnz;ksa esa lÙkk iznku gksdj] rnuqlkj gh dk;Z vkjEHk gks tkrk gSA blh dk uke vkfRed Kku gSA
eu vkSj cqf) esa tSls fopkjksa dh Ük`a[kyk gksrh gS psru vkRek ls lEcUèk gksdj] oSlk gh bldk izfrfcEc vk;k] bfUnz;k¡ rnuqlkj gh dk;Z
djus yxrh gSaA lkjka'k ;g gS fd bl cqf) esa tSlh Ük`a[kyk] oSls gh eu esa fopkj vkSj tSls eu esa fopkj] oSls gh bfUnz;ksa dk deZ gks tkrk gSA
¼vkBok¡ iq"i] 3&4&64 bZ-½
iz'u % ;g gS fd tc vkRek dk lEcUèk ijekRek ls gS vkSj bfUnz;ksa ls Hkh gS rFkk bfUnz;ksa dk lEcUèk lalkj ls gS] ;s bfUnz;k¡ tc
fouk'kdkjh nwf"kr fopkjksa ls dk;Z djrh gSa] rks vkRek mUgsa viuh jf'ke;k¡ nsuk cUn D;ksa ughaa dj nsrk
mÙkj % bldk mÙkj ;g gS fd ;|fi izÑfr dks iw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA ijUrq tks oLrq izÑfr vkSj psru ds feyku ls curh gS] og lnSo vèkwjh
jgrh gSA bfUnz;k¡ izÑfr ls cuh gSaA vkRek dk lEcUèk izÑfr ls gSA izÑfr ls cuh bfUnz;k¡ rFkk psru vkRek dk feyku gksus ij vèkwjh gksus dh
fLFkfr esa dk;Z djus yxrh gSaA ;fn dksbZ ftKklq izÑfr ij 'kklu djuk pkgrk gS rks og vkfRed foKku ls gh dj ldrk gSA
tc vkRek izÑfr ds Åij tkus dk iz;Ru djrk gS rks vkRek izÑfr ij 'kklu djus yxrk gS] bfUnz;k¡ 'kkUr gksus yxrh gSaA ml le;
bfUnz;ksa dk eu ls feyku gks djds] eu dk cqf) ls feyku gks tkrk gSA cqf) ls feyku gksus ij ey] fo{ksi vkSj vkoj.k dk vUèkdkj lekIr gks
tkrk gSA _rEHkjk cqf) izkIr gksdj ;g lc dqN laKk ml vkRek esa je.k dj tkrh gSA vkRek dk lEcUèk ijekRek ls gks tkrk gSA blh dk uke
foLrkj okyk foKku ;k vkfRed foKku gSA
foJke
dk;Z djrs gq;s dksbZ ekuo Fkfdr gksdj jkf= esa foJke djds iqu% viuh 'kfDr dks izkIr dj ysrk gSA ;g 'kfDr mldks ijekRek vkSj
js.kqdk ¼jkf=½ dh xksn esa tkus ls izkIr gksrh gSA ;fn bl foKku dks tku fy;k tk;s fd ;g lc dSls gksrk gS] rks og ekuo nk'kZfud cu tkrk
gS] euksoSKkfud cu tkrk gS] eu ij 'kklu djus okyk cu dj vkRek ds foKku dks tkuus okyk cu tkrk gSAAA ¼pkSFkk iq"i] 18&4&64
bZ-½
jksx&xzLr gksus ij fpfdRlk
;ksx&fpfdRlk
'kjhj esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk jksx gks tkrk gS] rks mls ;ksx ds }kjk nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
tc ekuo ds ftl Hkh Hkkx esa eu vkSj izk.k 'kq) :i ls dk;Z ughaa djrs] rHkh ekuo dk vax&Hkax gksus yxrk gSA mlh LFkku esa izk.k dks
vPNh izdkj lapkfyr djrs gSaA ;fn ekuo dk ân; nq%f[kr gS] mlesa #X.krk vk x;h gS] rks mlesa izk.k dh {kerk gksuh pkfg;sA rFkk izk.k dsk
lapkfjr dj nsuk pkfg;sA ekuo dss izR;sd Hkkx ¼vax½ esa eu vkSj izk.k nksuksa dh izfØ;kvksa dk dk;Z gksrk gS rFkk vkRek mlesa psrfur jgrk gSaA
;fn dksbZ ekuo LoLFk jguk pkgrk gS] rFkk vius 'kjhj dks mUur cukuk pkgrk gS] rks mls ;ksx ds ekxZ dks viuk ysuk pkfg;sA ftl ekxZ
dks viukus ls egkiq#"k egÙkk dks izkIr gksrs gSaA ¼l=gok¡ iq"i&17&12&69 bZ-½
¼fo'ks"k %;ksx Hkkx 1 esa izk.kk;ke dk izdj.k Hkh ns[ksaA½
vkS"kfèk;ksa }kjk fpfdRlk
ân;&jksx
gekjs Hkqt esa ^vf.kek* uke dh ukM+h gksrh gSA ftldks ^vaxykÑfr* dgrs gSA mlls lw{e vf.kek gSA mlesa ,d ukM+h gksrh gSA ftldk
lEcUèk ân; ls gksrk gSA ;fn fdlh O;fDr dk ân; lw{e gks vkSj og izcy djuk pkgrk gS] rks mls ukuk izdkj dh 'khry vkS"kfèk;k¡ tSls
1&pUnu] 2&vxzfr] 3&dki:.kh] 4&N"Vh] 5&tk;Qy] 6&tkfo=h vkfn dk feJ.k cukdj ,d izgj rd ty esa fHkxks dj bl ^vf.kek* ukM+h ij
izfrfnu vfxzr djuk pkfg;sA blls mldk ân; izcy gks tk;sxkA ¼X;kjgok¡ iq"i 30&3&68 bZ-½
ftu O;fDr;ksa dk ân; 'kkUr gks tkrk gS vFkok ân; xfr djrk gqvk 'kkUr gks tkrk gS rks xq# czãk th us muds fy;s dgk Fkk fd
1&vizhfg] 2&Hkw"k.kfju] 3&ØkfUr] 4&vo'oh] 5&lkseHkw] 6&vkizkfr] 7&ckyNM+] 8&lkssedsrq bR;kfn vkS"kfèk;ksa dk ysiu 'kjhj ij djuk pkfg;sA 36
fnu rd ysiu djus ls 40 o"kZ ds O;fDr ds ân; dh xfr mlh voLFkk esa vk tkrh gS] tks ckY;koLFkk esa FkhA ¼lksygok¡ iq"i] 17&10&61 bZ-½
;fn fdlh ekuo ds ân; dh xfr gksrs&gksrs eUn gks tk;s vFkok èkheh iM+ tk;s] rks ;gk¡ _f"k tu ;g dg jgs gSa] vk;qosZn ;g dgrk gSa]
èkUoUrfj th vkSj fo".kq th ;g dgrs gSa fd %^^Lokfr czã%] Lokfr Hkzfr%] vLokfryksde~] czã O;kidizosA**
;gk¡ vkSf"kèk;ksa ds ukeksa dk o.kZu gSA ,slk mUgksaus dgk 1&'kSy[k.Mk Lokfr] tks ioZrks esa izkIr gksrh gS] vkt Hkh mldk uke blh izdkj gS]
2&czãdsrq] 3&czãkf.k] 4&'kùiq"ih ;s pkj vkS"kfèk;k¡] budk ikr cuk djds] mudh vfXu esa HkLe cuk djds vkSj eèkq ds }kjk iku djus ls mruh
gh xfr cyorh gks tkrh gSA ijUrq lkFk esa la;e] czãp;Z dh vkHkk ls vkSj mldks iku djus ls ân; esa iqu% ls xfr izfo"V gks tkrh gSA
¼pkSchlok¡ iq"i] 18&8&72 bZ-½
1 ân;&xfr eUn D;ksa
ân;&xfr ml dky esa eUn gksrh gS tc mldh cká&Hkkouk vfèkd cyorh gks tkrh gSA cká dkeuk vfèkd cyorh gks x;h vkSj dkeuk
dh iwfrZ ughaa gksrh rks ogk¡ Øksèk vkSj eksg nksuksa ,d x`g esa vk tkrss gSaA ,d x`g esa vk djds os eu ds ,d LFky esa vk tkrs gSaaA vc eu] tks
