Semantic Interoperability:
Open Educational Resources &
#SemanticWeb /#LinkedData
Nelson Piedra | @nopiedra
nopiedra@utpl.edu.ec
#20180829

Motivation
• The right to education is part of the economic, social and cultural
rights defined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Education shall be free.
• The main purpose of OER movement is to provide open and free
access to high quality digital learning materials. For this reason,
its effects or implications on higher education are well known.
• OERs are distributed across a variety of repositories, using a
variety of metadata standards, various interfaces and access
mechanism.
• Harvesting OER for use elsewhere can involve complicated
metadata crosswalk, and metadata often is incomplete and out of
date.

Towards quality education for all
The Hewlett Foundation defines open educational
resources (OER) as “high-quality teaching, learning, and
research materials that are free for people everywhere to
use and repurpose.” OER gained momentum in 2001
when MIT founded the OpenCourseWare initiative,
making instructional materials for nearly 2,000 courses
available free online. OER became an issue on the world
political stage in 2012 with the adoption of the Paris OER
Declaration, which explicitly linked OER to the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, which states that “Everyone
has the right to education.” Additionally, the definition
of Sustainable Development Goal 4, that ensure
inclusive and equitable quality education and promote
lifelong learning opportunities for all.

– Open Definition (Open Knowledge, 2015)
“Knowledge is open if anyone
is free to access, use, modify,
and share it — subject, at
most, to measures that preserve
provenance and openness.”
open
“Open Educational Resources (OERs) are any type of
educational materials that are in the public domain or
introduced with an open license.” UNESCO

Open Content +
Linked Data
#Ecuador ! #OER #OpenData #LinkedData #LOD
#OpenContent: open licenses to
allow sharing and reuse of data.
#LinkedData: technology for
global interoperability and data
integration.
@nopiedra
oerLOD4
powered by
linked open data for open educational resources

Challenge: connect silos
of open content distributed
across the Web

NMC Horizon Report: 2018 Higher Education
Edition
Proliferation of Open
Educational
Resources
Mid-Term Trend: Driving
technology adoption in Higher
Education for the next three to
five years
Adoption of OER has been driven
largely by efforts to reduce the costs
associated with higher education,
though perhaps the most powerful
potential outcome of OER is the
opportunity for institutions to
develop a broader set of
investments in course
development and infrastructure. Samantha Adams Becker, Malcolm Brown, Eden Dahlstrom, Annie Davis, Kristi DePaul, Veronica Diaz, and
Jeffrey Pomerantz. NMC Horizon Report: 2018 Higher Education Edition. Louisville, CO: EDUCAUSE, 2018.

Copyright vs CC cs PD
Copyright
“All rights reserved”
El re-uso requiere
los permisos de
parte del propietario
del copyright.
Creative Commons
“Some rights reserved”
El reuso es permitido sin
que se requiera permisos,
bajo la especificación
compartida en la licencia
Public Domain
“No rights reserved”
Se puede usar sin
pedir permisos.

Se creativo. Es fácil cuando no se necesita intermediarios.
• El licenciante no puede revocar estas libertades en tanto usted siga los términos de la licencia
• No hay restricciones adicionales — Usted no puede aplicar términos legales ni medidas tecnológicas que restrinjan
legalmente a otros hacer cualquier uso permitido por la licencia.

The 5Rs of Openness,
from: https://www.opencontent.org/definition/
1 Retain - the right to make, own, and control
copies of the content (e.g., download,
duplicate, store, and manage)
2 Reuse - the right to use the content in a wide
range of ways (e.g., in a class, in a study
group, on a website, in a video)
3 Revise - the right to adapt, adjust, modify, or
alter the content itself (e.g., translate the
content into another language)
4 Remix - the right to combine the original or
revised content with other material to create
something new (e.g., incorporate the content
into a mashup)
5 Redistribute - the right to share copies of the
original content, your revisions, or your
remixes with others (e.g., give a copy of the
content to a friend).
more open
less open
Some rights reserved
(Creative Commons)
copyright
No rights reserved
(Public Domain)
All rights reserved
thespectrumofrights

Acceso Abierto
#OpenAccess
Libre
inmediato
enLínea
Disponible
Re-usable
Adaptable
Licencias abiertas
Reproducible

Licencias CC: Tres capas
Legible por
Máquinas
Legible por
Humanos
Lenguaje de
Abogados
Referencia Práctica: resumen de licencia o
“Commons Deed”
Derechos y Obligaciones que entienden las
máquinas: CC Rights Expression Language
(CC REL) https://wiki.creativecommons.org/
Ccrel
Instrumentos en lenguaje y formato legal
tradicional, amado por los abogados.

OER Ecosystem: distributed,
heterogeneous and autonomous

The Tower of Babel by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1563)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Babel

OER Discovery
and Reuse

Estandarización
¿suficiente para interoperar e integrar?
Implementación e
Integración
@nopiedra LOD4OER

¿Qué estándares usamos?
Estándares
de factor
Estándares
por ley

Los estándares no son suficientes para asegurar
Interoperabilidad.
Implementar
adaptadores
Usar
transformadores

SemanticandMachineReadabilityofTheWeb
1989 1999 2009 2020 2030
The World Wide Web
(Documents on the
Web, e.g. Gopher)
Data on the Web
(Open Data)
The Semantic Web
(Web of Linked Data)
The Social Web
(Web 2.0)
The Intelligent Web
(Web Scale reasoning)
PC Era
(Databases,
Files &
Folders)
The Web of Documents
(Hypertext)
Intelligent Agents
Natural language search
Automatic semantic tagging
(ontologies)
Semantic Web and Linked Data
Technologies help to regain productivity
and global collaboration in the face of
overwhelming information growth
As amount of content
grows, keywords search is
becoming less productive
Content Grows: Volumen, Variety, Velocity
Knowledge Graphs

basadas en similaridad de textos búsquedas “semánticas”
La información se representa en
un modelo de datos basado en
grafos
la información se representada en
lenguaje natural (e.g. inglés,
español, …)
vs

knowledge Graph Results

The Semantic Web
A new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a
revolution of new possibilities
By Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler and Ora Lassila on May 1, 2001
“The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which
information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers
and people to work in cooperation”.
“Make the Web understandable for machines”.
The term was coined by Tim Berners-Lee for a web of data that can be
processed by machines.
See http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-semantic-web/
See: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/262614/1/Semantic_Web_Revisted.pdf
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
May 2001
Volume 284, Issue 5

