1. Cerebro
Sistema Nervioso Periférico
Área Anatomía
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2. CEREBRO
• Estructura más grande del encéfalo.
• Ocupa fosas craneales media y anterior y la
concavidad de la bóveda craneana.
• Se divide en:
– Diencéfalo
– Telencéfalo
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3. DIENCEFALO
• Corresponde al 3er ventrículo y las estructuras
que forman sus paredes.
• Se extiende por atrás hasta el punto donde el 3er
ventrículo se continúa con el acueducto cerebral
y por delante hasta los forámenes
interventriculares.
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4. DIENCEFALO
• Formado fundamentalmente por el Tálamo y el
Hipotalamo
• Rodeado en gran parte por el cerebro
• Límites con estructuras vecinas imprecisos
Estructuras:
• TALAMO
• HIPOTALAMO
• EPITALAMO
• SUBTALAMO
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5. DIENCEFALO
• Formado fundamentalmente por el Tálamo y el
Hipotalamo
• Rodeado en gran parte por el cerebro
• Límites con estructuras vecinas imprecisos
Estructuras:
• TALAMO
• HIPOTALAMO
• EPITALAMO
• SUBTALAMO
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7. Tálamo
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8. Tálamo
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9. Tálamo
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10. Tálamo
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11. Superficie inferior del encéfalo mostrando
estructuras del diencéfalo
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12. Tálamo
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14. Tálamo
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15. Tálamo
• Estructura oval, situada encima del mesencéfalo
• Mide aproximadamente 3 cm long.
• Formado por masas ovales de sustancia gris organizada en
núcleos.
• Constituye las 4/5 partes del
diencéfalo
• Conformado por 2 porciones: derecha e izquierda unidas a través
de la comisura gris.
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17. Tálamo
• Función: principal estación de impulsos
sensitivos (salvo vía olfatoria). Además
integraciones viscerales y somáticas.
• Extremo anterior: limite posterior del agujero
interventricular
• Extremo posterior:
– núcleo pulvinar
– Cuerpo geniculado lateral
• Adhesión intertalámica
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18. Tálamo
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19. Tálamo
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20. Tálamo
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21. Tálamo
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22. Tálamo
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23. Tálamo
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24. HIPOTALAMO
Pequeña porción situada bajo el tálamo.
Se extiende desde el quiasma óptico hasta margen
caudal cuerpos mamilares.
Es la zona más anterior e inferior del diencéfalo.
Forma parte del suelo y paredes laterales del III
ventrículo
Conformado por 12 núcleos, distribuidos en 2 regiones:
Región medial
Región lateral
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26. HIPOTALAMO
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27. HIPOTALAMO
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30. HIPOTALAMO
Funciones
“Fisiológicamente, es difícil que exista actividad que no
esté influida por el hipotálamo”
1.- Control funciones autonómicas
2.- Control actividades somatomotoras involuntarias
3.- Coordinación y control de actividades nerviosas y
endocrinas
4.- Participación en comportamientos emotivos
5.- Regulación de la temperatura corporal
6.- Control de ritmos circadianos
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31. CEREBRO
• Forma la masa principal del encéfalo
• Sostenido por el diencéfalo y troncoencefálico
• Conformado por una capa de sustancia gris de 2
a 4 mm de grosor (corteza cerebral)
• Durante el desarrollo embrionario, la sustancia
gris crece más rápido que la sustancia blanca, lo
que produce pliegues (circunvoluciones)
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32. CEREBRO
• Situación:
– Fosa anterior
– Fosa media, porciones laterales
– Espacio supratentorial
• División Interna:
– Corteza cerebral
– Ganglios basales
– Sustancia blanca
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36. CEREBRO
• Lóbulos cerebrales:
– Frontal: fosa craneal anterior
– Parietal: H. Parietal
– Occipital: Escama del occipital
y tienda del cerebelo
– Temporal: fosa media
– Insular: limita con los ganglios
basales
– Límbico: cara medial del
hemisferio
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38. Lobos Cerebrales
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39. Lobos cerebrales
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40. Lobos cerebrales
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41. Lobos Cerebrales
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42. Lobos Cerebrales
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44. Meninges Encefálicas
• Tabiques:
– Hoz (falce) del cerebro
– Hoz (falce) del cerebelo
– Tienda del cerebelo
– Tienda de la Hipófisis
Hipó
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45. Senos de la Duramadre
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46. Senos de la Duramadre
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47. Senos de la Duramadre
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48. Senos de la Duramadre
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49. Senos de la Duramadre
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50. Senos de la Duramadre
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51. Sistema Ventricular
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52. Sistema Ventricular
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53. Sistema Ventricular
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54. Sistema Ventricular
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55. Sistema Ventricular
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66. Núcleos Basales (Ganglios basales)
• Núcleos subcorticales, desempeñando un papel
fundamental en el sistema motor
• Porciones de sustancia gris que no pertenecen a
la corteza
• Se relacionan con el diencéfalo
– NUCLEO CAUDADO: rodea al tálamo y presenta 3
porciones: cabeza, cuerpo y cola
– NUCLEO PUTAMEN: se separa del caudado por la
cápsula interna
– GLOBO PALIDO lateral y medial
– CLAUSTRO
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76. CEREBRO
Sustancia blanca de los hemisferios
– Fibras Comisurales
– Cuerpo Calloso
– Comisura Anterior
– Comisura Posterior
– Comisura del Fornix
– Comisura Habenular
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85. CEREBRO
Sustancia blanca de los hemisferios
– Fibras de asociación
• Fibras cortas, unen
circunvoluciones adyacentes
• Fibras largas, unen áreas distantes
– Fascículo arciforme
– Cíngulo
– Fascículo Longitudinal Superior
– Fascículo Longitudinal Inferior
– Fascículo Frontooccipital
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91. CEREBRO
Sustancia blanca de los hemisferios
– Fibras de proyección:
• Cápsula interna
– Brazo anterior
– Rodilla
– Brazo posterior
• Corona radiada (proyección desde
la cápsula interna hacía la corteza)
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95. Meninges Encefálicas
Duramadre
Conformada por dos capas:
• Endóstica (periostio)
• Meníngea (duramadre propiamente tal)
En las zonas en que se separan conforman los
senos venosos.