lalkj esa bl 'kjhj esa foHkktu djrk Fkk] og izk.k dk foHkktu djrk Fkk] mldk izk.k ls feyu ughaa gksrkA izk.k ls feyu u gksus dk ifj.kke
;g gksrk gS fd ekuo ds ân; dh xfr eUn gks tkrh gSA
bl eUn gqbZ xfr dks iqu% psruk esa ykus ds fy;s gesa ml oLrq dk iku djuk gS] ftlls og Øksèk vkSj eerk] ftldks eksg dgrs gSa] os
nksuksa i`Fkd~&i`Fkd gks tk;saA
1&bldh vkS"kfèk izFke rks bZ'oj fpUru gSA tc izHkq dk fpUru vk tkrk gS rks tSls lw;Z ds mn; gksus ij jkf= u"V gks tkrh gS] pUnzek Hkh
'kwU;oknh cu tkrk gS]u pUnzek Hkklrk gS] u vUèkdkj jgrk gS] blh izdkj tc eu vkSj izk.k nksuksa dh lgdkfjrk esa izHkq dks viuk vkJ; cuk
yksxs rks vgadkj] vfHkeku] Øksèk i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ gks djds] ekuo ds ân; dh xfr LoLFk cu tkrh gSA gekjs 'kjhj esa tks ikr cuk gqvk gS] ftldks
czãp;Z dgrs gSa] mlls czã :ih vkS"kfèk dks pjrs gSaA loZizFke bldks pjuk gSA
HkkSfrd vkS"kfèk;ksa dh mi;ksfxrk
;fn bu vkS"kfèk;ksa dks ughaa ys ldrs vkSj HkkSfrd vkS"kfèk;ksa dk iku djuk gS rks gesa mu vkS"kfèk;ksa dks ykuk gksxk ftuls izk.k dh xfr rhoz
gks tk;s vkSj eu dh xfr èkheh cu tk;sA eu dh xfr èkheh cu djds izk.k ds }kjk feyku djus yxs rks ân; esa iqu% xfr vk tk;sxhA ftlds

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ân; dh xfr eUn gks tkrh gS] mlesa p´pyrk vfèkd gks tkrh gSA og fdlh dh ok.kh dks lgu ughaa dj ldrkA dVqrk dh izfrHkk mlesa vk
tkrh gSA og dVqrk dh vkHkk ughaa vkuh pkfg;sA bl dVqrk dh vkHkk esa mÙkj izkIr gksrk gS rks ân; dh xfr vkSj eUn gksus dh lEHkkouk jgrh
gSA blfy;s lalkj es og xfr ughaa gksuh pkfg;sA
eUn xfr D;ksa
ân; dh eUn xfr dk tks vkjEHk gksrk gS] og ml dky esa gksrk gSa] tc ekuo dk eu v'kkUr gksrk gSA eu dh v'kkfUr esa ekuo 'kjhj dk
vkèkkj] tks 'kjhj esa 'kklu djus okyk czãp;Z gS] og u"V gks tkrk gSA czãp;Z ds u"V gks tkus ij] èkkrq ds pys tkus ij eu eas fujk'kk mRiUu
gks tkrh gS] Ìkl Nk tkrk gSA rks eu izk.k ls feyu ughaa dj ikrk gSA blfy;s ân; dh xfr izk;% eUn gks tkrh gSA eu esa tks xfr gS] ;g
eerk gS] og T;ksa dh R;ksa cuh gqbZ gSA
blfy;s ftudks ân; dh xfr dks ÅèoZZ cukuk gS vkSj eUnrk dks lekIr djuk gS] mUgsa vfèkd ls vfèkd ekSu jguk pkfg;s] ok.kh ls ekSu
jguk pkfg;sA vkRek dk fpUru gksuk pkfg;sA mUgsa ,dkUr esa vius dk;Z dks lqpk: :i ls djuk pkfg;sA ,sls ekuo dk ân; lnSo xfreku cu
djds ÅèoZxfr dks izkIr gks tkrk gSA
mUgsa vfèkd ls vfèkd vkS"kfèk;ksa dk iku djuk gS] rks mUgsa la;e dk lsou djuk pkfg;sA ¼vkS"kfèk;ksa esa½ 1&oVo`{k] 2&ihiyo`{k] 3&'keh&o`{k]
4&Lokfr o`{k] 5&csykUrjh o`{k] 6&csy i= ¼fcYc&i=½ gSaa buds ikaapok¡³~xksa dk iku djuk pkfg;sA
ikaapok¡³~xksa esa o`{k dh ik¡pksa oLrqvksa ¼Qy] Qwy] iÙks] xwnk] tM+½ dks ys ysuk pkfg;sA mudks ,d lUrqyu djds vfUu esa rik djds] mudk
ikr cuk djds ,df=r dj ysuk pkfg;sA
tc lw;ksZn; gksrk gS rks tSls ,d Lokfr èkkrq gS ftlesa lw;Z dh fdj.ksa vk djds izfrfcfEcr cu tkrh gSa] ml èkkrq eas vusd jksxksa dh vusd
fdj.ksa gksrh gSaA mUgha fdj.kksa ls gekjs 'kjhj esa ftl rÙo dh izèkkurk ls ân; dh xfr eUn gks x;h gS( tSls fir izèkku gS] ok;q izèkku gS] dQ
izèkku gS( bu rhuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh izèkkurk dks izkIr gks x;k gks] rks og eu dk lqpk: :i ls dk;Z u djus ij gqvk gSA
mlh izdkj mlh jax dk ml niZ.k esa mlh izdkj dk ysiu djds mls lw;Z dh fdj.kksa ds lkFk&lkFk] mlh ty dks vfXu esa lcls izFke
vfXu esa iapkxks cukuk pkfg;sA fQj lkr fnu rd mldks lw;Z esa rikuk pkfg;sA gesa yxHkx 40 fnu rd ;k 101 fnol rd iku djrs jguk
pkfg;s ftlls ân; dh xfr eUn ls psrurk esa vk tk;sA ¼iPphlok¡ iq"i] 1&8&73 bZ-½
2&{k;jksx&fpfdRlk
bl jksx esa vfLFk;ksa esa ,d ØfVd ¼dhVk.kq½ mRiUu gks tkrk gSA rks mu ijek.kqvksa ¼dhVk.kqvksa½ dks u"V djus ds fy;s] viuh bfUnz;ksa dk
¼'kjhj vo;oksa½ funku djuk vfuok;Z gks tkrk gSA
bldh fpfdRlk djus ds fy;s vkS"kfèk;k¡ ;s gSaa
1&xkSeww=] 2&Loew=] 3&Jks= dk ey] 4&us= dk ey] 5&?kzk.k dk ey bu lcdks ysdj vfXu esa rik;k tkrk gSA
nwljh fofèk ;g gS fd budks [kjy dj fy;k] rFkk] Nk;k esa Ñr djus ds i'pkr~ vfXu esa rik fy;kA rikuk blfy;s vfuok;Z gS fd
mldks iku djus esa lqfoèkk gksrh gSA 6&lgnsbZ rFkk 7&Kkufdd uke dh vkS"kfèk;ksa dks mlesa feJ.k fd;kA vfXu esa rikus ds i'pkr~ mls [kjy
dj fy;kA fQj ,d lqUnj ik= esa j[k fy;kA xkSnqXèk esa xkS?k`r feyk dj mlds lkFk bl vkS"kfèk dks ysus ls ;g jksx lekIr gks tkrk gSA
fpfdRlk djrs le; ekuo dks vkyL; o izekn ughaa jguk pkfg;s] mls iq#"kkFkZ rFkk fopkj'khy gksuk pkfg;sA
Loew= ls mÙke jlk;u dks ekuo mRiUu dj gh ughaa ldrkA ftruk ikjk yo.k rFkk fofHkUu yo.k pkfg;s os lc blesa gSaA
3&uiaqldrk dh fpfdRlk
