3. ITALY AFTER WORLD WAR 1
Although Italy fought with the Allies in WW1,
they were not satisfied with the territories
they received after the Conference of Paris.
There was a general feeling of mutilated
victory. The irredentisti claimed for more
territories they considered that had to belong
to Italy.
UNREDEEMED AREAS
REGIONS CLAIMED BY THE ITALIAN IRREDENTISTI:
-NICE, TICINO AND DALMATIA IN GREEN
-MALTA IN RED
-CORSICA IN PURPLE
4. THE TWO RED YEARS (1919-1920)
VICTOR EMMANUEL III
Italy continued to be a liberal monarchy,
but the liberal governments were unable
to face postwar problems: WORKERS OF FIAT TAKING THE FACTORY OVER
-unemployment
-inflation
-high external debt
-influence of the Bolshevik Revolution:
seizure of land and factories
-political instability
All these problems were fertile ground for
extremist ideologies SEIZURE OF FACTORIES, 1920
5. BENITO MUSSOLINI
MUSSOLINI IN 1903
Mussolini was a former Socialist, who had
been expelled from the Socialist Party when he
decided to support the participation of Italy in
WW1.
He was promoted to corporal during WW1 and MUSSOLINI IN WORLD WAR 1
when the war ended he took advantage of
instability and general discontent to create an
extreme right group to confront workers´ and
peasants´protests
6. FASCI ITALIANI DI COMBATTIMENTO
Created by Mussolini in 1919, they were an
extreme right group and the germ of the
National Fascist Party.
They had a paramilitary group called the
Blackshirts (Voluntary Militia for National
Security). These groups used violence to
threaten workers and members of unions and
were financed by big landowners and
industrialists as shock troops
PROGRAM
FASCI DI COMBATTIMENTO
OF LISSONE BLACKSHIRTS EMBLEM OF
THE FASCI
7. NATIONAL FASCIST PARTY (1921)
Created in November 1921.
Ideology more characterized for what they rejected
than for their proposals:
- Anti-communism, anti-socialism, anti-liberalism and
against parliamentary democracy
-Defense of private property
- Strong State
EMBLEM OF THE NATIONAL
FASCIST PARTY - Exacerbated and aggresive nationalism
- Use of violence
- Intervention of the State in economy and
SUPPORT
autarky
- Petty bourgeoisie
- Big landowners and industrialists
Tolerated by the Church and the king
Poor results in the 1921 elections: only 22 deputies out of 535.
8. MARCH ON ROME (28th October 1922)
As a demonstration of their power, the
Fascists organized a March on Rome
with Blackshirts from all over Italy.
The Fascists demanded power and
threatened the government with the
use of violence.
MUSSOLINI IN ROME
9. MUSSOLINI APPOINTED PRIME MINISTER (30th October)
Instead of declaring the
state of siege, the king,
advised by the
conservative forces,
appointed Mussolini
prime minister. His first
government included 3
Fascist ministers
In the April 1924 general elections the Fascist Party won the elections
using intimidation and violence and got 2/3 of the seats of the Parliament
10. THE MATTEOTTI AFFAIR
On the 30th May 1924 the Socialist deputy Matteotti
denounced Fascist intimidations and illegal actions
in the Parliament. He was kidnapped and killed on
the 10th of June.
Mussolini assumed the responsibility of this fact
MATTEOTTI
MUSSOLINI OVER MATTEOTTI´S COFFIN
11. RETIREMENT ON THE AVENTINE MOUNT
All the opposition parties left the Parliament as a protest against the
Fascists. Their purpose was overthrowing the government and going to
new elections, but this attitude gave the Fascists free rein to impose a
dictatorship.
The government didn´t fall, because the king supported Mussolini.
The Fascists intensified their persecution of the opposition: all the
political parties (except the Fascist Party) and unions were
suppressed and freedom of speech was restricted. Many opposition
leaders were imprisoned and others had to exile.
12. TOTALITARIAN STATE
Italy became a totalitarian State:
- One-single party system
- No division of powers: all the institutions were controlled by the Fascist Party
- Persecution and repression of the opposition.
- All the aspects of the individuals´ life are subordinated to the authority of the
State
13. TOTALITARIANISM
“All within the State, none outside the State, none against the State”
BELIEVE, OBEY, FIGHT
MUSSOLINI IS ALWAYS RIGHT
EITHER WITH US OR AGAINST US
14. OPERA NAZIONALE BALILLA
OPERA NAZIONALE MATERNITÀ INFANZIA
All the Italian citizens (children, women, workers) had to belong to Fascist
organizations if the wanted to be “good Italians”.