(z)autonom
y
heterogeneity (x)distribution(y)
subordinating
homogenizing
centralizing
Managers have been told to break down the walls
between siloed information systems. A information silo
is a system that operates in isolation or separately from
others systems.
P1
P2
Information Ecosystem:
Distributed Silos
@nopiedra LOD4OER
OER Repository A
OER Repository B
@nopiedra2016

Linked Data is Data Interoperability
The need for communication and interoperation between autonomous and distributed information
systems is increasing with the increasing usage of the Web.
e.g. interoperability between heterogeneous and distributed environments
TED2009 Tim Berners-Lee on the next Web

<href> <href>
<href>
<href>
<href>
<href>
<href>
<href>
<href>
from Web of Documents
(unstructured information)
to Web of Linked Data
(structured information)
RDF Links
<> HTML
<> HTML <> HTML
<> HTML
<> HTML
<> HTML
<> HTML
<> HTML
<href>
Towards single OER global dataspace
Using RDF to publish structure data on the Web, ontologies as an
explicit specification of a conceptualization, URI for every Web resource,
and linking between data resources within different data sources.
@nopiedra2016

Linked Data core stack
HTTP URI
RDF
SPARQL

Semantic
Interoperability

Legal
International and national legislation and agreements
about Education for all and Open Access
Organizational
Strategy, Support and Process Agreements
Information and Semantic
Meaning Exchange
Technological
Data/Content Exchange
Information systems can interoperate
with multi-providers educational
processes.
Information systems can exchange
meaningful data and share common
vocabularies/ontologies.
Information systems can connect and
exchange data globally.
Enable the maximum degree of
interoperability, access to and reuse of
educational and research content.
Public domain & Open licensing.
Levels / Dimensions Interoperability goals
@nopiedra LOD4OER

Breaking down the walls.
Understanding an greater empathy.
(z)autonom
y
heterogeneity (x)distribution(y)
W
orking
togetherand
connecting
experiences
Connectand
informationexchange
Autonomy, heterogeneity and distribution are not the bigger
problem. The key problem is the presence of silos and poor
collaboration to establish agreements towards global
interoperability.
Linked Open Data initiative is a effort fostering global
collaboration to address interoperability and integration
challenges in open data ecosystem. Silos and isolation must
stop. The way is breaking down the silos and facilitating
collaboration.
Grade of Interoperability
P(x,y,z)
@nopiedra2016
Interoperability, the ability of
Open Data information
systems to exchange and
make use of information.
Ecosystem
Semantically
Interoperable

Information and Semantic
Interoperability Layer
(based on Linked Data)
C. User Layer
A. Internet Layer
B. Web Layer
A. Internet Layer
B. Web Layer
C. User Layer
From Current Web of Documents
The Web as Platform
Linked Data Querying and Browsing (SPARQL).
Linked Data Linking and Publishing.
Ontologies and Semantic Vocabularies.
RDF to information exchange.
HTTP-URI to be connected and queried.
URIs to global identification of resources.
URI <href>
Towards Semantic Web
@nopiedra LOD4OER
@nopiedra #OCW #OER #LOCWD #LinkedData #UPM #UTPL

Linked Data Core Stack, Specifications
• RFC 2616 Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1: Defines
HTTP, a generic and stateless application-level protocol for
distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.
• RFC 3986 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax:
Defines a generic URI syntax and a process for resolving URI
references that might be in relative form, along with guidelines
and security considerations for the use of URIs on the Internet.
• RDF Concepts and Abstract Syntax: Defines the RDF graph data
model and key concepts.
• SPARQL Query Language for RDF: Defines defines the syntax
and semantics of the SPARQL query language for RDF.

Estándares Abiertos
Interoperabilidad
• Romper Silos de Datos
• Separar datos de aplicaciones
• Compartir modelos de datos e
interfaces de programación
• Habilitar posibilidades de
integración a nivel de
herramientas y repositorios
Interoperabilidad
Estándares abiertos
=
“El Internet está fundamentalmente basado en la
existencia de estándares abiertos y no-propietarios.”
Vint Cert, Padre del Internet.
Semántica
+

OER + Linked Data
#Ecuador ! #OER #LinkedData #LOD
With LinkedData, users (human
beings and machines) can discover
more and more interlinked data/
information while using
#OpenContent.
@nopiedra
oerLOD4
powered by
linked open data for open educational resources

URIs
Use URI as names for things.
HTTP URIs
Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names.
RDF, SPARQL
When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using
the standards (RDF, SPARQL).
Linking
Include links to other URIs so that they can discover more things.
Ontologies
“An ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualization.
1
2
3
4
+1
The Linked Data Rules of the Game
The inventor of the World Wide Web and the creator and advocate of the Semantic Web
and Linked Data, Sir Tim Berners-Lee, laid down the four design principles of Linked Data
as early as in 2006.
@nopiedra #OCW #OER #LOCWD #LinkedData #UPM #UTPL

The notion of instance
-
:Persona rdf:type rdfs:Class .
A particular issue of class is
named an instance of class
rdf:type
rdf:type
rdf:type
rdf:type
rdf:type
rdf:type
a world of interconnected
knowledge graphs
@nopiedra #OCW #OER #LOCWD #LinkedData #UPM #UTPL

Sujeto Predicado Objeto
http://telecincostatic-a.akamaihd.net/informativos/
sociedad/Trillizos-reciben-quimioterapia-lucha-
cancer_MDSIMA20140315_0098_21.jpg