1- lgnsbZ] 2- ;nks nsgh] 3- 'kùqyh] 4- f=dVe] 5- vkNkaxuh] 6- fujlksr bu lcdk ikr cuk;kA ikr cukus ds i'pkr~ mldk 40 fnu rd
lsou djus ds i'pkr~ ekuo dh Ropk lqUnj gks tkrh gS vkSj ekuo dh ul ukfM+;ksa esa ,d fo|qr~ mRiUu gks tkrh gSA blds lkFk gh lkFk ekuo
dks iou eqDrd uke ds vklu dks djrs jguk pkfg;sA blls dke okluk mRiUu ughaa gksxh rFkk czãp;Z fLFkj gksrk pyk tk;sxkA czãp;Z fLFkj
gks tkus ds i'pkr~ lw{e lk izk.kk;ke djuk ^lksus esa lqgkxk* gSA blls ekuo dk vUr% dj.k lqUnj vkSj mRFkku dks izkIr gksus yxrk gSA
mUekn jksx ,oe~ fpfdRlk
v'ouh dqekjksa us vuqlUèkku djds fu.kZ; fn;k gS fd lalkj esa 112 ¼,d lkS ckjg½ izdkj ds mUekn ekus tkrs gSaA muesa 36 izdkj ds
mUekn lrksxq.kh gSaA yxHkx 50 izdkj ds reksxq.kh rFkk 26 izdkj ds jtksxq.kh ekus tkrs gSaA bUgha rhuksa lrksxq.kh] jtksxq.kh rFkk reksxq.kh esa ;g
lalkj vksr&izksr gks jgk gS rFkk foHkDr gks jgk gSA lalkj dk fp= bu rhuksa izdkj ds xq.kksa ij fofp= gks jgk gSA
lrksxq.kh mUekn
buesa ls dqN mUekn bl izdkj ds gS tks 1& nso mUekn ¼nsoksUekn½ dgykrs gSaA dqN 2& psruk mUekn ¼psruksUekn½ gSaA 3& dqN tM+
mUekn ¼tM+ksUekn½ gSaA
nso&mUekn ¼nsoksUekn½ ¼O;fDr½ vfXu ds Åij viuk eUFku ¼fopkj½ djus yxrk gSA eu D;k djrk gS] ekuksa mlds efLr"d esa og lekfgr gks
tkrk gSA cqf) ds {ks= esa mu oLrqvksa dks yk;k tkrk gS rks ;g eu dk izfrfcEc gSA eu dk gh ,d vkHkw"k.k ekuk x;k gS ftls ge nsoksUekn
dgrs gSaA
nsoksUekn dqN nsoh ds gksrs gSaA ;Fkk nsoh esjs lehi vk x;hA tgk¡ eu vkSj izk.k ,d lw= esaa vkus ds fy;s rRij gksrs gSa rks ogk¡ nsoh dk
izdksi gks tkrk gSA eu vkSj izk.k nksuksa ds eè; esaa tc nsoh dh izfrek eu esa lekfgr gks tkrh gS] rks og ,slh ckrsa izdV djus yxrk gS tks
mlds efLr"d esa Hkh lekfgr ugha gksrhaA og ,slh okrkZ,¡ izdV djus yxrk gS] tks ân; esa rks v¡dqj :iksa esa fdlh le; esa Fkha ijUrq mUgsa vc
tkx#drk esa Jo.k dj jgk gSA mlds eu esa fojkteku gks x;h gSaA ;g nsoh lehi D;k vk tkrh gS] mlds lEcUèk esa ukuk ppkZ,¡ izkjEHk djus
yxrs gSaA ;g eu dk vkHkw"k.k gSA og nsoh izk;% dgha ls vkrh ugha gS ijUrq og tks J)ke;h nsoh gS og tkx:d gks tkrh gSA og eu ml
J)ke;h nsoh dks tkx:d djrk gSA J)ke;h nsoh cu djds og nsoh ds Åij ukuk izdkj dh dYiuk izkjEHk dj nsrk gSA mldk iwtu Hkh
izkjEHk gks tkrk gSA iwtu dk jax :i Hkh fHkUu gks tkrk gSA og :i js[kk ugha jg ikrh tks okLro esa gksuh pkfg;sA tks okLrfod :i mldk Fkk
og u jgk( u jgus ls nsoh ds Åij vkoj.k ;k og vkMEcj gks tkrk gSA ml ¼mUeknh½ ekuo dks] izfrHkk dks] ml nsoh dh izfrHkk Lohdkj dj
ysrs gSaA ijUrq og izk;% ¼Lodh;½ eu dh vkHkk gS] ¼Lo½ eu dh gh J)ke;h nsoh gSA
eu dh lgdkfjrk ls] eu ds Jo.k djus ls og ¼ml½ nsoh ¼dk½ ,d fojkV~&Lo:i cu tkrk gSA og izk;% nsoh ugha gksrh] og eu dh
vkHkk gh gksrh gSA eu esa ml le; ukuk izdkj dh rjxsa mRiUu gksus yxrh gSa] rks og nsoksUekn dgk tkrk gSA
blh izdkj ukuk izdkj ds ^_f"kRo* mUekn ekus x, gSa] os Hkh lrksxq.kh mUekn gSaA

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;s lc ekufld fodkj ekus tkrs gSaA buesa ls ,d 'kk[kk ¼ls½ f}rh; 'kk[kk dk tUe gksrk jgrk gSA tUe ds i'pkr~ ml ij ukuk izdkj ds
vo'ks"k mRiUu gks tkrs gSaaA ekuo ds eu esa ,d vkHkk tkx:d gks tkrh gSA bl ekuo dks ;fn nsoh ds LFkku esa ys tk;sa rks og mTtoy fopkj
cu tkrk gSA mldks ogk¡ ys tkrs gSa] mlls eu dh vkHkk dk ifjorZu gksrk gSA eu dk fp=.k :i&js[kk esa vfojr gksus yxrk gS rks eu dh
vkHkk] og J)ke;h nsoh nwljs :iksa esa ifj.kr gks djds mldk lqUnj :i cu tkrk gSA og ftl :i ls nsoh ds lEidZ esa pyk x;k Fkk mlh ds
}kj ij pyk tkrk gSA
,d ekuo ioZr ij tkrk gS tgk¡ ukuk izdkj ds vo'ks"k mlds lehi gksrs gSaA mUgha esa og jVUr gksus ¼djus½ yxrk gSA mldh ¼mUgha dh½
èofu vkus yxrh gS] mldks nsoksUekn gks tkrk gSA
tM+ksUekn %tM+ksUekn mUgsa dgrs gSa] tSls lw;Z ij ,d ekuo fopkj dj jgk gSA eu dh mM+ku mM+rk gqvk og lw;Z dks ;g Lohdkj dj ysrk
gS fd ;g tks lw;Z gS og ekuo ds lehi vkrk gS vkSj izdk'kd cu djds vkrk gSA mldk vPNh izdkj eUFku u djrk gqvk] mlds efLr"d esa
dgha ,sls okD; vksr izksr gks tkrs gSa vkSj og ;gh Lohdkj djrk gS fd ^^lw;Z rsjs lehi vk;sxk] izdk'k ysdj vk;sxk] bl izdk'k dks rw iku
djsxkA** blh esa og yxk jgrk gSA eu ds Åij 'kCn ds v³~dqj vafdr gks tkrs gSaA vafdr gksrs gq, og tks mUekn cu tkrk gS] og tM+&mUekn
dgykrk gSA
jtksxq.kh&mUekn %;s bl izdkj ds gksrs gSa tks jktk ds jk"Vªh; fopkjksa esa ^^vkt eSa jktk ds jk"Vª dks viuh vkHkk ls] Hkqtcyksa ds cy ls
bldk ifjorZu d:¡xkA** dqN bl izdkj dh èkkjk ds vkJ; gks tkrs gSaA tks dqN jk"Vªh; Hk; gksrs gSa] Hk; ds dkj.k muesa ukuk izdkj ds Hk; ds
v³~dqj mRiUu gks tkrs gSaA muls Hk;Hkhr gksrk gqvk eu ,d okD; jVus yxrk gSA tc vfrHk; gks tkrk gS] ekuksa ?k`.kk gks tkrh gS] ?k`.kk ds lkFk
