OCDE Argentina: Una relación de creciente mutuo beneficio
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Presentación ante la delegación de congresistas de Argentina participantes en el Foro Parlamentario de la OCDE, Febrero 2019
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OCDE Argentina: Una relación de creciente mutuo beneficio
- 1. OCDE-Argentina Una relación creciente de mutuo beneficio José Antonio Ardavín Jefe de la División de América Latina y el Caribe
- 2. ¿Qué es la OCDE? ¿Cómo apoya a sus miembros y socios en el proceso de reformas? ¿Cómo contribuye al debate global sobre políticas públicas?
- 3. • Un foro en donde gobiernos, de países Miembros y Socios, pueden: – Comparar experiencias de políticas públicas; – buscar soluciones a problemas en común; – identificar buenas practicas; y – desarrollar estándares internacionales. • Una red global que promueve la cooperación con más de 70 países no miembros: – Invitandolos como participantes o asociados en los Comités y Grupos de Trabajo , Grupos de Expertos y Foros Globales de la OCDE – Buscando el beneficio mutuo, lo cual es esencial para mantener a la OCDE inclusiva y relevante La OCDE es…
- 4. 36 Miembros, 1 Países en Adhesión, 5 Socios Clave, 4 Programas País, asesor clave del G20… 1961 1974 1994 2007 2008 2013/15 2014 La OCDE: hacia una red global de políticas
- 5. 5 Programas Regionales que han contribuído a extender el impacto global de la OCDE 5 South East Europe Middle East and North Africa Eurasia Latin America and the Caribbean South East Asia Trade Facilitation Indicators ASEAN Countries 1999 2005 2008 2014 2016
- 6. Beneficios de la adhesión a la OCDE 6 – La OCDE es un aliado efectivo para sus Miembros: • proporciona conocimientos y mejores prácticas para ayudar a desarrollar soluciones políticas más apropiadas para su situación particular, • ayuda a los Miembros a construir el apoyo interno necesario para implementar reformas con éxito. – El proceso de adhesión es un catalizador de reformas.
- 7. 7 Con PISA y más recientemente con PIAAC, los países han sido capaces de movilizar a las partes interesadas para avanzar en estrategias de competencias hechas a la medida Source: OECD PISA 2012 Database ¿Cómo apoya la OCDE los procesos de reformas?
- 8. El trabajo de la OCDE sobre el Comercio de Valor Agregado (TiVA) ha proporcionado nuevos conocimientos sobre las relaciones comerciales y políticas, centrándose en las cadenas de valor mundiales y regionales ¿Cómo apoya la OCDE los procesos de reformas?
- 9. OECD Latin America & the Caribbean Regional Programme 9 Los indicadores de Regulación del Mercado de Productos (PMR) ahora disponible para países LAC, ayudan a identificar cuellos de botella que impiden la competencia y el crecimiento Source: OECD Product Market Regulation Database and OECD-WGB Product Market Regulation Database 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 0 0 0 0 ProductMarketIndicator(PMI) Product Market Regulation index in selected countries OECD average Mexico Chile Brazil Australia ¿Cómo apoya la OCDE los procesos de reformas?
- 10. Source: ECLAC (Latin America), Government Finance Statistics (IMF): Intenational Financial Statistics (IMF) and World Economic Outlook (IMF) Las Estadísticas Tributarias de la OCDE (disponibles para países LAC) ayudan a identificar los pros y contras de distintas medidas tributarias y facilitan el incremento del impacto distributivo de los impuestos y transferencias ¿Cómo apoya la OCDE los procesos de reformas?
- 11. 11 Tras más de 50 años, la OCDE expande la frontera del análisis de políticas y hoy se encuentra al centro de los debates globales sobre crecimiento inclusivo y sustentable LLAMADA DE ATENCIÓN A LOS HACEDORES DE POLÍTICA Cuándo? Lanzado en Mayo 2012 OECD Ministerial Council Meeting Qué? Ejercicio de reflección de toda la Organización para actualizar los marcos analíticos y fortalecer la capacidad asesora de la OCDE Para qué? Desarrollar una estrategia de políticas para el Crecimiento inclusivo y sustentable NAEC ¿Cómo contribuye al debate global sobre políticas públicas?