:Artist :Work
rdf:type
rdf:type
:author
@nopiedra #OCW #OER #LOCWD #LinkedData #UPM #UTPL

foaf:Person
:Guayasamin
@base <http://example.org/> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> .
@prefix wikidata: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/> .
:Guayasamin rdf:type foaf:Person .
Oswaldo
Oswaldo Guayasamín (Quito, 6 de julio de
1919 - Baltimore, 10 de marzo de 1999) fue
un destacado pintor, dibujante, escultor,
grafista y muralista ecuatoriano.
rdf:type
Guayasamín
:PremioEugenioEspejo1991
:award
:bio
foaf:givenName
foaf:familyName
@nopiedra #OCW #OER #LOCWD #LinkedData #UPM #UTPL

OER Ecosystem
(Global Dataspace Semantically
Interoperable)
OER ecosystem composed of silos of information
— heterogeneous, autonomous and distributed.
Silo B
Silo A
Models: OWL,
RDFS, SKOS
Silo C
Information exchange and
Queries: RDF and SPARQL
URIs — Global names for entities, data
properties and relationships.
HTTP URIs enables data from different
sources to be connected and queried.
The Web as Platform
Federated
Queries
OER services/applications
based on LOD4OER
OA Ecosystem
Semantically Interoperable
Global Dataspace — Efficient and
effective cross-border and cross-
knowledge interaction/integration
between information systems.
Linked Data is used to publishing structured data
so that it can be interlinked and become more useful.
SemanticWebApproachandLinkedDataDesign
Issues|OpenLicensing|QualityAssurance|
DataProvenance|ReuseofSemanticResources
|LDBestPracticesandTools
@nopiedra LOD4OER
@nopiedra #OCW #OER #LOCWD #LinkedData #UPM #UTPL

OER + Linked Data
#Ecuador ! #OER #OpenData #LinkedData #LOD
#LinkedData + #OpenContent:
the Web as a global,
heterogeneous, autonomous,
distributed and open database
knowledge base.
@nopiedra
oerLOD4
powered by
linked open data for open educational resources

agile linked open data life-cycle
Project Initiation
Visioning, Requirements and Planning
(team, time, resources, agreements,
support)
⟩
⟩ ⟩⟩
Evaluation of current information
situation (legal, organizational,
semantic/information and
technological)
2
3
4
5
6
Data Extraction, data
fixing/cleansing, and
Entities/Relationships
Patterns Identification
Specification consensus on
the universe of discourse,
reuse of ontological /non-
ontological resources, and
URI design. Publication of
developed resources.
Design mapping between
ontology and data collected,
Process mappings, tuning and
cleansing of generated data
Linking and Publication
of LOD4OER resources.
Open Licensing
Exploration of
current information
resources
Exploitation of
current information
resources
Ontology Modeling
and URI designLinked Data Generation:
mapping, generation
and RDF tuning
Linking,
Publication and
Diffusion
Social and Continuos Improvement
Linking with other LOD datasources;
semantic annotations; data maintenance
and updating; open data licensing, data
quality assurance, and data provenance.
./
⚒
+ % ⌛ ✍
2'Fundamentals: Semantic Web Approach and Linked Data
Design Issues | Open Licensing | Quality Assurance |
Data Provenance | Reuse of Semantic Resources | LD
Best Practices and Tools
The Web as Platform; Global names for OER entities,
data properties and relationships; HTTP-URIs enables
data from different sources to be connected and queried.;
Information exchange and Queries: RDF and SPARQL;
Linking; Ontologies and Knowledge models: OWL, RDFS,
SKOS.
1
from information Silos
(Web of Documents - Unstructured information)
to Global Dataspace semantically interoperable
(Web of Linked Data - structured and meaning information)
OER Linked
Open Data
SPARQL
endpoint
⚙⚙
⚙
7
3
♻
Design Principles:
(1) The Robustness Principle; (2) The Pareto
Principle; (3) The Principle of Least Surprise; (4)
The DRY Principle — Don't repeat yourself—; (5)
Keep it Simple Stupid Principle; (6) OER + Open
Licensing + machine readable; (7) Linked Data
Design Issues + 1; (8) E pluribus Unum
@nopiedra LOD4OER
⟩
powered by

— LOD4OER Life-cycle —
Extraction, Ontology Modeling, Mapping, Transformation, Linking and LD Publication
(agile and continuos)
@nopiedra LOD4OER
User interface
and Open Data
Applications
Current
information Silos
<> HTML
<href>
<href>
<> HTML
<> HTML
Framework
Ontology Modeling and
URI design
Data Exploration and
Exploitation, raw data
cleansing
Linked Data Generation:
mapping, transformation
and RDF tuning
LD Linking and
Publication
Social and Continuos Improvement of LD
Linking with other LOD datasources; semantic annotations;
data maintenance and updating; open data licensing, data
quality assurance, and data provenance.
SPARQL
endpoint
5
Apps
OER Linked
Open Data
The Web as Platform; Global names for OER entities, data properties and
relationships; HTTP-URIs enables data from different sources to be
connected and queried.; Information exchange and Queries: RDF and
SPARQL; Linking; Ontologies and Knowledge models: OWL, RDFS, SKOS.
from information Silos
(Web of Documents - Unstructured information)
to Global Dataspace semantically interoperable
(Web of Linked Data - structured and meaning information)
2 '
⚙⚙
⚙
/ ⚒
3
+ ♻
raw data
extracted
data stream
Ontology and
URI design
Open Data Interoperability Ecosystem
Efficient and effective cross-border and cross-knowledge
interaction/integration between OER information systems.
An information silo is an isolated
information system incapable of
reciprocal operation with other, related
information systems.
An OER Information silo occurs
whenever a OER system is
incompatible or not interoperable with
other OER systems. Hyperlinks
(<href>) are not sufficient to achieve
semantic interoperability between
OER repositories.