esa Øksèk gksrk gS rks ml le; eu vkSj dk;Z ughaa djsxkA ftlds dkj.k og Hk; vkSj Øksèk dh ek=k rFkk ftlds dkj.k eerk dh ek=k vk;h gS
og mlh jVUr dks jVus yxrk gSA mlh esa mldk efLr"d izHkkfor gksus yxrk gSA mlh esa je.k djrk gS] rks bldks jk"Vªh; mUekn dgk tkrk
gSA dksbZ rks ;g dg nsrk gS fd og jktk jgk gksxkA ijUrq izk;% ,slk ugha gS] mls rks Hk; gSA
ftl LFkku esa ?k`.kk] eksg vkSj Øksèk dh ek=k rhuksa tc ,d x`g esa izfo"V gks tkrs gSa] ,d gh èkkjk esa je.k dj tkrs gSa rks eu ds Åij tk
djds rhuksa dk vkØe.k gksrk gSA ;fn ri ds dkj.k eu cfy"B gksrk gS rks og mudk vkØe.k lgu dj tkrk gSA
;fn og eu izÑfr ds vkos'kksa esa fo'ks"kdj gS] reksxq.k esa gS ml le; tc rhuksa dh Nk;k dk eu ds Åij izgkj gksrk gS] rks eu bruk
uhps nc tkrk gS fd muds okD; izdV ugha djrkA og mlh dks jVus yxrk gSA blds dkj.k eksg] Øksèk vkSj ?k`.kk ,d LFkyh esa vk x;h gSaA
ftlds dkj.k rhuksa dh ,d gh èofu gksus yxrh gSA blh dks og Jo.k djus yxrk gSA bldks ge jk"Vªh; mUekn dgrs gSaA
reksxq.kh mUekn %tSls ,d ekuo fdlh oLrq ij eksfgr gks x;k] eksfgr gksus ds i'pkr~ ;fn mls oLrq izkIr ugha gqbZ] 'kjhj esa eksg vkSj Øksèk
ds dkj.k vLoLFk fopkj cu x;s gSa] mUgsa viukus dh izo`fÙk cu x;h gS rks mlds vo'ks"k dqN ijek.kq efLr"d esa tkdj eu ds {ks= esa v³~dqfjr
gks tkrs gSA og eu ekuo ds efLr"d dh ml vfXu dh vkHkk esa je.k djus yxrk gS] ogh èofu vkus yxrh gS] mldks dkeksUekn dgk tkrk gS
rFkk reksxq.kh mUekn ekuk tkrk gS] bl mUekn esa dksbZ okLrfodrk ugha gksrhA
dsoy ;g viukus dh izo`fÙk esa vkSj ijek.kqvksa dh ÅèoZxfr eu ds {ks= esa je.k djus yxrh gSA eu dh vfr r`".kk cyorh gks tkrh gSA
ml r`".kk dh lhek ls vfr gks tkrh gSA ml dky esa ml ekuo dks ukuk izdkj ds reksxq.kh mUekn izkjEHk gks tkrs gSaA blh izdkj ftl Hkh {ks=
esa tkvksxs mlh {ks= esa rqEgsa mUekn gh mUekn n`f"Vikr vk;saxsA ml le; ekuo izk;% ;g dgrk gS fd ;fn oLrq izkIr u gksxh rks esjk 'kjhj
vfXu esa HkLe gks tk;sxkA ftlds dkj.k tks vfXu mRiUu gqbZ gS ;fn og oLrq mls izkIr gks tkrh gS rks vfXu 'kkUr gks tkrh gS vkSj 'kkUr gks
djds mldk og reksxq.kh mUekn lekIr gks tkrk gSA
xq.k ls xq.kh dnkfi i`Fkd~ ugha gksrkA eu vkSj izk.k dk fo'ks"k foHkktu gksus ij ukuk izdkj ds vo'ks"k mRiUu gksrs gSaA vfr&r`".kk ds
mRiUu gksus ij okluk dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA ;fn ekuo dks vkSj dksbZ dk;Z u jgdj dsoy Hkksx&foykl gh jgrs gSa rks mudks mUekn fo'ks"kdj
vkus yxrs gSaA ,sls izk.kh reksxq.k esa je.k djrs gSaA reksxq.kh mUeknksa esa Hkwr&fi'kkp ;ksfu;ksa ds vo'ks"k LoIu esa Hkh mudks n`f"Vikr vkus yxrs gSaa
D;ksafd czãp;Z dh xfr èkzqo ¼uhps½ cu x;h gS] ÅèoZ ugha jghA {ks=ksa esa izlkj.k 'kfDr u jghA dsoy èkqzo xfr gks djds czãp;Z ds ijek.kqvksa dk
vkyL; vkSj izekn esa rjafaxr gksdj vkSj nEHk] tc rhuksa ,d LFkku esa vk tkrs gSa rks Hkwr&izsr cu djds muds lehi vkus yxrs gSaA
jksxksRifr dk ewy dkj.k eu gh gS
v'ouh dqekjksa us vkxs dgk gSA gekjk rks eUrO; ;g gS fd ;fn ekuo bl eu dh dYiuk dks R;kx nsrk gS vkSj ;g eu ugha gksrk rks
'kjhj esa fdlh izdkj dk jksx ugha gksrkA lalkj esa ekuo dks ftrus Hkh jksx gSa] muesa dqN jksx ,sls gSa] tks 'kkjhfjd jksx gSaA fo'ks"kdj tks jksx bl
izdkj ds gSa tks ekufld rÙoksa ls lEcfUèkr gSa] ekufld fopkj èkkjkvksa ls mudh fopkjèkkjk lEcfUèkr jgrh gSA mlh esa og ifj.kr jgrk gSA vkxs
mUgksaus ;g fu.kZ; fn;k fd tSls eu esa ;g èkkj.kk cuh gS fd veqd LFkku ij ,d nso jgrk gS] tks ekuo dks Hk{k.k dj tkrk gSa rks mlh dk Hk;
ml ekuo ds eu esa fojkteku gks tkrk gS] mlh dk Hk; cu tkrk gSA Hk; cuus ds lkFk&lkFk eksg Hkh vk tkrk gS fd ml LFkku ij tkuk FkkA
tc eksg ds LFkku esa Hk; vkrk gS rks ;g tks izk.k gS ;g lqpk# :i ls dk;Z ugha dj ikrkA tc lqpk# :i ls dk;Z ugha cu ikrk rks tks
vkgkj djrk gS] og jl ugha cukrkA og tks ty vkfn iku djrk gS] og lkse cu djds ugha tkrkA D;ksafd Hk; vkSj eksg ds dkj.k vfXu
mRiUu gks tkrh gS] tks mls ve`r ugha cuus nsrhA
bl ekuo 'kjhj esa eu vkSj izk.k nks gh oLrq,¡ gS( ,d foHkktu djus okyk gS] ,d foHkDr gksus okyk gSA nksuksa esa ¼vlUrqyu½ x`gØrku gks
jgk gSA tc ;s Å¡pk dk;Z ugha dj ikrs rks og ekufld D;k 'kkjhfjd jksx cu tkrs gSaA
cgqr ls jksx bl izdkj ds gSa] tks ekuo vius eu ds dkj.k mRiUu dj ysrk gSa] bl eu dh bPNk iwjh djus ds fy;s( eu dh bPNk iw.kZ
ugha gksrh ijUrq bldh bPNk iw.kZ djrk jgrk gSA ;g reksxq.kh vo'ks"kksa dks mRiUu djkrk gSA og ,sls inkFkks± dk iku djrk gS ,sls vkos'kksa ls
mls ;g izrhr ugha gksrk fd ;g D;k gS ijUrq tc vkos'k lekIr gks tkrk gS] ml le; Kku gksrk gS] foosd gksrk gSA eSa bl dk;Z dks u djrk
rks esjs ân; esa brus fujk'kk ds v³~dqj mRiUu ugha gks ldrs Fks] brus ?k`.kk ds vo'ks"k mRiUu ugha gks ldrs FksA eSaus ;g ml dky esa ugha
fopkjkA
ukfLrdrk Hkh ,d ekufld jksx gS
