Autor: Masayoshi Nakashima Fecha: 2016-06-28

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Masayoshi Nakashima
Professor, Disaster Prevention Research Institute,
Kyoto University
President, Architectural Institute of Japan
Executive Vice-President, International Association
for Earthquake Engineering
Japan’s Way for Technological Developments
in Building Design and Construction
What is Masayoshi Nakashima
 He is Professor at Disaster Prevention Research Institute
(DPRI), Kyoto Univ.
 He was founding Director of E-Defense, National Research
Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED),
from 2004 to 2011.
 He is President of Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ)
since 2015.
 He is Executive Vice-President of International Association
for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE).
 He serves as Editor of Earthquake Engineering and
Structural Dynamics (EESD) published by Wiley.
 He is Foreign Member of National Academy of Engineering
and Member of Engineering Academy of Japan.
Japanese Culture to Building Construction
• Life attached to “wood”
• Love to “detailing”
• Love to “handcraft and manufacturing”
• Exercise for “collaboration between design and
construction/manufacturing”
Today’s Topics
Japan’s Attitude to Technology Developments
• Tendency of Positivism
• Emphasis on Verification in reference to “Actual
Behavior/Performance”
Background (1)
 Japan is Green, featured with “Wood Culture”.
Traditional use of line (1D) elements (rather than
plane (2D) elements)
Popularity of steel as extension of wood
 Japan loves “detailing”, which characterizes
Japanese architecture.
Complicated roofing details, exquisitely crafted eaves,
complex connections using interlocking, etc.
Similar appreciation to modern buildings
Background (2)
 Japan loves handcraft and manufacturing.
Relatively high public status for “manufacturers”
Love to new invention and sophisticated engineering
Excessive “technology-driven” attitude, leading to
Galapogisization.
 Japan exercises positive collaboration
between design and construction
(manufacturing)
Equal partnership between design and construction
Quality assurance by disciplined construction
Topic I
Japan is Green, featured with “Wood Culture”.
○ Traditional use of line (1D) elements (rather
than plane (2D) elements)
○ Popularity of steel as extension of wood

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A country blessed with mountains and wood
Areas Covered by Green
Wood – traditional material for constructions
Example Wooden Houses
1960 1970
100
50
(million m2)
43%
33%
20%
3%
Annual Building Construction in Japan
1980 1990 2000 2009
Year of Construction
Yes, steel is very popular in Japanese Construction.
Resemblance between Wood and Steel
Framing slender members
Rigid connections between beams and columns
Application to Large Structures by Wood & Steel
Todaiji Temple,
World Largest Wooden
Building
Nagoya Dome,
Made of steel trusses
Application to Towers by Wood & Steel
Toji Pagoda,
Tallest Wooden
Tower
Eifle Tower TokyoTower

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Japan and Steel
Japan is destined to use and love steel by culture.
Steel is characterized by
“fast construction (preparation done in factory)”,
“quality control (fabricated in factory)”, and
“versatile applications (from small, large, tall,
strange….)
Topic II
Japan loves “detailing”, which characterizes
Japanese architecture.
○ Complicated roofing details, exquisitely
crafted eaves, complex connections using
interlocking, etc.
○ Similar appreciations to modern buildings
Topic II
We inherited many of those
masterpieces built in the past
fifteen centuries
Connection made of exquisite interlocking
大虹梁
上段繋虹梁
下段繋虹梁
身舎柱 側柱
側柱上
組物
身舎柱上
組物
通肘木
方斗
巻斗
巻斗
ダボ
枠肘木
大斗
ダボ
鉄板
柱(一部)
枠肘木
通肘木
Connection made of exquisite interlocking
なかぞなえ（中備）
蟇股かえるまた 長保寺多宝塔
詰組つめぐみ 円覚寺舎利殿
くみもの（組物）
出組でぐみ 平等院鳳凰堂 二手先ふたてさき 室生寺金堂
三手先みてさき 室生寺五重塔
三手目
おだるき
尾垂木
一手目
の肘木
二手目
の肘木
堂内では梁
一
手
目
ニ
手
目
三
手
目
一
手
目
ニ
手
目
三
手
目
組物の構造
Application to Modern Buildings
City Hall of Izumo City, Shimane