OER + Linked Data
#Ecuador ! #OER #OpenData #LinkedData #LOD
#LinkedData + #OER enables
global sharing of data and
semantics beyond technological,
organizational, legal or geographic
boundaries .
@nopiedra
oerLOD4
powered by
linked open data for open educational resources

Information Silos
(Fragmentation)
Semantically Interoperable Ecosystem
(Global Space of Resources)
Open License: No
Web Availability: Optional
Resources Identification: Local
Metadata Availability: Optional
Metadata Vocabulary: Optional
Query Mechanism: Optional
• Open License: Yes
• Web Availability: Yes
• Resources
Identification: Local
• Metadata Availability:
Natural Language
• Metadata Vocabulary:
Natural Language
• Query Mechanism:
Human User Interface
• Open License: Yes
• Web Availability: Yes
• Resources Identification:
Local, via API
• Metadata Availability:
Structured and Proprietary
Format
• Metadata Vocabulary:
Proprietary/local
• Query Mechanism:All
previous levels + Service
metadata query
• Open License: Yes
• Web Availability: Yes
• Resources Identification:
Local, via API + Open
Metadata
• Metadata Availability:
Structured and Open
Standard/Format
• Metadata Vocabulary:
Proprietary and local
• Query Mechanism:All
previous levels
Optimizing/
Linking
Level
Initial
Level
Ad-Hoc level
Maturity
Levels
• Open License: Yes
• Web Availability: Yes
• Resources Identification:
Global using URIs
• Metadata Availability:
Yes, structured metadata.
Description of resources
using RDF.
• Metadata Vocabulary:
Ontologies and semantic
vocabularies. Open.
• Query Mechanism:All
previous levels +
SPARQL End Point
• Open License: Yes
• Web Availability: Yes and
linked with other datasets
• Resources Identification:
Global using URIs
• Metadata Availability:
Yes, structured metadata.
Description of resources
using RDF.
• Metadata Vocabulary:
Ontologies and semantic
vocabularies. Open.
• Query Mechanism:All
previous levels +
SPARQL End Point
Resources available on
the Web (whatever
format) under an open
license
Resource its
available as
structured data offers
via API
Non-proprietary formats
for resources metadata
and schemas
URIs to denote
resources, properties
and relations, RDF for
resources description,
SPARQL for queries
Link resources to
other data to provide
context
1
2
3
4
5
Five Stars Open Data
(adapted from 5 stars, Tim Berners-Lee)
Open License
Reusable
Open Formant
URIs & RDF
LinkedData
{api}
Open Services
preservation
availability
@nopiedra #OCW #OER #LOCWD #LinkedData #UPM #UTPL

"Next challenge: build a
knowledge graph and turn
text processing into knowledge”

https://lod-cloud.net
The Linked Open Data Cloud

The construction of the Semantic Web is
a challenging and constantly evolving
construct. The Semantic Web seeks to
lead the communication between people,
software agents and devices towards
intelligent content infrastructures and a
smarter collaborative future for humans.

Extraer
(Extract)
Transformar
(Transform)
Cargar
(Load)
Usecases

Semantic Web Technologies
+ Open Education
Using Semantic Web Technologies, publishers can:
• Connect content silos across a heterogeneous, distributes and autonomous
Open Education Ecosystem
• Build smart digital open education content infrastructures
• Leverage OER metadata to provide richer experiences
• Discover, curate, reuse and integrate open content more efficiently
• Connect internal and external open content sets
• Build towards real augmented and artificial intelligence
• Power-up authoring experiences and workflow processes

http://opencampus.utpl.edu.ec
aprendizaje Colaborativo y abierto,
a cualquier hora, en cualquier lugar

Open Data Cloud
!!
!
!
!

Linked Open Data UTPL
• Name in the Cloud: UTPL LOD
• Graph IRI: http://
data.utpl.edu.ec/utpl/lod
• Data Prefix: http://
data.utpl.edu.ec/utpl/lod/
resource/
• SPARQL Endpoint: http://
data.utpl.edu.ec/utpl/lod/sparql
• DataHub.io: http://datahub.io/
dataset/utpl-lod

Serendipity OCW
• Name in the Cloud: Serendipity
• Graph IRI: http://
serendipity.utpl.edu.ec/lod
• Data Prefix: http://
serendipity.utpl.edu.ec/lod/
resource/
• SPARQL Endpoint: http://
serendipity.utpl.edu.ec/lod/
sparql
• DataHub.io: http://datahub.io/
dataset/serendipity

Publicaciones Científicas
Ecuador
• Name in the Cloud: Open Data
Ecuador
• Graph IRI: http://opendata.ec/lod
• Data Prefix: http://data.utpl.edu.ec/
ecuadorresearch/lod/resource/
• SPARQL Endpoint: http://
data.utpl.edu.ec/ecuadorresearch/
lod/sparql
• DataHub.io: http://datahub.io/
dataset/opendataec

Geo Ecuador
• Name in the Cloud: Geo
Ecuador
• Data Prefix: http://
geo.linkeddata.ec/resource
• SPARQL Endpoint: http://
apolo.utpl.edu.ec:8080/
parliament/sparql
• DataHub.io: http://datahub.io/
dataset/geoecuador

Universidad de Cuenca
Linked Data
• Name in the Cloud:
Universidad de Cuenca Linked
Data
• Data Prefix: http://
ucuenca.edu.ec/institucion
• SPARQL Endpoint: http://
190.15.141.102:8890/sparql
• DataHub.io: http://datahub.io/
dataset/universidad-de-
cuenca-linkeddata