Unions were replaced by corporations, organizations which included workers and
patrons to “solve” labour conflicts
15. CULT OF MUSSOLINI´S PERSONALITY
Mussolini, called “Il Duce”, had full power
and his figure was presented as if he was
a hero
FRIEZE OF THE HISTORY OF ITALY
Use of propaganda to glorify Mussolini CULMINATING WITH A HEROIC MUSSOLINI
16. LATERAN PACTS (1929)
The Italian State signed peace with the Pope. The Vatican City was created
as a State inside Italy and a Concordat was signed to regulate the relations
between the Holy See and Italy. This solved the so called “Roman Question”,
in force since the Italian unification.
17. ECONOMIC POLICY
- Autarky: the main objective was
to achieve self- sufficiency, increasing
internal production and reducing imports.
- Intervention of the State in economy:
public works, rearmament, subsidized
enterprises
EAT RICE
PROPAGANDA OF A COFFEE SUBSTITUTE BATTLE FOR GRAIN
18. ITALIAN FOREIGN AGGRESSIVE POLICY
Mussolini wanted to restore the splendor of the Roman Empire and started
some wars to conquer territories:
-1935: occupation of Ethiopia
-1939: occupation of Albania
Italy also supported the rebels during the Spanish Civil War, sending more than
70,000 soldiers and weapons.
ITALIAN EMPIRE IN !939
20. THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC (1919- 1933)
After WW1, the Weimar Republic had to
face a lot of problems:
-hard sanctions established in the
Versailles Treaty
-strong economic crisis
-poverty
-unemployment
-hyperinflation and loss of value of the
mark in 1923
http://www.flickr.com/photos/papefons/sets/721
-attempts of revolution from the extreme
left and coups d´État from the extreme
BANKNOTES USED FOR HEATING right and part of the army
INSTEAD OF COAL
21. ADOLF HITLER
Born in Linz (Austria), he
participated in WW1 and was
promoted to corporal.
After the war the army
infiltrated him as an informant
to report on the DAP (German
Workers´Party), an extreme
right party (antisemitic
and nationalist). As he was a
skilled speaker, he soon
HITLER CELEBRATING THE OUTBREAK OF became one of its leaders
THE WAR IN THE ODEONSPLATZ, MUNICH
CORPORAL DURING WW1
22. NSDAP
National Socialist German Workers´Party,
founded by Hitler in 1920. Ideology:
-Very similar to Italian fascism (what they rejected,
use of violence, extreme nationalism…)
-Three specific ideas:
-ANTI-SEMITISM: hate for the Jews, considered
to be the responsible of all bad things (scapegoat
for all the problems Germany had).
-SUPERIORITY OF THE ARIAN “RACE” AND
NEED FOR A VITAL SPACE (LEBENSRAUM):
space the Arians needed to live with dignity,
which extended throughout the Great European
Plain
-DEMAND OF ABROGATION OF VERSAILLES
TREATY
23. NAZI PARAMILITARY GROUPS
SA: STURMABTEILUNG SS: SCHUTZSTAFFEL
HIMMLER
Security Sections, personal Hitler´s guard,
Assault Sections, also known directed by Himmler. During WW2 they
as Brownshirts run the concentration and extermination
camps
24. BEER HALL PUTSCH (November 1923)
NAZIS TRYING TO SEIZE POWER IN MUNICH
In November 1923 the Nazis tried to seize power with a coup d´État (putsch) in
Munich. The Nazis surrounded the Bürgerbraukeller, a beer hall where Bavaria
political authorities were celebrating a meeting. The putsch failed because the
army didn´t join the Nazis. 14 Nazis died and their main leaders were arrested
25. HITLER IN JAIL
HITLER WITH THE OTHER ARRESTED FOR THE BEER HALL PUTSCH
Hitler was sentenced to 5 years, but he only served 8 months.
During his imprisonment he wrote Mein Kampf (My struggle/ battle),
considered to be the bible of Nazism.
26. NSDAP RESULTS IN THE GENERAL ELECTIONS
Votes, The Nazis´ results in the elections were
Total Reichstag
Date percentag very poor until the beginning of the 1929
votes seats
e crisis. The Great Depression increased
May 1924 1,918,300 6.5 32 their support among ruined bourgeois,
middle and small farmers, industrialists
December 1924 907,300 3.0 14 and bankers.
May 1928 810,100 2.6 12
In July 1932 the NSDAP reached its peak:
September 1930 ,409,600
6 18.3 107 they were the most voted party with more
than 13 million votes, but they didn´t have
July 1932 13,745,000 37.3 230 majority and the president of the Republic,
Marshall Hindenburg, refused to appoint
November 19321,737,000
1 33.1 196 Hitler prime minister.
In the following elections in November 1932
March 1933 17,277,180 43.9 288 the NSDAP lost 2 million votes.
But in January 1933 the conservative forces
convinced Hindenburg to appoint Hitler prime
minister.