,d eu og gS] tks ijekRek dks vius ls nwj dj nsrk gSA tc mls bl lalkj ls fujk'kk vkrh gS] ukuk lEcUèkksa ls ?k`.kk gksrh gS] o.kZ vkSj
èkeZ nksuksa ls ?k`.kk vk tkrh gS] ml le; og ijekRek dks vius ls nwj dj nsrk gSA ekuks og viuh vkHkk esa bruk vkHkkf;r gks tkrk gS fd og
lalkj dks u gksus ds rqY; Lohdkj djrk gS vkSj mldh lÙkk dks Lohdkj ugha djrkA og dsoy lalkj dks bruk feF;k Kku esa ys tkrk gS] bruk
feF;kokn esa pyk tkrk gS fd ml ekuo dks ukfLrd dgrs gSaA ukfLrd blfy;s dgrs gSa fd mlds eu dh ftruh xfr;k Fkha] loZdk fouk'k
djrk gqvk og ukfLrd dgykrk gSA

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ukfLrd nks izdkj ds gksrs gSaA 1&,d ukfLrd og gS] ftldks lalkj dk dqN Kku gh ugha gSA 2&nwljk ukfLrd og gS] ts lalkj dks
tkurk jgrk gS] ijUrq mlesa fo'okl ugha gks ikrkA vfUre ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd og bl lalkj dks vius vki esa Lohdkj djrk gqvk ukfLrd
dgykrk gSA mls lalkj dk Kku gS] izÑfr dk Kku gks x;k vkSj psruk dk Hkh Kku gks x;kA vius eu esa psruk dks Lohdkj djrk gS ijUrq
mlds }kjk ri u jg djds ukfLrd dgykrk gSA ;fn mlds }kjk ri gksrk rks og ukfLrd u cu ikrkA
tks ukfLrd cuk mldk mUekn dgk¡ pyk x;k mUekn mudks gksrk gS] tks izÑfrokn esa Hkksx&foykl esa vfr rYyhu jgrs gSaA muds }kjk
;s mUekn fo'ks"kdj gksrs gSa ftuds eu dks ¼djus ds fy;s½ lalkj dk dk;Z ugha gksrkA ;fn ijekRek dk fpUru mlds eq[kkjfoUn ij gS] jluk ij
gS rks mldks fdlh izdkj dk mUekn ugha gksrkA os ijekRek ds mUekn esa je.k djrs jgrs gSaa] os lr~ ds mUekn esa pys tkrs gSaA mUgsa foosd mRiUu
gksrk gSA
vc eu Kku esa bruk jr gks tkrk gS fd ;g izÑfr D;k gS ;g rks fuysZi gSA tc izR;sd oLrq esa jl dks tkuus yxrk gS] jgL; dh
mRifr djus yxrk gS vkSj jgL; izkIr ugha gksrk izR;sd oLrq mls fuysai izrhr gksus yxrh gS] rks mlds i'pkr~ cqf) vkSj eu nksuksa fpÙk esa je.k
dj tkrs gSaA vkRek ds izdk'k esa tkdj mls foosd dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA mls foosdh iq#"k dgrs gSaA Kku mlds lehi gSA ijekRek ds izdk'k esa
og je.k dj jgk gSA
mlss _f"kRo dgrs gSa D;ksafd og lalkj dh izR;sd oLrq dks tku djds ijekRek dk gh è;ku djrk gSA og izÑfr ij viuk vkfèkiR; djrk
gqvk vius foosd esa] vkRek ds izdk'k esa ;g eu pyk tkrk gS] izk.k Hkh pyk tkrk gSA vkSj izk.k ,d lw= esa vkdjds ijekRek ds lehi pys tkrs
gSaA
fpfdRlk
tc eu vkSj izk.k dks ,d lw= esa ykus dk ;ksxh iz;kl djrk gS] rks ml le; bl eu dks fu;U=.k esa yk;k tkrk gSA ;fn ;g fu;U=.k
esa ugha vkrk ¼gS½ rks ;ksxh ckjEckj iz;Ru'khy jgrk gSA og iz;Ru djrk gSA D;ksafd eu vkSj izk.k dks ,d lw= esa ykus dk uke ;ksx gSA eu dks
Kku ds }kjk 'kfDr'kkyh cukuk pkfg;sA
xk;=h flf)
ijekRek ds lw= esa fijksrs gq, xk;=h NUnksa esa fijksrs gq,] tc eu esa ,sls vo'ks"k mRiUu dj ysrk gS fd eSaus yk[kksa xk;f=;ksa dk tiu fd;k
gSA esjs eu esa dqN ,sls fp=.k vk jgs gSa] ogha 'kCn mlesa je.k dj jgs gSaA eu mudksa vius efLr"d esa vfadr dj ysrk gSA
D;ksafd xk;=h esa 24 v{kj gksrs gSaA pkSchl rÙoksa ls gekjs 'kjhj dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ,d rÙo ds vkèkkj ij ,d&,d vkHkk esa izR;sd 'kCn
je.k dj jgk gSA ml 'kCn dks tc izR;sd rÙo vfiZr dj nsrk gS] rks tgk¡ ls Hkh mldks lqxUèk vkrh gS] ogha xk;=h dh vkrh gS] xk;u dh
vkrh gS] izHkq ds fpUru dh vkrh gSA rc og egkiq#"k xk;=h fl) dj ysrk gSA
4&mUeknksa dk mipkj
xk;=h fl) djus dk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd eu }kjk bldh jVu gksus yxrh gSA mlh xk;=h eU= ds }kjk eu dk bruk vkos'k gksrk gS fd
eu ml mUekn ds }kjk xk;=h dk tiu djrk gSA ogk¡ ls mldk mUekn lekIr gksus yxrk gS D;ksafd og mUekn ml xk;=h eU= okys mUekn
ls fuEu Js.kh dk gSA tgk¡ mlls Å¡ph okrkZ eu dh izkjEHk gks tkrh gS] ogk¡ ls mUekn lekIr gksus yxrk gSA bl izdkj jk"Vªh; mUekn rFkk
reksxq.kh mUekn lekIr gksus yxrk gSA
fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd gesa mUeknksa dks R;kx nsuk pkfg;sA ukuk izdkj ds mUekn xk;=h NUnksa ds jVUr djus ls] ijekRek dk fpUru djus ls]
osnksa dh èofu djus ls] eu dks rikus ls] eu vkSj izk.k dks ,d rkjrE; esa yxkus ls lekIr gks tkrs gSaA
;s mUekn] ;s jksx ml 'kjhj esa gqvk djrs gSa] tgk¡ eu vkSj izk.k lqpk: :i ls loZ= ¼LFkkuksa½ esa dk;Z djrs gSa] ml le; rd dksbZ jksx
ugha gksrkA ijUrq tc eu vkSj izk.k nksuksa dk foHkktu gksdj bruk nwj pyk tkrk gS fd eu rks mUekn esa pyk x;k vkSj izk.k 'oklksa dh xfr esa
pyk x;k] og v'kq) ijek.kq yk jgk gS] rks ml le; ekuo dk 'kjhj jksxh gks tkrk gS vkSj eu bruk fuEu Js.kh dks pyk
tkrk gS ftls Hkkokos'k dgrs gSa] ekuks ftldks ?k`.kk dgrs gSaaA vius eu esa Lo;a thou ls] mlds dk;ZØe ls ?k`.kk gks tkrh gS vkSj og tks ?k`.kk gS]
og ekuo dh e`R;q dk ewy dkj.k cuk djrh gSA¼vV~BkbZlok¡ iq"i 16&11&74 bZ-½