Base de Conocimiento Multi-Dominio
DBpedia es un proyecto para extraer información estructurada desde
Wikipedia, y que luego es publicada según el enfoque de la Web
Semántica, bajo los términos de licencias abiertas Creative Commons
y GNU. El énfasis es contenido en Español, especialmente
Latinoamericano.
http://es-la.dbpedia.org
Grupo de Trabajo de Web Semántica en LatAm
Se promueve la discusión, diseminación e investigación de la Web
Semántica y Linked Data en Latinoamérica. Es un espacio abierto a
comunidades académicas y científicas, así como a organismos
gubernamentales, organizaciones ciudadanas, y emprendedores.
http://datosenlazados.io
Plataforma para Descubrir y Visualizar Recursos Educativos Abiertos
Serendipity es una plataforma semántica creado por investigadores de
UTPL y Universidad Politécnica de Madrid que apoya y promueve el al
acceso universal a la educación a través del descubrimiento y reuso de
Recursos Educativos Abiertos (OER and OCW) en varios idiomas y
múltiples temáticas. Es el buscador semántico Oficial del Open
Educational Consortium.
http://serendipity.utpl.edu.ec
http://serendipity.utpl.edu.ec/map
http://www.oeconsortium.org/courses/ocw-search-engines/
Iniciativas de Web Semántica y BigData

Consuming and producing linked open data:
the case of Opencourseware
Purpose
– The aim of this paper is to present an initiative to apply the principles of
Linked Data to enhance the search and discovery of OpenCourseWare
(OCW) contents created and shared by the universities.
Design/methodology/approach
– This paper is a case study of how linked data technologies can be applied
for the enhancement of open learning contents.
Findings
– Results presented under the umbrella of OCWC (current Open Education
Consottium) and OCW-Universia, as the integration and access to content
from different repositories OCW and the development of a query method to
access these data, reveal that linked data would offer a solution to filter and
select semantically those open educational contents, and automatically are
linked to the linked open data cloud.
Originality/value
– The new OCW semantic integration

Contenidos Abiertos
atrapados en Silos
de Información
Muestran un entorno
fracturado de contenido y
oportunidades; con
limitaciones obvias para que
un usuario o aplicación
pueda acceder, descubrir,
visualizar e interactuar con
el contenidos.
Elena Berriolo, Drawing for The Silo, 2010; courtesy Raphael Rubinstein

OER cómo Silos:
¿Qué se puede hacer?
• Acceder, buscar y explorar datos desde cada
repositorio.
• Usar solamente las herramientas que soporta el
repositorios
• Mirar la información en las vías establecidas por el
diseñador del repositorio
• El curado de la información está centralizado

OER como Silos:
¿Qué NO se puede hacer?
• Colaborar Globalmente.
• Acceder, buscar y explorar datos relacionados que esté otros repositorios.
• Mirar la información en otras vías (Usar herramientas diferentes a las disponibles
en cada repositorio, hacer búsquedas cruzadas)
• Usar los datasets existentes para otros propósitos
• Visibilizar los gaps que existen en las colecciones de datos.
• Contribuir o corregir descripciones e informaciones adicionales
• Soportar anotación, manipulación, citación y e interacción personalizada de datos
en diferentes repositorios.
• Disponer de apps creados por emprendedores a partir de datos almacenados en
diferentes repositorios.

OCWC Repository
(OpenCourseWare
Consortium Directory)
OCW-Universia
Repository
(Universia Directory)
OCW Data are encoded in HTML-pages that are
designed primarily for human consumption and not
directly amenable to machine processing.
Current situation
OCW environment is a web of documents connected by anchors.
URIs are used for webpages and anchors.
OCW Content is represented
in natural language and
suitable for humans.
WebSearchEnginefrom
OCWConsortiums
WebSearchEnginefromOCW
Sites(keyword-based)
OCW Site
University Y
repository based on
eduCommons
OCW Site
University O
repository based on
Drupal/Moodle
OCW Site
University U
repository based on
other OCW-CMS
<href>
Some modules: OCW
directory, metadata
extractor from rss feed,
content translate, index
builder
<href> <href> <href>
StandardsincludexHTML,XML,XSLT,RSS,DOM...
<href><href>
@nopiedra #OCW #OER #LOCWD #LinkedData #UPM #UTPL

raw data within UPM opencourseware web page
Title
OCW
University
Author(s)
year
description
knowledge area
bibliography
ects credits
time autoself
Department
syllabus

LOCWD Architecture
Linked OpenCourseWare Data

Data source analysis:
identify OER providers
& select content/
resources offered with a
free and open license.
i. Select sources of data
(information sources)
• Specification: scope and
explicit set of requirements
to be satisfied by LOCWD.
• Describe the main technical
features of the data selected.
Concept mapping
base URI:
http://purl.org/locwd/
RDFS:
http://purl.org/locwd/schema#
Resources:
http://purl.org/locwd/resources/
URI design
Vocabulary
development
(search/reuse
ontologies)
ii. Ontology modelling
LOCWD
Common and
consensuated
ontology
2
3
4
iii. Generation of RDF
resources
Define data
patterns for
RDF conversion
Data cleansing
(detecting and
correcting corrupt or
inaccurate data),
disambiguation &
data reconciliation
Content extraction
from selected
datasources
(scraping for non-
structured content)
iv. Data publication
(storage level)
Data enrichment
Extractor of data
patterns
(entity recognition,
classification &
clustering)
• Generation of URI Cools
• Create RDF links to
resources in the LOD-
Cloud)
Publish extracted
data as LinkedData
5
6
7
8
9
10
Public Domain
Repositories of Open
Educational Resources
API
1
Sparql EndPoint
Repositories of Open
Educational Resources
OCW
mobile
data
visualization
recommender systems
(for use, reuse and
adaptation of OER)
OER discovery
tools
Faceted
semantic
search
OER and OCW Apps
based on Linked Data
Learning assistant
based on OER
LOCWD Triple-store
Linked Open
CourseWare
DataSet
• URIs for OCW/OER things
• RDF for describe Entities
• Links to other LOD-things
v. Application Layer
11
12
raw content
raw data
Facilitate finding, retrieving, sharing and adaptation of OER
linked data design issues and data quality assurance
OCW-S Builder
(MOOCs based on OER)
OCW-nuggets
@nopiedra #OCW #OER #LOCWD #LinkedData #UPM #UTPL

