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Bossio rcp_unccd_cop12_20_oct_2015(2)
1. Soil Organic Matter
The bridge between
UNCCD and
UNFCCC
Dr. Deborah
Bossio
d.bossio@cgiar.org
20 October 2015
Rio Convention Pavillion
UNCCD COP12, Ankara, Turkey
3. 4‰
In March of 2015 Minister Le Foll of France announced the establishment of
an international research program “to improve soil organic matter at an
annual rate of 4‰1
”, and that “such an increase would offset emissions of
green house gasses on the planet2
”
1
Press release ‘Contribution de l’agriculture à la lutte contre le changement climatique : Stéphane Le Foll
annonce le lancement d’un projet de recherche international : le « 4 pour 1000 » . MAAF, Paris, March 17, 2015.
2
See http://agriculture.gouv.fr/Cop21-le-4-pour-1000
Soussana,
Saint-Macary,
Chotte 2015
0.4% per year sequestration soil
organic carbon
Annual Fossil Carbon
Emissions
annual land
carbon sink
annual ocean
carbon sink
4‰ target
additional
land sink
4. 3.5
Optimistic senario (1 t/ha/yr) and rapid implementation, peak of carbon
sequestration in soil predicted for 2030 - coherent with the need for early
action, but far short of the 4‰ target. (Sommer and Bossio 2014)
Gt/year Carbon
required for the 4‰
target
•0.4 – 1.2 Gt estimated total
carbon sequestration potential
in cropland soils of the world
•2.8 – 3.0 Gt for all soils of the
world
(Lal 2010)
5. 50 to 70
% loss of soil carbon
stocks in cultivated
soils (Lal 2004)
Restoring degraded soils
affords substantial
opportunities to
sequester carbon
Increase of 1 ton of soil carbon pool of degraded cropland soils may
increase crop yield by 30 to 50 kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) for
wheat, 100 to 300 kg/ha for maize, and 30 - 50kg/ha for soybeans
(Lal 2006)
6. The promise of Climate Smart Agriculture?Climate Smart Agriculture?
7. Restoring degraded pastures with tropical
forages – storing carbon at depth
4 to 5 fold
increase in animal
production
Resilience
to drought 35% increase in
soil carbon
75% below 20 cm
Fisher et al. 1994, 2007
80% CLAY
18% CLAY
35
18
8. Bringing back Sahel’s Underground Forest
Restored Soils
Sequestration of
carbon in soils
and trees
More
grain
Reduces
drought
impacts
Cooper et al 2013; Reij et al 2009
9. Irrigation – unexplored opportunity
Increase, stabilize,
diversify production
Climate
resilience
60% increase in
soil carbon?!*
*temperate system,
native sagebrush to
irrigated pasture
Entry, Soika, Shewmaker
2002
Irrigation is a major
policy initiative in
African Nations,
embedded in CAADP
10. Urban-rural waste recycling – answer to the
missing nutrients?
Peri-urban food
production
Climate
resilience
??% increase
in soil carbon
Thebo, Drechsel and Lambin 2014
• 456 million hectares of
land, 11% of irrigated
and 5% of rainfed
croplands, are within 20
kilometers of cities
• Waste water a gigantic
source of nutrients or
gigantic pollution
problem
11. Program of climate smart agriculture solutions
to build soil carbon
Initiative of the CGIAR Programs and the French INRA, CIRAD, IRD
• Design, test and implement CSA solutions at scale
• Leading to enhanced soil carbon sequestration
• 5-6 emerging and least developed countries eligible for GCF
funding
• 225m$ on 5 years
Soussana, J.F, Saint-Macary, H., Chotte, J-L., Bellassen, V., Toillier, A. 2015. Carbon sequestration in soils. Towards an international ‘4 per mil’ research program and action plan. Scientific Concept Note, Side Event: ‘Carbon sequestration in soils: a challenge for food security and climate action’, 7 July 2015, UNESCO ‘Our Common Future under Climate Change’.
Note this is CO2 emissions, not other GHG’s
Assumes net CO2 emissions from land use change can be halted
Numbers are not completely crazy if you look beyond agricultural soils, but there are many relevant points made by Soil Carbon Skeptics:
1st the estimate is unrealistic, much higher than other ‘optimistic’ estimates if you consider only croplands
2nd soils have finite capacity to hold soil organic matter, so not an increasing ‘wedge’ against CO2 rise, but rather only a short term contributor to mitigation – though this is certainly still valid!
3rd soil organic carbon is not permanent
4th carbon sequestration sequesters nutrients also, often ones already limiting for food production in degraded soils
5th we cannot measure and monitor it with sufficient robustness
Sommer, R., Bossio, D. 2014. Dynamics and climate mitigation potential of soil organic carbon sequestration. Journal of Environmental Management. Vol 144, 83-87. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.017
Lal, R. 2010 Bioscience
On the other hand, no doubt there is a huge empty sink in degraded agricultural soils and pastures!
Lal, R. (2004). Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security, Science 304, 1623–1627.
Lal, R. 2006. Land Degradation and Development
Lal. R. 2009 Crop Science
The multiple goals we have are captured in the concept of Climate Smart Agriculture, defined as the triple-win of adaptation, mitigation and food security, in part one question is if this is equally valid in small holder farming as in industrial agriculture. I offer 4 good examples in the following slides where it works if we consider the mitigation potential of soil carbon sequestration.
Colombia
Fisher MJ; Rao IM; Ayarza MA; Lascano CE; Sanz JI; Thomas RJ; Vera RR. 1994. Carbon storage by introduced deep-rooted grasses in the South American savannas. Nature 371:236-238.
Fisher MJ; Braz SP; Dos Santos RSM; Urquiaga S; Alves BJR; and Boddey RM. 2007. Another dimension to grazing systems: Soil carbon. Tropical Grasslands (2007) Volume 41, 65–83
Niger
Cooper PJM, Cappiello S, Vermeulen SJ, Campbell BM, Zougmoré R, Kinyangi J. 2013. Large-scale implementation of adaptation and mitigation actions in agriculture. CCAFS Working Paper No. 50. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
Reij C. Tappan G. Smale M. (2009). Agroenvironmental Transformation in the Sahel – Another Kind of “Green Revolution”. IFPRI Discussion Paper 00914
Entry JA, Sojka RE, Shewmaker GE. 2002. Management of Irrigated Agriculture to Increase Organic Carbon Storage in Soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66:1957–1964.
Thebo AL, Drechsel P, Lambin EF. 2014 Global assessment of urban and peri-urban agriculture: irrigated and rainfed croplands Environ. Res. Lett. 9 114002 doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/114002