2. CALIDAD DEL AGUA
Medida de las condiciones en relacion al uso que esta destinada
Consumo humano
Uso industrial
Uso agricola
Ambiental
3. Consumo humano
Microorganismos (virus, protozoos y bacterias)
Contaminantes inorganicos (sales y metales)
Contaminantes organicos (industria, mineria, petroleo, etc.).
Contaminacion agricola (pesticidas, herbicidas, fertilizantes)
Material radioactivo.
4. Determinan la CALIDAD DEL AGUA
ecosistema,
geologia local,
uso humano,
tratamiento de desechos (desagues),
contaminacion industrial,
contaminacion termica,
volumen (disponibilidad),
precipitacion,
escorrentia,
percolacion, etc
6. Uso industrial
Solidos disueltos,
solidos en suspension,
silicatos,
gases disueltos,
alcalinidad,
metales (Fe, Mn)
bacterias
DUREZA:
Alto contenido de minerales.
Ca y Mg forman depositos
duros (carbonatos) y blandos
(sulfatos)
pH > 7
AGUA BLANDA: Bajo
contenido de
minerales. pH < 7
9. AG TEST
UNITS
OPTIMUM
pH
pH units
6.5 - 8.3
Specific Conductance (E.C.)
mmhos/cm
Less than 0.75
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
ppm
Less than 500
Calcium (Ca)
ppm
20 - 60
Magnesium (Mg)
ppm
10 - 25
Sodium (Na)
ppm
Less than 70
Potassium (K)
ppm
Less than 5
Iron (Fe)
ppm
Less than 0.300
Manganese (Mn)
ppm
Less than 0.050
Chloride (Cl-)
ppm
Less than 70
Sulfate (SO4=)
ppm
30 - 90
Nitrate-Nitrogen
ppm
1 - 10
Nitrate as NO3
Alkalinity
ppm
ppm CaCO3
5 - 50
Less than 250
Boron (B)
ppm
Less than 1.0
Total Hardness
ppm CaCO3
Less than 500
Carbonates & bicarbonates
meq/l
Less than 5
Adj. Sodium Adsorption Ratio
meq/l
Less than 6.0
Solids applied per acre foot/water
pounds
Nitrate applied per acre foot/water
pounds
K applied per acre foot /water
pounds
12. SALES: Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn (cloruros, sulfatos, carbonatos, silicatos)
METALES: As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, Zn
TDS
TSS
Conductividad Electrica, EC
Solidos en suspension
Carbono Organico Total (TOC)
Carbono Organico Disuelto (DOC)
Organicos Volatiles y Semivolatiles
Pesticidas, Herbicidas, etc.
Radioactivos.
Radon
Farmaceuticos. Hormonas
Microorganismos. Materia fecal. E.coli.
Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium
Material disuelto
Material no disuelto
Alkalinidad
Color
NTU
pH
Sabor
Olor
Temperatura
13. ARSENICO
Contaminacion por As en las aguas subterraneas
por movilizacion del As natural de los sedimentos
ORPIMENTA (Sulfato de As)
ARSENOPIRITA (FeAsS)
OXIDO DE As (As2O3)
14. ARSENICO
Sales minerales en solucion,
meteorizacion de rocas y suelos,
movilizacion en fuentes naturales,
origen geotermal.
(condiciones quimicas apropiadas)
Afecta la salud: cancer, piel, riñones, etc.
LIMITE MAXIMO PERMISIBLE
Antes: 50 ug/L (ppb)
Ahora: 10 ug/L
ug/L, microgramos por litro = ppb, partes por billon
15. El arsénico se encuentra
ampliamente distribuido en
la corteza terrestre y puede
encontrarse combinado con
el oxígeno, cloro y azufre
formando compuestos
inorgánicos.
17. En plantas y animales se combina con el
carbono y el hidrógeno para formar
complejos orgánicos.
18. As en el medio ambiente no se
destruye, solo cambia de estado de
oxidación.
As del aire precipita y deposita en el
suelo.
La lluvia ayuda al cambio de estado,
muchos de sus compuestos se
solubilizan.
Hombre y animales:
Expuestos al As por ingestion de
alimentos, agua o respirar aire
contaminado.
19. As en su estado de oxidacion 3 es
mas peligroso por su afinidad con
las proteinas y enzimas.
As en su forma 5 tiene semejanza
con el fosforo. Puede subsistuir el
fosfato en el AND.
21. El riesgo de morir de
cáncer de hígado, pulmón,
riñón o vejiga por beber 1
litro por día de agua con
0.05 mg/L As durante toda
la vida puede ser de 13 por
cada 1000.
22. Maximum Contaminant Level
in parts per million (ppm)MCL = 0.010 ppm
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal MCLG = 0 ppm
Health Effects
Skin damage or problems with circulatory
systems, and may have increased risk of getting
cancer
Sources of contamination
Erosion of natural deposits; runoff from
orchards, runoff from glass & electronic
production wastes
23. The acceptable level as defined
by WHO for maximum
concentrations of arsenic in safe
drinking water is 0.01 mg/L.
24. The new standards set an
"action level" of 10 parts
per billion inorganic
arsenic found in apple juice.
25. Volcanism in the Andes has
lead to arsenic
contamination of
groundwater in Chile and
Argentina
26. Mining activities have been found to
contribute to arsenic contamination in Latin
American groundwater.
Mining activities may cause the oxidation of
sulphide minerals resulting in the release of
arsenic into groundwater.
27. In the USA MCL was 50 μg/L.
At that level the lifetime risks
of dying from cancer due to As
in drinking water was 21 in
1000 adults.
28. For a concentration of 2.5 μg L−1 the risk
would still be 1 in 1000 adults, which they
found comparable to the lifetime
cancer risk of passive smoking
The maximum likelihood for US
populations exposed to 10 μg of arsenic per
litre to get bladder and lung cancer are:
12 and 18 per 10 000 population for females
23 and 14 per 10 000 population for males
29. Some countries have adopted stricter arsenic guidelines for
drinking water than the current WHOguideline
In Denmark,
the national guideline has already been lowered to 5 μg L−1
American Natural Resources Defense Council (2000) advises
that the drinking water standard be set at 3 μg L−1.
Australia
has a drinking water guideline for arsenic of 7 μg L−1
In Europe,
arsenic concentrations are below the WHO and EU
guideline of 10 μg L−1,
30. Source of arsenic Arsenic concentration (μg/L)
Arsenic-rich sediments (e.g., Bangladesh,
Vietnam, China) 10–5000
Groundwater contaminated by mining activities
(e.g., Ghana) 50–5000
Geothermal influenced water (e.g., USA,
Argentina) <10–50 000