‘Ontologies and
Semantic Web’
author-creator
Asunción Gómez
Pérez
has a
whose name is
subject
predicate
object

http://ocw.upm.es/ciencia-de-la-
computacion-e-inteligencia-
artificial/ontologies-and-
semantic-web
http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1//
creator
Asunción Gómez
Pérez
has a
whose name is
subject
predicate
object

example for locwd dataset
Subject Predicate Object
locwd:opencourseware dc:creator foaf:Person
locwd:opencourseware dc:title xsd:string
locwd:opencourseware dc:description xsd:string
locwd:opencourseware dc:subject skos:Concept, xsd:string
locwd:biblio rdfs:subclassOf bibo:document
locwd:biblio
dcterms:isPartOf, bibo:DocumentPart,
dc:title
xsd:string
locwd:ocwRepository dc:creator foaf:Organization

http://serendipity.utpl.edu.ec
a semantic and faceted OER search Engine

http://serendipity.utpl.edu.ec/map/
a semantic and faceted OER search Engine

Una base de conocimiento
multi-dominio en donde es
posible hacer consultas
sofisticadas a datos de
Wikipedia en Español.
Nelson Piedra | @nopiedra
DBpedia-Latinoamérica
http://es-la.dbpedia.org
The Third Semantic Web and Linked Open Data
workshop (SW-LOD) takes place on October at
Ensenada B.C., Mexico. Co-located with ENC'2015.

DBpedia es un proyecto para extraer
información estructurada desde Wikipedia,
y que luego es publicada en la Web.
DBpedia permite hacer consultas
sofisticadas hacia Wikipedia, y enlazar
estos datos con otros conjuntos de
datasets disponibles en la nube de datos
abiertos enlazados (Linked Open Data
Cloud, LOD).
http://dbpedia.org

DBpedia, una base de conocimiento multi-dominio
• Hoy en día, la mayoría de bases de conocimiento cubren solamente dominios
específicos, que son creados por grupos relativamente pequeños de Ingenieros
del Conocimiento, y que resultan muy costosos de mantener y actualizar.
• La Wikipedia ha crecido como una de las principales fuentes de conocimiento
de la humanidad, mantenida por miles de contribuyentes.
• El proyecto DBpedia aprovecha esta fuente gigantesca de conocimiento
mediante la extracción de información estructurada de Wikipedia haciendo que
esta información sea accesible en la Web, bajo los términos de licencias Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License y la GNU Free Documentation
License.

@nopiedra2015
Extracción Mapeo Transformación Publicación
Photo: iStock
Información no
estructurada
Datos
estructurados

Data Transformation
SPARQL endpoint
Pubby
LD-Frontend for SPARQL Endpoints
DBpedia APPs
Sparql Clients
RDF Browsers
HTML Browsers
Explotación
Vista Macro DBpedia-LatAm
http://es-la.dbpedia.org
SPARQL endpoint: http://es-la.dbpedia.org/sparql
graph:http://es-la.dbpedia.org/graph/data
@nopiedra2015
DBpedia Data Stack

Webpage: Cordillera de Los Andes
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_de_los_Andes
Resource: Cordillera de Los Andes
http://es-la.dbpedia.org/resource/Cordillera_de_los_Andes
@nopiedra2015

#43Ayotzinapa
Desde cualquier lugar del mundo colaboremos para que la Identidad de los
estudiantes desaparecidos en Iguala, México, se registre en la Web Semántica.
Hackathon
Collaborative Linked Open Data
from anywhere in the world
UTPL San Cayetano Alto - Loja Ecuador
Mayo 2015
Son bienvenidos: desarrolladorxs, programadorxs, diseñadorxs,
periodistas, bibliotecarixs, estadísticxs, ciudadanxs…
http://es-la.dbpedia.org/resource/43Ayotzinapa/Category:Desaparición_Forzada_en_Iguala_2014
@DBPedia_LatAm
#43Ayotzinapa #linkeddata

http://es-la.dbpedia.org/resource/43Ayotzinapa/
Category:Desaparición_Forzada_en_Iguala_2014
http://es-la.dbpedia.org/values/-dcterms:subject/resource/
43Ayotzinapa/Category:Desaparición_Forzada_en_Iguala_2014
#43Ayotzinapa
Desde cualquier lugar del mundo colaboremos para que la Identidad de los
estudiantes desaparecidos en Iguala, México, se registre en la Web Semántica.

Integración Semántica de Recursos
Educativos Abiertos cosechados
con OAI-PMH y Registros Bibliográficos
en Marc21

Situación a resolver: La presencia de
silos de contenidos dificulta la
integración e interoperabilidad,
descubrimiento, síntesis, y el flujo de
conocimiento. Es difícil y costoso
desarrollar aplicaciones que consuman
datos desde múltiples repositorios
digitales abiertos.

Integración de Recursos de
Información: OAI y LD
Data
Provider
Data
Provider
Data
Provider
Harvester
Requests (OAI “verbs”): Identify,
ListMetadataFormats; ListSets; ListRecords;
ListIdentifiers
Responses: General Information; Metadata
formats; Set structure; Record identifier; Metadata
Web
OAI-PMHOAI-PMHOAI-PMH
Data
Provider
Data
Provider
Data
Provider
Federated
SPARQL
endpoint
Web
SPARQL
endpoint
SPARQL
endpoint
SPARQL
endpoint
a. Aproximación Usando OAI-PMH. La Web es la
infraestructura de transporte de datos y
metadatos
b. Aproximación Usando Linked Open Data.
Los datos y los metadatos son parte de la misma
Web.
Fedora, DSpace, and EPrints
implement the OAI-PMH
protocol by default.
Service
Provider
SPARQL
endpoint
OAR Data
integrator

Repositorios Digitales
Extraer
(Extract)
Transformar
(Transform)
Cargar
(Load)

Biblioteca UTPL
Extraer
(Extract)
Transformar
(Transform)
Cargar
(Load)