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97. Meninges Encefálicas
• Tabiques:
– Hoz (falce) del cerebro
– Hoz (falce) del
cerebelo
– Tienda del cerebelo
– Tienda de la Hipófisis
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98. Meninges Encefálicas
Aracnoides
Membrana impermeable
Granulaciones aracnoideas
Se fusiona con epineuro
Piamadre
Membrana Vascular
Tela Coroidea del techo del III y IV ventrículo
Se fusiona con epineuro
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100. Senos Venosos Durales
• Función, recibir sangre desde el encéfalo a través
de las venas cerebrales y LCR.
• Drenan hacía las venas yugulares internas.
• Están revestidos por endotelio
• Carecen de tejido muscular y válvulas
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102. Sagital superior
Sagital inferior
V. Cerebral Magna
Seno recto
Seno cavernoso
Confluencia de los senos
Seno transverso
V. Yugular Interna Seno Sigmoideo
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103. Senos Venosos Durales
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104. Sistema Ventricular
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105. Sistema Ventricular
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106. Sistema Ventricular
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107. Sistema Ventricular
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108. Estudio en base a cortes
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109. Cortes Coronales
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110. Cortes Coronales
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111. Cortes Coronales
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112. Cortes Coronales
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113. Cortes Coronales
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114. Cortes Coronales
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115. Cortes Coronales
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116. Cortes Coronales
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117. Cortes Coronales
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118. Cortes Coronales
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119. Cortes Coronales
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120. Cortes Coronales
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121. Cortes Coronales
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122. Cortes Coronales
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123. Corte Transversal
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124. Corte Transversal
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125. Corte Transversal
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126. Corte Transversal
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127. Corte Transversal
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128. Corte Transversal
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129. Corte Transversal
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130. Corte Transversal
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131. Corte Sagital
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132. Corte Sagital
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133. Corte Sagital
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134. Corte Sagital
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135. Corte Sagital
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136. Corte Sagital
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137. Corte Sagital
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138. Corte Sagital
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140. Componentes Sistema Nervioso Periférico
• Nervios Craneanos
• Nervios Espinales
• Componentes SNA
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145. Ganglios
• Ganglios Sensitivos
– Ganglios Sensitivos de nervios espinales (raíz
posterior)
– Ganglios Sensitivos de nervios craneales (V,
VII, VIII, IX, X)
• Ganglios Autónomos
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146. Nervios Craneanos
• Somático se refiere a la cabeza, pared corporal y miembros.
• Visceral a las vísceras.
• Aferente a la sensibilidad.
• Eferente a motor.
• General a amplias áreas de distribución en la cabeza y el
cuerpo
• Especial a funciones especializadas de olfato, gusto, visión,
audición, equilibrio e inervación motora
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148. Sistema Nervioso Autónomo
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151. Características del Antagonismo
Simpático: Catabólico (consumo de
energía)
Respuesta de lucha
Parasimpático: Anabólico
(acumulador de
energía)
Descanso
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152. Distinción funcional:
Neuronas postsinápticas liberan
neurotransmisores diferentes:
Simpatico: Noradrenalina (NA)
Parasimpatico: Acetilcolina (Ach)
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154. División Simpática
• División más grande
• Prepara al organismo para una
emergencia
• Componentes
– Fibras Nerviosas Eferentes
– Fibras Nerviosas Aferentes
– Troncos simpáticos
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155. División Parasimpática
• Conservar y restablecer la energía.
• Componentes
– Fibras Nerviosas Eferentes
– Fibras Nerviosas Aferentes
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156. Topográficamente
• El sistema simpático se comunica con las
regiones torácicas y lumbar de la medula
espinal entre los segmentos de T1 a L2 o
L3.
• Por su parte el Parasimpático, posee un
componente craneal y otro sacro que
están comunicados con el cerebro a través
de los nervios craneales III, VII, IX y X y
con la médula espinal a través de nervios
espinales S2 a S4 ( a veces falta S2).
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157. Ganglios simpáticos
forman un conjunto de ganglios situados en línea
vertical a cada lado de la columna vertebral
(También se conocen como ganglios
paravertebrales).
ganglio prevertebral :
ubicados delante de la columna vertebral y de la
aorta (ganglios celíacos, mesentéricos superior e inferior y los
ganglios lumbares y sacros).
(ganglios cervical superior, cervical medio y cervicotorácico
(estrellado)).
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158. Ganglios parasimpáticos
Ganglios terminales intramurales cercanos o
dentro de las paredes de vísceras, generalmente
conforman plexos autónomos.
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