27. HITLER APPOINTED PRIME MINISTER (30th January 1933)
Hitler´s first government included
3 Nazis out of 11 ministers. Hitler
convinced Hindenburg to call new
elections for the 5th March
NAZI STORMTROOPERS CELEBRATING
AT BRANDENBURG GATE
28. REICHSTAG FIRE (27th February)
ACCUSED COMMUNISTS
The Nazis committed arson against the
Reichstag (Parliament) and accused the
communists. The government issued an
emergency decree restricting liberties.
Many opposition leaders were arrested
and sent to detention camps.
POLITICAL PRISONERS SENT TO ORIANIENBURG
29. MARCH 1933 ELECTIONS: CONSEQUENCES
Using intimidation and violence against the opposition, the Nazis won the
elections (43% of the votes). Hitler demanded full powers in the Reichstag.
The Gestapo (Secret Police) was created and in July the NSDAP became
the only legal party.
21ST MARCH 1933
23RD MARCH: ENABLING ACT:
HITLER GOT FULL POWERS
30. NAZI BOYCOTT AGAINST THE JEWS (April 1933)
I WILL NOT COMPLAIN TO THE POLICE ANYMORE
“JEW PERISH” ON A SYNAGOGUE
Persecution against the Jews
started immediately
GERMANS, DEFEND YOURSELVES. DON´T BUY
FROM JEWS
31. BURNING OF BOOKS (10th May 1933)
Attack to culture: the Nazis burnt books
of authors considered to be against
Germany: Einstein, Marx, Hemingway,
Proust, Heinrich and Thomas Mann
32. FORCED LABOUR CAMPS
SS GUARDS
Members of opposition parties were the
first imprisonned in concentration camps,
ruled by the SS.
DACHAU
33. NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES (June- July 1934)
STRASSER VON SCHLEICHER
Cleansing of the opposition inside the Nazi Party.
Ernst Röhm, leader of the SA, and other prominent
Nazis were killed
RÖHM
34. HITLER APPOINTED FÜHRER (August 1934)
When President Hindenburg died in
August 1934, Hitler concentrated the post
of chancellor and president and the Army
swore fielty to him. He was called “Führer”
(guide, leader) of the Germans and
proclaimed the 3rd Reich (Empire)
SEPTEMBER NUREMBERG TRIUMPH OF THE WILL
35. NUREMBERG LAWS (1935)
They excluded the Jews from German
nationality and forbade them to work in
contact with Germans (“Arians”) or to
marry them.
JEWS ARE OUR MISFORTUNE
The more
full-blooded
a Jew was,
the greater
level of
discrimination
he suffered
JEWS ARE NOT WANTED HERE CHART TO DETERMINE JEWISHNESS
36. NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS (9th November 1938)
Attacks to synagogues and Jewish shops all
around Germany.
- 90 Jews killed.
-more than 30,000 Jews were arrested and
sent to camps
- Massive emigration of Jews to other
countries.
NAZI MASS ROUNDUPS OF JEWS
37. REVISING VERSAILLES SANCTIONS
March 1938: Anschluss
The Nazis occupied Austria and
annexed it to Germany.
March 1936
Remilitarization of the West
bank of Rhineland
38. MUNICH AGREEMENT (September 1938)
Hitler claimed Sudentenland, a
Czechoslovakian territory inhabited
by 3 million German speakers.
The main European powers met at
Munich and signed an agreement to
cede Sudentenland
to Germany. They didn´t want to
provoke a war (appeasement policy,
led by Neville Chamberlain, the UK
prime minister) and saw Hitler as an 30th September 1938
important ally to stop Stalin.
Hitler promised to stop his territorial
demands, but he didn´t keep his
promise.
OCCUPATION OF SUDENTENLAND
39. INVASION OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA (March 1939)
The Nazis occupied Bohemia and Moravia and established a protectorate in
Slovakia
40. Hitler demanded the Danzig Corridor to Poland. Poland asked the UK for help.
41. NAZI- SOVIET PACT (August 1939)
Secret agreement signed between Germany
and the USSR. Hitler wanted to be sure of
the USSR neutrality in the invasion of Poland
and Stalin wanted to gain time in order to be
ready for a future war against the Nazis.
STALIN AND VON RIBENTROP
SIGNED THE NAZI-SOVIET PACT THE HARMONY BOYS
MUSSOLINI, FRANCO AND STALIN
23th August 1939 SINGING AT HITLER´S TIME
Evening Standard, 2nd May 1940
42. OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR 2 (SEPTEMBER 1939)
1st September : Invasion of Poland
using Thunder War (Blitzkrieg):
combined attack of artillery and
aircraft.
3rd September: France and the
United Kingdom declared war on
Germany.
17th September: The Soviet Union
occupied the Eastern part of
Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia
and Lithuania.
Poland was occupied in four weeks