- 12. 12 Nuevos enfoques: Pensar en el impacto distribucional Average numeracy score by parent educational background (PEB) and inequality ¿Cómo contribuye al debate global sobre políticas públicas?
- 13. 13 Pensando“out of the box”: el nexo entre productividad e inclusión -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1995-2013 2001-07 2007-13 GDP per hour worked, total economy, percentage change at annual rate ¿Cómo contribuye al debate global sobre políticas públicas?
- 14. 14 Utilización de Big Data y Micro data para entender mejor nuestras economías Labour Productivity; index 2001=0 ¿Cómo contribuye al debate global sobre políticas públicas?
- 15. Construyendo nuevas métricas: Calidad de vida Multidimensional y Marco para el trabajo de calidad Linking policy drivers and wellbeing outcomes Relative contributions of household income, longevity, unemployment and income inequality to changes in multidimensional living standards, 1995-2007 15 ¿Cómo contribuye al debate global sobre políticas públicas?
- 16. OCDE-Argentina una relación creciente de mutuo beneficio
- 17. Argentina: una colaboración de varias décadas, amplia y creciente 17 0 5 10 15 20 25 NumberofPartnerships Key Partners and Argentina: Partnerships in OECD Bodies and Projects incl. Development Centre, Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes, International Transport Forum BRAZIL CHINA INDIA INDONESIA SOUTH AFRICA ARGENTINA Participación en 23 Comités incluyendo los Comités de Comercio e Inversiones.
- 18. 18 Adhesión a 43 instrumentos legales incluyendo la Convención Anticohecho y la Declaración de Inversión (incluye 14 instrumentos). Argentina: una colaboración de varias décadas, amplia y creciente -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Numberoflegalinstruments Adhesión a instrumentos legales BRAZIL CHINA INDIA INDONESIA SOUTH AFRICA PERU ARGENTINA
- 19. Panorama actual de la Participación Actual de Argentina en la OCDE Políticas Agrícolas - 2019 Estudio Económico - 2017 Estudio Territorial de Córdoba - 2016 A venir en 2019 Estudio de Política Regulatoria Estudio de Integridad Pública Estudio de Gobierno Abierto Estudio de Gobierno Digital Estudio Economico Estudios y Análisis
- 20. Panorama actual de la Participación Actual de Argentina en la OCDE Estudios y Análisis Publicaciones regionales Latin American Economic Outlook (2008 en adelante) Revenue Statistics in Latin America (2011 en adelante) LAC Government at a Glance (2017) LAC Pensions at a Glance International Migration in the Americas OAS-OECD (2017) Water Governance in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Multi-level Approach (2012) Competition Law and Policy in Latin America: Peer Reviews of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Peru (2006)
- 21. La relación Argentina-OCDE hoy toma un nuevo impulso, de mutuo beneficio: (1) Argentina cuenta con la experiencia y apoyo de la OCDE en su proceso de reformas: – INDEC: una nueva institucionalidad del sistema de estadísticas – Anti-corrupción. Integridad y convención anti-cohecho – Movimientos de capital ordenados – Eficiencia Gubernamental, Gobierno corporativo de empresas del estado – Competencia
- 22. 22 (2) Argentina contribuye a los debates de politica entre paises miembros y asociados Gini coefficients of income inequality, mid-1980s (early 1990s for EMEs) and 2013, or latest available year La desigualdad creció durante los útlimos 30 años en casí todos los países de la OCDE (no así en Argentina)
- 23. 23 (2) Argentina contribuye a los debates de politica entre paises miembros y asociados • Asociado en el Comité de Asuntos Financeiros – Único Asociado no miembro de la OCDE • Participación en revisiones de instrumentos – Revisión de los Principios de Gobierno Corporativo
Notas del editor
- OECD is an inclusive global policy network through which developed and developing countries work together for a stronger, cleaner and fairer world economy. We are also an international club of “best practices” where an important number of global standards are set. Our mission is to help governments: Design and implement better domestic policies to improve the economic and social well-being of their citizens, in areas such as fiscal affairs, corporate governance, green growth, digital economy, regulatory policy, anti-bribery and development co-operation. Work together in a coordinated way towards a stronger, cleaner and fairer world economy, in particular in areas of climate change, financial stability, taxation, trade and investment. The OECD's origins date back to 1960, when 18 European countries plus the United States and Canada joined forces to create an organisation dedicated to economic development. In 1948, the OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Co-operation), in charge of co-ordination of the Marshall Plan, was established In 1957, Treaty of Rome was signed In December 1960, the OEEC became the OECD (Canada and USA join OEEC members followed then by Japan in 1964 and others later) In the 1990’s the Organisation opened to Mexico, 4 Central and Eastern European countries and Korea In 2007, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa were invited as Key Partners In 2010, Chile, Estonia, Israel and Slovenia joined the Convention In 2013, Colombia and Latvia were invited for accession In 2014, 3 countries were invited to start a Country Programme (Peru, Morocco and Kazakhstan) In 2015, Costa Rica and Lithuania were invited for accession Today, our 35 Member countries span the globe, from North and South America to Europe and Asia-Pacific. They include many of the world’s most advanced countries but also emerging countries like Mexico, Chile and Turkey. Countries such as Colombia and Costa Rica are in the process of accession and we work work closely with emerging economies like the People's Republic of China, India and Brazil, South Africa and Indonesia, which the Organisation has invited as “Key Partners” as well as with many other countries, such as Peru with which we have established a “Country Programme”.