5&d.B dVus ij mls tksM+us dh vkS"kfèk
¼1½ 1&dqd] 2&dkdk vuh] 3&f=xk<+] 4&jsf'keu] 5&dkapu] 6&lkse&eqfu uke dh N% vkS"kfèk;ksa dks rik dj ikr cuk;k tkrk gSA ftl
ekuo dk d.B i`Fkd~ gks x;k gks] mldks T;ksa dk R;ksa yxk dj bl ikr dk ysiu djus ls og ,d gh fnu esa lqjf{kr gks tkrk gSA ¼chlok¡ iq"i
14&10&70 bZ-½
¼2½ 1&'k³~[kk gqyh ¼'k³~[k iq"ih½ 2&'osrk rFkk 3&vizhfr bu rhuksa dks rik dj i`Foh ds xHkZ esa N% ekl rd j[kk tkrk gSA bldks d.B
ij yxkus ls og iwoZor~ gks tkrk gSA
bl vkS"kfèk dks vf'ouh dqekjksa us 12 o"kks± rd vè;;u djds [kkstk FkkA tc _f"k nèkhph ds d.B dks bUnz us i`Fkd~ dj fn;k
Fkk] rks bUgkasus bldk ysiu djds iqu% tksM+ fn;k FkkA¼chlok¡ iq"i 29&3&73 bZ-½
¼3½ 1&eqM+k'ks"k] 2&psrkEcjh] 3&euqdsrk] 4&dqjhpuh] 5&vuqoklu] ukuk vkS"kfèk;ksa dks yk djds vfXu esa rik;k vkSj ikr cuk djds rhu
le; ysiu ls og d.B T;ksa dk R;ksa cu x;kA ¼vV~BkbZlok iq"i 16&11&74 bZ-½
f'ko dk vieku djus ij tc lrh us 'kjhj R;kx fn;k rks f'ko ds x.kksa us n{k ds d.B dks dkV dj 'kkUr dj fn;kA ogk¡ ij v'ouh
dqekjksa us d.B dks iqu% tksM+ dj ukuk izdkj dh vkS"kfèk;ksa dk ysiu djds d.B dks T;ksa dk R;ksa dj fn;k FkkA ¼chlok¡ iq"i½
jksx dk funku djus dh fofèk
funku djus ds fy;s ;g ns[kuk gksrk gS fd 1&ekuo dk 'okl dSlk gS 2&mlds us=ksa dh xfr fdl izdkj dh gS 3&jluk fdl izdkj
dh gS 4&ân; fdl izdkj dk gS 5&mldh ul&ukfM+;k¡ fdl izdkj py jgh gSa
1&;fn us=ksa esa vlj gks rks tkuks fd mlds czãp;Z dk lqÑr u"V gksus tk jgk gSA
2&;fn us=ksa esa gfj;kyh gks rks tkuks fd mldk czãp;Z tek jgk gSA ;fn ckgj tkrk gS rks cgqr iryk cu dj tkrk gSA
3&;fn mldh ukfldk dk vxzHkkx foÑr gks tkrk gS rks tkuks fd mlds czãp;Z esa ok;q dk izdksi vk x;k gSA
4&;fn jluk esa frDriu vk x;k gS] uhykiu vk x;k gS rks tkuks fd mlesa dQ dh izfrHkk vfèkd vk x;h gSA
5&;fn mldh rhu izdkj dh ukfM+;ksa esa lksHkku vkSj ekU;or vk x;k gS rks ekuks fd mlesa fiÙk dh izèkkurk vfèkd gks x;h gSA
bl rjg vPNh izdkj funku djus ds i'pkr~ gesa ;g tkuuk gksxk fd vk;qosZn dk ge fdruk] fdl izdkj vè;;u dj ldrs gSaA ml
vk;osZn dh izfrHkk gS] gesa mldk funku djuk gksxkA ¼rsjgok¡ iq"i 17&1&70 bZ-½

8@115
2- }rh; vè;k;
ekr` 'kfDr
lekt&fuekZrk %ekrk dh egÙkk
;fn dksbZ ekrk vius iq= ;k iq=h dk usr`Ro ugha dj ldrh rks og ekrk dgykus dh vfèkdkjh ughaaA
¼vkBok¡ iq"i 10&12&66 bZ-½
tc ekrk vius ckyd dk ykyu&ikyu djrh gS rks ekrk ds fopkjksa esa O;kidrk vkSj èkeZ gksuk pkfg;sA ekrk ds xHkZLFky esa ckyd ds
vkrs gh og jk"Vª dh egku~ lEifÙk cu tkrh gS] ml ij ekrk dk vfèkdkj ugha gksrkA ukedj.k laLdkj ls mls ekrk dk ckyd mPpkj.k fd;k
tk ldrk gS ijUrq dÙkZO; dh osnh ij mldk ckyd ughaA og loZ jk"Vª dk iq= dgykrk gSA bl izdkj tc ekrk ds ân; esa 'kkfUr vkSj
dÙkZO;okn ds fo'ks"k vadqj gksrs gSa rks ml ekrk dks vKkurk ugha vkrhA og lnSo vius dk;ks± esa n{k jgrh gS] fofp= jgrh gSA dÙkZO;okn esa
mldk èkeZ fufgr jgrk gSA ;gh foosd dk vkn'kZ gSA ¼ukSok¡ iq"i 2&3&62 bZ-½
tc dksbZ dU;k x`gLFk dh vfèkdkjh gksus ls iwoZ gh x`gLFk esa izos'k dj tkrh gS rks og euksdkeukvksa dh papyrk esa rYyhu jgrh gSA og
Å¡ps ckyd dks tUe ugha ns ldsxh cfYd papy ckyd dks tUe nsxhA og ckyd ;qok gksdj dU;kvksa ij vkØe.k djrk gSA ¼X;kjgok¡ iq"i
9&11&68 bZ-½
ekrk ridj fiz; ckyd dks tUe nsrh gSA og lksprh gS fd ;g rsjk iq= gS fdUrq og iq= rks lekt dk gS] jk"Vª dk gS] lalkj dk gS vkSj
;gk¡ rd fd vUrfj{k dk gSA ekrk tUe ns ldrh gS fdUrq e`R;q dks izkIr ugha dj ldrh gS D;ksafd mldk vfèkdkj dqN ugha jg ikrkA ;g rks
izHkq dh lEink gS] turk tuknZu dh lEink gSA tc ekrk vius dÙkZO; dk ikyu djrh gS] rks mldk thou rFkk mldh egÙkk lw;Z ds leku
izdk'ke; gks tkrh gSA ¼lkrok¡ iq"i 12&8&70 bZ-½
;fn lalkj dks Å¡pk cukuk gS rks ekrk dks Å¡ph lUrku dks tUe nsuk gSA tc ekrk,¡ Js"B gksrh gSa rks Js"B vkRek,¡ Lo;e~ tUe ys fy;k
djrh gSaA tSls Js"B dkS'kY;k us jke dks tUe fn;kA Lusgorh ekrk us n;kuUn tSlh vkRek dks tUe fn;kA :uh jkuh us 'kadjkpk;Z dh vkRek dks
tUe fn;kA ;g lalkj rHkh Å¡pk curk gS tc ekrk,¡ lqpfj= rFkk ifo= gksrh gSaA ;fn mlus vius xHkZLFky dks Å¡pk] egku~] ifo= u cuk;k rks
mlls mRiUu gqvk iq= mlh dh tkfr ij dqn`f"V j[kdj mls nq%[kh djsxkA
¼iUnzgok¡ iq"i 13&2&71 bZ-½
ekrk eUnkylk us vius iq=ksa dks xHkZ esa gh czãosÙkk cuk fn;k FkkA¼pkSngok¡ iq"i 12&8&70 bZ-½
os gh ekrk,¡ mPp gSa tks vk=s;] ufpdsrk] míkyd] lkseiku] x#M+] dkxk] ekdZ.Ms;] of'k"B] fo'okfe=] vxLR; vkSj foHkk.Md tSlksa dks
tUe nsaA dhM+ksa dh Hkk¡fr ckyd gksus ij ekrk dk xHkZLFky dyafdr gks tkrk gSA ¼ckjgok¡ iq"i ekpZ lu~ 1964 bZ-½
jke] of'k"V tSls egkiq#"kksa dks tUe nsus okyh ekrk,¡ gh gksrh gSa ftuesa jk"Vªh;rk rFkk ekuork nksuksa gh lehi gksrh gSaA tks ekrk vius