Biblioteca UTPL: Integración de Recursos de información y Linked
Data
Data Provider
SPARQL
endpoint
Get id and type of
record
Get record in
marcxml format

Architecture to Integration of Digital Resources using an
approach based on Linked Open Data
Dataismadeavailableunderopenlicense
SPARQL
AQueryLanguageforRDFData
Extraction,CleaningandtransformationofDataand
metadatafromdifferentdatasources
Integration of several semantic web services/tools
Transporting based on HTTP
RDF for modeling data and
metadata
URIs for digital resources
Ontology Merging / Ontology Mapping: Semantic descriptions based
on standard vocabularies and ontologies (e.g. DC, Vivo, Bibo, FOAF)
Storing and publishing
Linked OAR Data Hub Lifecycle
Interlinking data (subjects, knowledge
areas, authors, languages…)
RDF generation from extracted
metadata
Datasets are maintained over time
Search across the Web of Data
OAR Federated Linked Data Search Engine
Interoperability Web Services
Linked Data facilites data interoperability and
integration of digital resources and other data
resources form Linked Open Data Cloud
Exploitation and Mashups
Web Services that combine multiple data sources
to create a new service, data visualization or
information derived from Linked Data
Machine and Human
access to data
Ad hoc queries
Selection of
Data Sources
Data
Provider A
Data
Provider B
Data
Provider C
OAI-PMHOAI-PMHOAI-PMH
Open Access Repositories
e.g. Fedora, DSpace, and
EPrints implement the OAI-
PMH protocol by default.
OAR data hub
Piedra, N., Chicaiza, J., Quichimbo, P., Saquicela, V., Cadme, E., López, J., ... & Tovar, E. (2015). Marco de trabajo para la
integración de recursos digitales basado en un enfoque de web semántica. RISTI-Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de
Informação, (SPE3), 55-70.

(Leaked documents empowered by Semantic
Web Approach and Linked Data Design Issues)
The Panama Papers are 11.5 million leaked
documents that detail financial and attorney–client
information for more than 214,488 offshore
entities. The documents, which belonged to the
Panamanian law firm and corporate service
provider Mossack Fonseca,were leaked in
2015 by an anonymous source, some
dating back to the 1970s.
Models: OWL, RDFS, SKOS
Information exchange & Queries: RDF / SPARQL
URIs — Global names for entities, data
properties and relationships. HTTP
URIs enables data from different
sources to be connected and queried.
The Web as Platform
This database is powered by Neo4j, a graph
database that structures data in nodes (the
icons you see in the visualization) and
relationships (the links between nodes).
https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/pages/database
SPARQL-Endpoint: http://data.utpl.edu.ec/ambar/sparql
Examples: https://titanpad.com/ep/pad/view/gdVduv14jD/rev.342
LinkedOpenData for PanamaPapers
Politicians, Criminals and the Rogue Industry That Hides Their Cash
LOD4PanamaPapers
OpenDataDay 2017
#Ecuador ! #ODD2017 #OpenData #LinkedData #LOD
⚙⚙
⚙
Linked Data Transformation,
Linking and Publication Cycle
From Graph database to Linked Open Dataset
PanamaPapers Graph Database
ICIJ · The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
oerLOD4
powered by
linked open data for open educational resources
by: @nopiedra

http://www.parlatino.org/es/organos-principales/la-asamblea/declaraciones-y-resoluciones-de-la-asamblea/
declaraciones-aprobadas-xxix/resoluciones-aprobadas-xxix/resolucion/1943.html
Plataforma de Web Semántica de datos universitarios abiertos que
apoya la Creación del Espacio Latinoamericano y del Caribe de
Educación Superior
Resolución del Parlatino
Resolución sobre el acceso a la información de ser un derecho para todos los ciudadanos y ciudadanas y que la transparencia y la equidad
que promueven los gobiernos de nuestros países pueden ser potenciadas con la adopción permanente de tecnologías
XXIX ASAMBLEA GENERAL DEL PARLAMENTO LATINOAMERICANO
Ciudad de Panamá, 19 y 20 de octubre de 2013
RESOLUCION: AO/2013/03
“Acceso a la Información”
EL PARLAMENTO LATINOAMERICANO
CONSIDERANDO:
Que el acceso a la información pública, es un derecho para todos los ciudadanos y ciudadanas y que la transparencia y la equidad que promueven
los gobiernos de nuestros países pueden ser potenciadas con la adopción permanente de tecnologías de información y comunicación.
Que en la actualidad la apertura de datos es una tendencia global, adoptada por varios organismos públicos y Parlamentos a nivel regional y
mundial, comprometidos con el acceso e intercambio de información.
Que los datos abiertos tienen el potencial de contribuir a la integración regional, la armonización legislativa y a la creación de un Espacio Común
de Educación Superior para América Latina y el Caribe.
Que los datos abiertos permiten que la información sea fácilmente accesible y libre de ser reusada por cualquier ciudadano, parlamentario,
investigador, académico, estudiante, u organismos interesado en su reutilización.
RESUELVE:
Acoger favorablemente y apoyar el trabajo "Plataforma de Web Semántica de datos universitarios abiertos para el espacio Latinoamericano y del
Caribe de educación superior", desarrollado por el grupo de investigadores de la Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Ecuador y el
programa CAMPUS de la Organización Universitaria Interamericana, cuya propuesta se sustenta en la creación de un espacio común de educación
superior fundamentado en el derecho a la educación y el acceso a la información, y como una vía de integración y desarrollo de nuestra región e
impulsado por la UNESCO/IESALC, OUI, Virtual Educa, OEA, UDUAL y otros organismos y con apoyo del PARLATINO, al tenor de lo informado en
las XIV y XVII reuniones de la Comisión de Educación, Cultura, Ciencia, Tecnología y Comunicación, del PARLATINO, realizadas respectivamente
en la ciudad de México, D.F., México, los días 23 y 24 de junio de 2011 y en la ciudad Montevideo, Uruguay, del 27 al 29 de septiembre de 2012
Instar a los países miembros del PARLATINO a que adopten estrategias y mecanismos políticos y tecnológicos para que nuestros países se unan a
la tendencia de datos abiertos enlazados (Linked Open Data) y compartan su legislación universitaria y datos públicos en el ámbito de educación
superior, de forma libre, abierta y transparente, y tomando como referencia las siguiente orientaciones