- In the past few decades, one of the avenues that has contributed the most to the global reach of the Organisation are the Regional Programmes. These programmes are steered jointly by countries in the region and OECD countries, from which emerges a very dynamic dialogue tailored to the areas of interest of countries in each region. In short, these programmes bring and adapt to the specific regional context the policy debates that take place in the different OECD committees (from health, to environment, to corporate governance, education or public governance) A few highlights in this regard from each of our regional programmes: The main objective of the OECD’s co-operation with the Western Balkan economies has been to assist them in reinforcing their economic governance by identifying policies for enhanced competitiveness and long-term growth. Going forward, the region has particularly called upon the Programme to be a platform for strategic dialogue, i.a. by organising high-level events to increase Organisation’s visibility and impact on economic reforms in Southeast Europe. The MENA Programme has just received a new mandate, within which it will be focused on promoting regional integration and inclusive growth. This will particularly include the promotion of structural economic and governance reforms, thereby improving government efficiency and institutional development, encouraging greater private sector investment and participation, and promoting women’s integration in the economy to ensure higher economic dynamism and foster greater gender equality. Southeast Asian countries have stressed the importance of using the SEARP as a policy tool to enhance their structural reforms now that new policy challenges are arising: infrastructure investment, connectivity, skills and innovation all need to be strengthened to support productivity growth. The OECD will also increasingly use the SEARP more to strengthen synergies and complementarities with partner organisations, especially the ASEAN Secretariat and APEC. Finally, the Eurasia Programme, which is composed of regional initiatives for Central Asia and for Eastern Europe and South Caucasus, respectively, supports the implementation of reforms in the region by encouraging the use of OECD policy standards, legal instruments, Partnerships in OECD bodies and other tools. Overall, and as previously stated, the common themes of supporting governments in their structural reform processes, supporting regional integration processes, and the value of these programmes as a platform for high-level, visible dialogue on these topics, emerge as key points of value-added among these regional programmes.
- You will see in this page that the OECD has found pragmatic solutions to integrating rising powers into a common corpus of international norms and standards. Rather than presenting outsiders with an all-or-nothing choice between full membership and being left out, we let them pick and choose their levels of cooperation. This flexibility allows the OECD to treat each partner differently and to bring each along at a pace determined largely, though not entirely, by the country itself. And it encourages all parties to focus on the practical challenges of harmonisation while preserving a sense of forward momentum – and leaving the door open for full membership at a later time. Activities in which Key Partners can participate include “bodies, projects, and legal instruments. Their ambits range from trade and investment to science, technology and innovation policy, from combating bribery of foreign governments to bolstering the effectiveness of international aid, and from urbanisation and green growth, education and skills, to employment, health and pensions. The OECD’s agenda is broader than that of other global bodies such as the World Bank and the IMF, offering more opportunities for diverse players – rising powers and advanced market democracies alike – to find common ground. To emphasise on two points: Participation in Committees: Committees are free to invite Key Partners to attend their meetings or to become Participants, without prior Council approval. Instruments: we understand that in order to get big fish like China and India closer to the OECD, it’s crucial to include them during the early negotiation of new standards, in the hope of getting them to embrace and implement the group’s new policies later on. At the same time, our arrangement allows individual partners to opt in or opt out of specific standards and practices, depending on their readiness to move toward common ground in a given sector. Framework agreements were signed with Indonesia (2012), China (2014) and Brazil (2015), which institutionalise the partnership relations by bringing these to a more strategic, whole-of-government level, and by providing a mechanism to discuss priority areas for future co-operation and jointly define a work programme reflecting these priorities.