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Original Shrine
City Hall Steel Shearwalls City Hall Atrium
Topic III
Japan loves Handcraft and Manufacturing.
○ Relatively high public status for
“manufacturers”
○ Love to new invention and sophisticated
engineering
○ Excessive “technology-driven” attitude,
leading to Galapogisization.
Respect to Craftsmanship
Armor
Sword
Mask
Umbrella
Fan
Bamboo ware
Pottery
Doll
clothes
Ceramic
Iron
LacquerWood Carving
Respect to Craftsmanship (continued)
Japanese is “clever with hands/Fingers”.
Knitting
SwordsmithWeaving
Bamboo Work
Innovation of Steel Construction in Japan
Material-Oriented Development
* High-Performance Steel
* Ultra High-Strength Steel
* Fire-Resisting Steel
* High Toughness Steel
* Ultra High-Strength Bolts
* Low-Yield Steel
* Energy-Friendly High-Strength Steel
Japan loves “innovation” via “manufacturing”.
Devise-Oriented Development
* Buckling-Restrained Braces
* Concrete Filled Steel Tubes (CFT)
* etc.
High-Performance Steel
* Controlled Yield Strength
* Controlled Ultimate Strength
* Controlled Yield to Ultimate Strength Ratio
* Adopted in JIS (Japan Industrial Standards)
– Introduction of “SN Steel Grade” –

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Fire-Resisting Steel
* Higher resistance against temperature
* Less requirement for fire insulation
2/3 yield strength
Low-Yield Steel
* Lower yield strength (100 MPa to 200 MPa)
* Larger uniform strain
* Larger strain hardening in cyclic loading
* Used as damper material
low-yield steel
35
Low Carbon/Alloys High-Strength Steel
New ultra high strength steel
Environment-friendly
Resources saving
Reusable
CO2
Alloying elements
thermo-mechanical
control process
Buckling Restrained Braces
Brace is good in providing both strength and stiffness
if it does not buckle.
Short Brace
(no buckling)
Long Brace Intermediate Brace
Low-yield–
strength steel
Stiffening
steel pipe
a
a
Low-yield–
strength steel
Stiffening
steel pipe
a-a section
Example of Buckling Restrained Braces Mechanisms of Buckling Restrained Braces
Restraining of buckling of brace wrapped by
encasement
アンボンド材
モルタル
筋かい芯材
鋼管
Types of encasement
Example of
Debonding Details
Mortar
Steel Tube
Debonding
materialSteel brace

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CFT
Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFT)
Familiarities to Composite Structures
– Use of SRC for decades
SRC (Steel Encased RC) Composite Slab
CFT
CFT – Construction
Push-in of Concrete
Topic IV
Japan exercises collaboration between design
and construction (manufacturing)
○ Equal partnership between design and
construction
○ Quality assurance by disciplined construction
Big Five Contractors
Obayashi
(1.61*)
Kajima
(1.52)
Shimiz
(1.50)
Taisei
(1.53)
Takenaka
(1.02)
* Annual Sale in trillion yen
Active In-house R/D Institutions Design versus Construction
Design
Architecture
Structures
Environment
R/D
Structures
Environment
Amenity
Construction
Japanese Way:
• Positive Interaction among sectors
• Culture of respect to manufacturing
Department of Architecture & Building Engineering

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Clean, Disciplined Construction (1)
Management of Hundreds of Technicians of
Various Occupations
Morning Assembly Gymnastic Exercises
Instruction Session for Cranes Schedule Checking
Clean, Disciplined Construction (2)
Efforts to Maintain Clean Construction Site
Cleaning Truck Tires
Sweeping
Keeping things tidy and in order Slogans
Clean, Disciplined Construction (3)
Safety Control and Management
Covering Construction Site
Lifelines
Daily Check of Safety Issues Attention to Level Difference
Design versus Construction
Design
R/D
Construction
Respect to
Fundamentals
Values to Details
Life attached to “wood”
Love to “detailing”
Love to “handcraft and manufacturing”
Exercise for “collaboration between design and
construction/manufacturing”
Japan’s way for Technology Development
Japan’s attitude to technology developments
• Tendency of Positivism
• Emphasis on Verification in reference to
“Actual Behavior/Performance”
Structural Damage
in 1995 Kobe Earthquake