Proyectos en Curso

+ +
Mejorar la capacidad emprendedora de las
organizaciones y los ciudadanos usando REAs y
Linked Data
Emprende4Allempowered by

La competencia emprendedora
en el EntreComp
EntreComp: El documento define el
emprendimiento como la capacidad de
actuación frente a las oportunidades e ideas,
transformándolas en valor para otros que
puede ser financiero, cultural o social.
Resalta el concepto sistémico y global de
emprendimiento y define la competencia
como una capacidad tanto grupal como
individual.
EntreComp ofrece un marco de consenso
acerca de la definición de la competencia
emprendedora y define 3 grandes áreas de
competencias (Ideas y oportunidades;
Recursos; y “Pasar a la acción”.) que a su
vez engloban otras 15 sub-competencias.
Cada subcompetencia se asocia a diferentes
resultados de aprendizaje organizados en 6
niveles, desde un nivel inicial hasta un nivel
experto.
ENTRECOMP
http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/
bitstream/JRC101581/lfna27939enn.pdf

OER
repository
OER
repository
OER
repository
Emprende4Allempowered by
6
7
8

Emprende4All - Roadmap
• Establecer un Knowledge Graph relacionado con OER y
competencias de emprendimiento basados en
EntreComp
• Disponer de un sistema de análisis del estado de
competencias emprendedoras
• Plataforma semántica para el desarrollo de Competencias
• Formación abierta basada en OER

OER to IEEE Computer
Science Curricula
LOD-CS2013 Ontology
agile ontology life-cycle
CS2013 - Body of Knowledge to Computer Science
Curricula 2013 for Undergraduate Degree Programs
(The Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula Association for
Computing Machinery (ACM) IEEE Computer Society Version
December 20, 2013)

LOD-CS2013 Ontology
agile ontology life-cycle
Project Vision
Visioning, Requirements and Planning
(team, time, resources, agreements,
support)
⟩
⟩ ⟩
2
Achieve consensus on the
universe of discourse.
Identification of concepts,
properties, relationships,
and restrictions
In this stage, the
set of core
concepts and
relationship tables
is encoded in the
ontology language.
Specification
consensus on the
universe of
discourse, reuse of
ontological /non-
ontological
resources, and URI
design. Publication
of developed
resources.
the consistency of the
ontology is checked to
detect contradictions in
specification definition and
the correctness of
knowledge description is
evaluated.
Ontology
FormalizationOntology Evolution
Continuous improvement as an ideal in
CS curricula interoperability.
./
⚒
+ % ⌛ ✍
2'Curricula Interoperability Vision
The Web as Platform; Global names for entities,
data properties and relationships; HTTP-URIs
enables data from different sources to be
connected and queried.; Information exchange and
Queries: RDF and SPARQL; Linking; Ontologies
and Knowledge models: OWL, RDFS, SKOS.
1
⚙⚙
⚙
5
♻
@nopiedra LOD4OER
powered by
Initiating State
3
4
Confirmation
and Ontology
Evaluation
An automatic reasoning tool is used to
extract from the ontology the concepts
and the logical relationships between
concepts to determine whether logical
conflicts exist.
CS2013 - Body of Knowledge to Computer
Science Curricula 2013 for Undergraduate
Degree Programs
(The Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
IEEE Computer Society Version December 20,
2013)
@nopiedra #OCW #OER #LOCWD #LinkedData #UPM #UTPL

CS2013
Computer Science Curricula 2013
for Undergraduate Degree
Programs
(The Joint Task Force on Computing
Curricula Association for Computing
Machinery (ACM) IEEE Computer
Society Version December 20, 2013)
KA
KnowledgeArea
BoK
BodyOfKnowledge
KU
KnowledgeUnit
TopicCore-Tier1
Core-Tier2
LO
LearningOutcome
hasBodyOfKnowledge
hasKnowledgeArea
hasKnowledgeUnit
hasTopic
subClassOf
Elective
Core
isIdentifiedAs
isIdentifiedAs
hasLearningOutcome
Course
hasAssociateKU
isAssociateByCourse
subClassOf
LM
LevelOfMastery
hasLevelOfMastery
integer (hours)
integer (hours)
Y/N
haveCore-Tier2Hours
includeElectives
haveCore-Tier1Hours
Syllabus
hasSyllabus
@nopiedra #OCW #OER #LOCWD #LinkedData #UPM #UTPL

The Benefits of Linked (Open) Data
• Linked Data breaks down the information silos that exist between various formats
and brings down the fences between various sources.
• Linked Data makes interoperability, data integration and browsing through
complex data easier, due to the standards it adheres to. Those guidelines also allow
for easy updates and extensions of the data models.
• Representing data in a linked way under a set of global principles also increases
data quality.
• The semantic graph database for representing Linked Data creates semantic links
between varied disparate sources and formats and infers new knowledge out of
existing facts.
• Furthermore, linking open datasets enhances research, entrepreneurship,
creativity and innovation as all developers, citizens and businesses can use all
those datasets to put things into context and create knowledge and apps.
• For example, Linked Open Data encourages the creation of applications to discover
the best neighborhood to live in, based on data on schools, transportation, office
buildings and clubs/parks in the area.
Source: http://ontotext.com/knowledgehub/fundamentals/linked-data-linked-open-data/?utm_content=bufferc8e06&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer

Para artículos sobre trabajos
desarrollados, ver Google Scholar
https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=9iSWka8AAAAJ&hl=es&oi=ao

gracias!
Nelson Piedra | @nopiedra
@nopiedra #20180829