- This graph also highlights the potential of regional integration in the LAC region
- Between 2008 and 2013 Australia considerably lowered barriers to trade and investment, reducing import tariffs and simplifying screening and approval procedures for foreign direct investment. Australia now ranks 4th in the OECD for ease of trade and investment flows, behind only the Netherlands, Poland and Belgium.
- We will hear more about this publication in the next session
- You will see in this page that the OECD has found pragmatic solutions to integrating rising powers into a common corpus of international norms and standards. Rather than presenting outsiders with an all-or-nothing choice between full membership and being left out, we let them pick and choose their levels of cooperation. This flexibility allows the OECD to treat each partner differently and to bring each along at a pace determined largely, though not entirely, by the country itself. And it encourages all parties to focus on the practical challenges of harmonisation while preserving a sense of forward momentum – and leaving the door open for full membership at a later time. Argentina: Current State of Play Miembro Development Centre (1994-2002, March 2011) Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes (2009) Asociado Committee on Fiscal Affairs (June 2013) Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology (For Mutual Acceptance of Data only, November 2011) Investment Committee meeting in enlarged session for work related to the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises and related Instruments (April 1997) Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions (April 1997) Participante Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy and its subsidiary bodies (May 2011) Investment Committee and its subsidiary bodies, except those that is already associate (April 1997) Trade Committee and its subsidiary bodies (1996) Committee for Agriculture and its subsidiary bodies (1995) Joint Working Party on Agriculture and Trade (2005) Fisheries Committee (1998) Working Group on the Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology and the Task Force for the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds of the Environment Policy Committee (1997) Proyectos Project on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (Committee on Fiscal Affairs, July 2013)
- You will see in this page that the OECD has found pragmatic solutions to integrating rising powers into a common corpus of international norms and standards. Rather than presenting outsiders with an all-or-nothing choice between full membership and being left out, we let them pick and choose their levels of cooperation. This flexibility allows the OECD to treat each partner differently and to bring each along at a pace determined largely, though not entirely, by the country itself. And it encourages all parties to focus on the practical challenges of harmonisation while preserving a sense of forward momentum – and leaving the door open for full membership at a later time. Argentina: Adherence to Instruments Declaration on Fight Against Foreign Bribery, Towards a New Era of Enforcement (2016) Declaration on Better Policies to Achieve a Productive, Sustainable and Global Food System (2016) Declaration on Automatic Exchange of Information in Tax Matters (2014) Agricultural Schemes and Codes: Seed Schemes (1982) Bologna Charter on SME Policies (2000) Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (2001) Recommendation of the Council for Further Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (1997) Recommendation of the Council on Tax Measures for Further Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (1997) Council Decisions on Mutual Acceptance of Data in the Assessment of Chemicals (provisional adherent) (2011) Declaration on Fostering the Growth of Innovative and Internationally Competitive SMEs (Istanbul Declaration) (2004) Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises (1997) Council Recommendation on Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas (2011) Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters (2011, 2013) Declaration on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) (2013) Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2006) OECD Principles of Corporate Governance
- The LAC Fiscal Initiative is an excellent example of an OECD LAC Regional Policy Network that already makes use of each the Programme’s building blocks in its activities, and thus takes full advantage of the tools the OECD has to offer the region. In terms of comparable statistics, the Revenue Statistics in LAC Database includes information for 22 LAC countries, using the model of the OECD Revenue Statistics database, which is a fundamental reference, backed by a well-established methodology, for OECD member countries. Extending the OECD methodology to Latin American and Caribbean countries enables comparisons about tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among themselves and between OECD and OECD economies. This database has now been extended to a second flagship tax publication of the OECD: Taxing Wages. This database is then used as the basis for discussion within the annual LAC Fiscal Forum meetings. These meetings bring together tax experts from all over the region to promote tax reform by sharing new ideas and best practices. Finally, in the area of policy advice, several technical workshops and seminars for LAC fiscal officials are also delivered each year as a complement for the tax policy discussions.