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Human/Property Loss by Kobe Earthquake
Building loss
responsible
for 70% of
total damage
cost
Building
damage
responsible
for 95% of
death toll
Standing
Firm
3rd story
failure
Wall damage
- Acceptable -After
1981
Before
1981
Clear Contrast of Damage to RC Buildings
Earthquake engineering has a long history of “learning
from actual earthquakes and earthquake damages.” That
is, we first understand problems by actual damage; then
develop engineering to patch them.
“Learning from Earthquakes”
1964 Niigata
Liquefaction
1968 Tokachi-oki
RC Shear
Failure
1995 Kobe
Seismic
Retrofit
It is a jumbo shaking table
of 20 m by 15 m in plan, activated in 3D
Owned by National Research Institute for Earth Science
and Disaster Prevention and open in 2005.
What is E-Defense?
Shaking Table and Actuator System
Activities of E-Defense
Since 2005, E-Defense has completed forty some full-
scale (or large-scale) tests for various structures.
Four-story Base-
isolated Hospital
Pile Foundation Six-story Wooden House
Four-story
Steel Frame
Six-story RC Frame
Two-Story Wooden House

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Test click here
Collapse Reproduction
Applied to Wooden Houses
(November 21 to 24, 2005)
Complete Collapse Test of Four-Story Steel
Moment Frame
E-Defense Steel Collapse
Final Collapse
Local Buckling
at Column Base
Local buckling at First
Story Column Top
Final Collapse in First Story Blind Analysis Competition
 Participants from all over the world.
 Application through website.
 Competition for accurate simulation of collapse test
 Category :
(1) 3D Analysis, Researcher
(2) 3D Analysis, Practicing Engineer
(3) 2D Analysis, Researcher
(4) 2D Analysis, Practicing Engineer
 Registration：115 teams
（US:44, Japan:37, others:34）
 Final submission : 47 teams
（Japan:17, US:15, others:15）
Please, predict
my life!
Blind Analysis Competition – Examples
(for JR Takatori 60%)
0%
100%
200%
300%
400%
500%
600%
700%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Teams
(Analysis/Measured)ratio_
Analysis results of participants Measured
Statistics: Maximum drift
angle of first story
(Y-direction)
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0 5 10 15 20
sec
Driftangleof1ststory
Analysis(Y) Measured
A good example: Time
history of first story drift
(Y-direction)
Calibration of Numerical Model: Beams
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
Ke
= 100000
My
+
= 650
My
-
= -485

p
+
= 0.030

p
-
= 0.015

pc
+
= 0.250

pc
-
= 0.250

s
= 1.0

c
= 1.0

a
= 1.0

k
= 0.5
Mc
/My
+
= 1.20
Mc
/My
-
= 1.05
k = 0.30
Chord Rotation (rad)
Moment(kN-m)
E-Defense-BeamC-MomentRotation
(Modified Ibarra-Krawinkler model,
Lignos and Krawinkler 2009)
Composite
Action
(Data from Pre-Test E-Defense
Blind Competition: Composite
Beam under cyclic loading

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Calibration of Numerical Model: Columns
(Modified Ibarra-Krawinkler model
Lignos and Krawinkler 2009)
-0.06 -0.03 0 0.03 0.06
-500
0
500
Rotation  [rad]
Moment[kN-m]
Data from Pre-Test E-Defense
Blind Competition:
HSS 300x300x9 tested in 45o
D
t
D/t=33
Mp
θp
Numerical Prediction of
First Story Collapse Mechanism
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Time [sec]
1
st
StoryDriftAngle[rad]
Experimental Data
Simulation
Collapse Prediction: 1st story drift History
1st story collapse
mechanism
2011 Tohoku Earthquake (March 11, 2011) Urban damage, such as observed in Sendai
Downtown Sendai Right After Qauke
Shear Failure of RC
Columns
Collapse of First Story
in Two-Story RC
Failure of House by Landslide Nonstructural Damage
Behavior of High-Rise in Sendai
• Difficulty in standing;
• Partitions overturning;
• Books thrown horizontal
and fell to floor with a
parabolic orbit;
• No human injured;
• Inhabitants evacuated
orderly using stairs;
• Cars in ground parking
areas moved;
• Those who watched the
building thought that it
might break in the middle
of the building;
• Seismograph in the building
showed Shindo 7.
Constructed: 1998 (31 stories)
Type of Structure: SRC, with
passive mass dampers
Performance of hundreds of high-rises and base-isolated
buildings in the Tokyo metropolitan area
600
400
200
0
Tohoku Kanto Tokai Kansai
Number
800
1,000
Aomori
IwIate
Miyagi
Akita
Yamagata
Fukushima
Ibaraki
Tochigi
Gunma
Saitama
Chiba
Tokyo
Kanagawa
Shizuoka
Aichi
Mie
Shiga
Kyoto
Osaka
Hyogo
Nara
Gifu
Wakayama
600
400
200
0
Number
Tohoku Kanto Tokai Kansai
High-rises
Base-
isolation