xHkkZ'k; dh vkHkk dks tkudj mldks Å¡pk cukuk tkurh gS] jk"Vªh;rk dk LokFkZ mlesa gksrk gSA ijUrq ekuork dh fo'oklh ekrk,¡ ekuork dh
f'k{kk nsrh gSaA egÙkk okyk ladYi èkkj.k djds og ekrk vkSj Hkh lkSHkkX;'kkfyuh cu tkrh gSA osn dk _f"k dgrk gS fd ftl x`g esa ekrk dk
vieku gksrk gS] iq= ekrk dk fujknj djrk gS] og x`g&x`g u jgdj 'e'kku Hkwfe cu tkrk gSA ¼mUuhlok¡ iq"i 20&3&72 bZ-½
lekt esa tc ekrk,¡ Å¡ph cu tkrh gSa rks iq#"k Lo;¡ Å¡ps cu tkrs gSaA tSls jktk ds Å¡pk gks tkus ij iztk Hkh Å¡ph gks tkrh gSA blh
izdkj ekrk dk thou vuq'kklu esa fufgr gksus ls iq= dk Lo;e~ mRFkku gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj jk"Vª vkSj lekt lgdkfjrk vkSj lg;ksx ls gh
Å¡ps curs gSa] blesa ekrkvksa dk lg;ksx vfuok;Z gSA
ekrk dks loksZPp dgk x;k gS] D;ksafd mlds xHkZ ls lcdk tUe gksrk gSA xHkZLFky esa 'kjhj ds lw{e&lw{e ;U= ekrk ds Hkko ls gh curs
gSaA ftu nzO;ksa ls budks cuk;k tkrk gS] os ekrk ds ikl gSaA fdUrq ¼mu½ nzO;ksa esa cukus dh 'kfDr ugha] mudks cukus okyk rks izHkq gh gSA ;fn
ekrk ek¡l Hk{k.k djrh gS rFkk jluk ds Loknksa esa jgrh gS] rks mlds reksxq.kh ijek.kq gksaxs vkSj ckyd Hkh reksxq.kh gksxkA ekrk ds Ük¡`xkj rFkk
ekuork ij rHkh vkØe.k gksrk gS] tc og viuh ekuork vkSj Lo:i dks R;kx nsrh gSA ¼ukSok¡ iq"i 29&7&67 bZ-½
tc ekrk rifLouh cudj eu] opu] deZ ls ikiksa ls jfgr gks tkrh gS rks Å¡ps iq=ksa dks tUe nsrh gSA tc ekrk Ük¡`xkjksa esa iznhIr gksdj
dhM+s tSls ckydksa dks tUe nsrh gS rks ogh mlds Ük¡`xkj dks guu djus okyk cu tkrk gSA og ekrk lkSHkkX;'kkfyuh gS tks izÑfr dk ¼dsoy
'kjhj dk½ Ük¡`xkj u djds eu] opu vkSj deZ dk Ük`¡xkj djrh gSA
iq= dks mRiUu djus okyh ekrk rks vusd gksrh gSa] ijUrq okLrfod ekrk rks ogh gS tks bldk ikyu djds] fuekZ.k djds ¼iq= dks½ egku~
cukrh gSA
;fn dksbZ ckyd dqdehZ vkSj O;fHkpkjh gks tkrk gS rks ;g izHkq dk nks"k ugha gSA blesa ckyd ds deks± dk rks nks"k gS gh] ekrk dk Hkh nks"k gS
fd mlus mldk vPNh izdkj fuekZ.k ugha fd;k] vr% og nqHkkZX;'kkfyuh dgykrh gSA ijekRek us rks ckyd ds rUrqvksa dk fuekZ.k ekrk ds Hkkoksa
ls gh fd;k gSA ;fn vkt ekrk oSKkfud dks tUe nsrh gS rks og Hkh lqUnj gSA ;fn og vkè;kfRed ckyd dks tUe nsrh gS rks vkSj Hkh lqUnj
D;ksafd HkkSfrd foKkuosÙkk ukfLrd gks tkrk gSA ijUrq vkè;kkfRed foKkuosÙkk vkRek dk J)kyq cu djds czã dks izkIr dj ysrk gSA ¼ukSok¡
iq"i 29&7&67 bZ-½
ekrk vius iq=ksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA og mUgsa vkstLoh] ifo= vkSj egku~ cuk nsrh gSA ;fn ekrk lqUnj gks rks ekuo dk 'kjhj fdlh Hkh
dky esa #X.krk dks izkIr ugha gks ldsxk] D;ksafd ekrk vius iq= ds vkpkj vkSj fopkj nksuksa cuk nsrh gSA ekrk dk vkpkj&fopkj ;fn ifo= gS rks
ckyd dk Hkh ifo= gksxkA og vkstLoh cu tk;sxkA ;fn ekrk ds vkpkj&fopkj Hkz"V gks rks ckyd ds Hkh mlh izdkj ifjiDo gks tkrs gSaA
¼chlok¡ iq"i 24&9&70 bZ-½
osn dgrk gS fd gs ekrk! rsjk thou lalkj esa cM+k ifo= gS] mlesa ,d mTToyrk gSA rw vius thou dsk egku~ ls egku cuk ldrh gSA
rq>s ml egÙkk dks ykuk ¼ckjgok¡ iq"i 3&10&64 bZ-½
;fn gesa dqVqEc cukuk gS rks ekrkvksa dks txr~ dk dqVqEc cukuk gSA mls ,sls okyd dks tUe nsuk pkfg;s fd og tgk¡ tk;s] viuh rFkk
viuh ekrk dh dq'kyrk dh izflf) djrk pyk tk;sA tgk¡ ,slk cqf)eku ckyd tkrk gS] ogha ekrk dh dq'kyrk Hkh tkrh gSA
ekuo rhu izdkj ds l¡Ldkj ysdj mRiUu gksrk gS%
1 iwoZ tUe ds laLdkjA
2 ekrk ds iSr`d laLdkjA

9@115
3 ekuo lekt rFkk okrkoj.k ds laLdkjA
;fn iwoZ tUe ds laLdkj Hkh ifo= gksa] ekrk&firk ds laLdkj Hkh ifo= gksa rFkk fe= e.My Hkh ifo= gks rks os ekuo cM+s lkSHkkX;'kkyh gksrs
gSaA ;fn iwoZ tUe ds laLdkj Js"B gksa] fdUrq ekrk ds iSr`d laLdkj lqUnj u gksa rks os laLdkj nc tkrs gSaA dqN le; ds i'pkr~ mudk izknqHkkZo
gksrk gSA ;fn lekt esa fe=e.My Hkh v'kq) nqjkRek gks rks fojys gh ,sls gksrs gSa] tks lekt dh i)fr;ksa ls nwj pys tk;saA ,sls izk.kh lw{e gh
gksrs gSaA okLro esa ekrk ds iSr`d laLdkj ifo= gksus pkfg;s D;ksafd lalkj esa nqjkpkj vkSj nqjkxzg djuk lqUnj ugha gksrkA blesa ekuo ds thou
dh gkfu;k¡ gksrh gSa ftlls izÑfrokn rFkk ok;qe.My v'kq) gksrk gSA
rhu ekrk,a
ekrk,¡ rhu gksrh gSaA
1 ,d tuuh ekrk tks HkkSfrd ekrk gSA
2 nwljh i`Foh ekrk tks ;gk¡ mRiUu gks tkus ij ikyu&iks"k.k djrh gSA
3 rhljh izHkq ekrk gSA tks gesa eks{k esa èkkj.k djrh gSA
;g HkkSfrd tuuh ekrk ;fn pkgs rks xHkkZ'k; esa gh iq= dks eks{k ds }kj ij ys tk ldrh gSA xHkZ esa gh og xk;=h dk ti Lej.k djk
nsrh gS] ;g bldk egRo gSA izHkq&ekrk ls blesa ghurk ;g gS fd blls tUe ysdj i`Fkd~ gks tkus ij gesa dHkh {kqèkk dh bPNk gksrh gS] dHkh dqN
vU;A fdUrq izHkq ekrk dh xksn esa tkdj ;g lc dqN ughaA Js"B rFkk egku~ ekrk tc lalkj esa vkrh gS] ml le; izHkq mls xHkkZ'k; esa mins'k
nsrk gS] ^^gs ekrk! rq>s eSaus nsodU;k dh ;ksfu iznku dh gSA rw lalkj esa tk vkSj ,slk egku~ ckyd mRiUu dj tks esjh cuk;h l`f"V dks ifo= dj
nsA tks esjh cuk;h gqbZA l`f"V dks Lo.kZ dh jpuk ds rqY; lqUnj cuk nsA tks ekuo mlds lEidZ esa vk;s] og Hkh egku~ curk pyk tk;sA**
¼ik¡pok¡ iq"i 4&6&62 bZ-½
ekrk,¡ rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSa
1 tUe nsus okyh ekrkA
2 i`Foh ekrkA
3 xkS ekrkA
1 tUe nsus okyh ekrk og gS ftlds xHkZLFky esa gekjk thou iuirk gSA ;g ekrk ijekRek ds fdruh fudV gSA mlds tjk;qt esa ,d
fcUnq tkrk gS mlh ls iq= dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA xHkZLFky esa ijekRek us ml fcUnq ls bl 'kjhj dk fuekZ.k dj fn;kA
2 ekrk ds xHkZ ls i`Fkd~ gksdj ckyd i`Foh ekrk ij vkrk gSA og bls ukuk ouLifr;k¡ rFkk vUu nsrh gS] [kfut inkFkZ vkSj [kk| inkFkZ
nsrh gS] bl ekrk ds xHkZ esa vkdj dksbZ izk.kh vè;kReosÙkk cu tkrk gS] dksbZ oSKkfud cudj [kk|&inkFkks±] [kfut inkFkks±] lw;Z] pUnz vkfn dk
vuqlUèkku djrk gSA
3 rhljh ekrk xkS ekrk gS tks gesa nqXèk nsrh gSA mlds nqXèk dks iku djds cfy"B] vkstLoh vkSj czãpkjh curs gSaA ftl jktk ds jk"Vª esa
xÅvksa dh j{kk gksrh gS] ogk¡ fdlh izdkj dh gkfu ugha gksrhA iwtk dgrs gSa lnqi;ksx dksA xÅ dh iwtk ;g gS fd mls [kk|&inkFkks± dk vPNk
iku djk;k tk;s vkSj mlls nqXèk fy;k tk;sA nqXèk jk"Vª dh egku~ lEifÙk gSA
ekrk dh iwtk gS] ekrk dh lsok djuk] mls ukuk lqfoèkk,¡ nsukA gesa mldk J)kyq cu djds mlds d"V dks fuokj.k djus dk iz;Ru
djuk pkfg;sA ¼vkBok¡ iq"i 7&10&66 bZ-½
izFke ekrk og tuuh gS ftlds xHkZ ls geus tUe èkkj.k fd;k gSA f}rh; ekrk ;g i`Foh gS] tgk¡ ge izFke ekrk ds xHkZ ls vkdj vkJ;
ikrs gSaaA ;g gekjk ikyu iks"k.k djrh gS vkSj gesa Å¡ph LFkyh ij ig¡qpkus okyh gSA gesa ml foKku dks tkuuk pkfg;s fd fdl izdkj ;g gekjk
ikyu&iks"k.k djrh gS] dkSu ls inkFkks± ls gekjk vknj djrh gSA cqf)eku bldks tkuus yxrk gSA
r`rh; ekrk gekjh laLÑfr gSA tc cqf)eku laLÑfr dk vknj djrk gS rks laLÑfr mldh x.kuk mu nsorkvksa esa djk nsrh gS ftUgksaus vius
dks Å¡pk cuk;k gSA tc ge laLÑfr dk vknj djrs gSa rks og gedks vius esa èkkj.k djds gekjs vUr% dj.k dks ifo= cuk nsrh gSA bl izdkj
ekrk gekjs vUr% dj.k esa fojkteku gksdj gekjh x.kuk nsorkvksa esa djk nsrh gSA ¼nlok¡iq"i 26&7&63 bZ-½
ekrkvksa dk lEeku
gesa _f"k;ksa ds xkSjo dks viukdj ekrkvksa ds xkSjo dks Å¡pk djuk pkfg;s ftlls egkiq#"kksa dk tUe gks ldsA ¼ik¡pok¡ iq"i 19&8&62 bZ-½
ekrk dks ue%A dhM+ksa dks mRiUu djus okyh ekrk dks ugha] fdUrq ml ekrk dks ue% tks egkiq#"kksa dks tUe nsrh gSA ekrk gekjh ikyuk
djrh gS] vius xHkZ esa èkkj.k djrh gS tgk¡ gekjk thou ifo= curk gSA ekrk viuh èkkj.kkvksa ls] vius ladYiksa ls bl lalkj esa ohj ckyd] ;ksxh
rFkk _f"k;ksa dks tUe nsrh gSA ¼vkBok¡ iq"i 14&11&63 bZ-½
gs ekrk ! rw fdruh ifo= gSA ijekRek us rq>s vewY;rk,¡ nh gSaa] mUgsa 'kkUr u djA vkt ds lalkj dks dsoy rw gh ifo= cuk ldrh gSA
osn us rq>s nqxkZ dgk gS] rw nqxZq.kksa dks 'kkUr djrh gSA nqxZq.kksa ds 'kkUr gksus ij gekjk ân; ifo= curk gS] gesa foosd gksrk gS( ge jk"Vª ds iqtkjh
curs gSa] Kku&foKku ds iqtkjh curs gSa vkSj rsjs xHkZ dks Å¡pk cukrs gSaA tSls ikjkeqfu vkSj mudh iRuh jsUèkoh ds iq= egf"kZ èkqjsUnz us fd;k rFkk
Hkxoku~ jke us fd;kA ¼ik¡pok¡ 10&4&64 bZ-½
gs ekrk ! rw ml iq= dks tUe u ns ftlls lalkj esa dksbZ ykHk u gks] ,sls dhM+ksa dks tUe u nsA gs ekrk! rw _f"k ckyd dks tUe ns] rw
jk"Vª ds jktk dks tUe nsA rw ,sls ckyd dks tUe ns tks rsjs xHkkZ'k; dks Å¡pk cukrk pyk tk;sA¼lkrok¡ iq"i 17&7&65 bZ-½
gs ekrk ! rw Ük¡`xkj esa ifj.kr gks ijUrq fyIr u gksA ftlls rsjs xHkZ ls mRiUu gksus okyk iq= ^nsoh&;K* ij vkØe.k djus okyk ugha gksuk
pkfg;sA rw vius thou dks ;kx :i esa Lohdkj dj] rsjk izR;sd vax ;kx gSA rsjs izR;sd 'okl ds lkFk tc ^vks3e~* dk tki pyrk gS rks rsjs
xHkZLFky esa ftl ckyd dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] mlds izR;sd vax esa rsjh ^vks3e* dh èofu tkrh gSA
vkèkqfud txr rks ,slk cu jgk gS fd ekrkvksa us ml Ük¡`xkj dks viukuk vkjEHk dj fn;k gS] ftl Ük¡`xkj dks iq#"k us dsoy Hkksxfoykl dk
lkèku cuk fy;k gSA
ek¡ ! rw iqu% ls ml Ük¡`xkj dks viukus dk iz;kl dj ftlls rsjh egÙkk Å¡ph cusA rsjk tks 'kjhj :ih ;kx gS] mlds fy;s ;g ekuoh;
n`f"V] ;kx cu djds jgs] Hkksx foykl dk lkèku cu djds u jgsA
lrhRo dh egÙkk
ns[kks A jko.k dk fdruk Å¡pk lkezkT; Fkk ftlds jk"Vª esa lw;Z vLr ugha gks ikrk FkkA ijUrq ekrk lhrk dks og dyfadr ugha cuk ik;k
D;ksafd mldk ri Fkk] mldh ekuork Fkh] mldk lrhRo Fkk tks ekrk dk okLrfod Hkw"k.k gSA ¼rsbZlok¡ iq"i 3&5&73 bZ-½

Top secret technologies of ancient india (hindi)

Top secret technologies of ancient india (hindi)

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Top secret technologies of ancient india (hindi)