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An Example: Performance of high-rise building in the
Tokyo metropolitan area
-60
-30
0
30
60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
-150
-75
0
75
150
0 200 400 600 700
1.5
0.75
0
- 0.75
- 1.5
0.6
0.3
0
- 0.3
- 0.6
500300100
Time elapsed (sec)
Disp.(m)
Acc.Disp.
(m/s/s)
Roof Disp.First Story Acc.
Effect of Retrofit:
Disp.  about 20% reduction
Acc.  about 30% reduction
Decay after quake  about
50% reduction
The figures and photos
appearing in this slide are
presented here by the
courtesy of Taisei Co.
Recent Damaging Earthquakes in Japan
Recent Damaging Earthquakes in Japan
Year Name Magni
tude
Death
(missing)
Injury Collapse Severe
1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu 7.3 6,437 43,792 105,000 144,000
1997 Kagoshima-Ken Hokuseibu 6.4 74 4 31
2000 Tottori-Ken Seibu 7.3 182 435 3,101
2001 Geiyo 6.7 2 288 70 774
2003 Miyagi-Ken Oki 7.1 174 2 21
2003 Miyagi-Ken Hokubu 6.4 677 1,276 3,809
2003 Tokachi-Oki 8.0 1 849 116 368
2004 Niigata-Ken Chuetsu 6.8 68 4,805 3,175 13,810
2005 Fukuoka-Ken Seihou-Oki 7.0 1 1,204 144 353
2005 Miyagi-Ken Oki 7.2 100 1 984
2007 Noto-Hantou 6.9 1 356 686 1,740
2007 Niigata-Ken Chuetsu-Oki 6.8 15 2,346 1,331 5,709
2008 Iwate Miyagi Nairiku 7.2 17 426 30 146
2008 Iwate Engan Hokubu 6.8 1 211 1 379
2009 Suruga-Wan 6.5 1 319 6
2011 Tohoku-Chiho Taiheiyou-
Oki
9.0 15,202
(9,761)
5,338 97,932 51,466
Recent Damaging Earthquakes in Japan
Historical Records of Large Earthquakes
Huge Ocean-Ridge Quake - More to Expect in Near Future
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
2100
2000
Nankai Tonankai Tokai
1946 Showa 1944 Showa
1707 Hoei
1605 Keicho
1498 Meio
1361 Sohei
1096 Eicho
887 Ninna
684 Hakuho
1854 Ansei
Lessons from 2011 Tohoku
• Nature is more formidable than what we want it to be.
• What is assumed (expected, supposed, conceived) in
design, for example, design earthquake force, is
determined by human (not by nature) in consideration
of cost performance.
• No matter how less frequent it may be, a catastrophic
disaster shall occur; in such a case, we cannot expect
“no damage” any longer in our life and society.
Resistance
Deformation
Resilience
• After 2011 Tohoku, the term “Resiliency” is sensed
more realistic. Here, I define “resilient” as ability to
recover to its normal condition as quickly as possible.
We need to develop technologies to promote prompt
recovery.
Time
Performance
Very Short Time for
Recovery
Now
Future
(1) Response to earthquakes beyond what is considered
in structural design
(2) Continuing business and prompt recovery
Lessons to Earthquake
Engineering Community
Specific Engineering
Research Needed
(A) Quantification of collapse margin of high-rise
buildings
(B) Monitoring and prompt condition assessment of
buildings

12. 2016/4/2
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(1) Quantification of Collapse Margin: To make a
consensus to the response to earthquakes that go
beyond one considered by codes, we shall quantify the
performance of each structure up to complete.
Engineering Research Need
After 2011 Tohoku Earthquake –I–
No damage Collapse
1
2
3
4
Resistance
Deformation
Collapse MarginA delicate balance
between safety
and cost
Never ceasing urban society,
characterized by “high
performance”, “density”, and
“globalization.
For continuation in life and
business, “prompt response”
immediately after the quake,
i.e., “quick inspection” and
“quick decision” is desperately
needed.
Rapidly Grown Megacities
(2) Technologies for
Enhanced Health
Monitoring: To make
our society more
resilient, we need
more advanced
sensing and
monitoring
technologies by
which we can detect
damage and/or
evaluate state of
safety immediately.
Engineering Research Need
After 2011 Tohoku Earthquake –II–
Wireless
sensor
GPS
Liquefaction
sensor
Earthquake
Response
Structural
damage
Damage to
lifelines
Damage to piles
Shaking Table Test for Collapse of Steel High-Rise
Building (Implemented in December 2013)
■ Shaking Table
Use of E-Defense
■ Specimen
A height of 25 m adopted
in light of E-Defense
allowable limit (27 m)
■ Protection Frame
Developed to protect
collapsing specimen as
well as to serve as a
frame to lift specimen
■ Input Motion
Synthesized motion
considering simultaneous
ruptures of three troughs
Specimen
Protection
Frame
Shaking
Table
Construction of Collapse Specimen
(November 15, 2013)
Synthesized Ground Motion
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480
-400
0
400
想定長周期地震動
(Gal)
(s)
Synthesized Acceleration History
・Amplification of Original History
Average (110cm/s) baseline
Large (180cm/s) 1.64 times
Very Large I (220cm/s) 2 times
Very Large II (250cm/s) 2.27 times
Very Large III (300cm/s) 2.73 times
Very Large IV (340cm/s) 3.1 times (at the table capacity)
・Contracted to 1/√3 with respect to time domain

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Monitoring and Condition Assessment
(Planned on December 2013)
Y1
Y2
Y3
X1
X2
X3
dc03 - 6F
Y1
Y2
Y3
X1
X2
X3
dc03 - 5F
Y1
Y2
Y3
X1
X2
X3
dc03 - 4F
Y1
Y2
Y3
X1
X2
X3
dc03 - 3F
Y1
Y2
Y3
X1
X2
X3
dc03 - 2F
0 2 4 6
0
5
10
15
Cumulative plastic deformation ratio
Floor
w/o damping
estimation(1)
estimation(2)
estimation(3)
レベル2損傷推定レベル1損傷推定
Level 1 Sensors
• 25 servo-yype
zccelerometers
• 200Hz Sampling
Level 1 System
Height=25m
Shaking Table Shaking Table
Level 2 System
Sensor
Controller
Level 2 Sensors
• 152 MEMS
sensors
(912 components)
• 500Hz Sampling
Collapse Test – December 11, 2013
Amplification of Original History
Average (110cm/s) baseline
Large (180cm/s) 1.64 times
Very Large I (220cm/s) 2 times
Very Large II (250cm/s) 2.27 times
Very Large III (300cm/s) 2.73 times
Very Large IV (340cm/s) 3.1 times
(at the table capacity)
Extreme I (380cm/s) 3.8 times
Extreme II (380cm/s) 3.8 times
Extreme III (380cm/s) 3.8 times
 Collapse
Final Collapse Overview
Final Collapse Connection
Collapse of lower
stories, leaning to
protection frame
Local buckling at
column base
Fracture of beam end
Failure Overview
Japanese Culture to Building Construction
• Life attached to “wood”
• Love to “detailing”
• Love to “handcraft and manufacturing”
• Exercise for “collaboration between design and
construction/manufacturing”
Summary of Today’s Topics
Japan’s Attitude to Technology Developments
• Tendency of Positivism
• Emphasis on Verification in reference to “Actual Behavior/Performance”
High
Quality
Long Life Good Care
Detailing Modesty
New
Technology
What Japan wants to seek for good construction are: