This doctoral thesis examines magic lantern slides in Spain as educational tools. Through content analysis of slides located in historical secondary schools, the author develops a classification system and web application called Linternauta. The thesis contributes methodologically by using content analysis and genres vocabulary to organize slide collections. Empirical studies involved analyzing over 800 slides. As a joint result, Linternauta allows didactic interpretation of slide heritage. Future research could socialize slide contents with heritage education and citizen participation in Spanish communities.

1. PROGRAMA DEPROGRAMA DE
DOCTORADODOCTORADO
FORMACIÓN EN LAFORMACIÓN EN LA
SOCIEDAD DELSOCIEDAD DEL
CONOCIMIENTOCONOCIMIENTO
Media Archaeology and Education:
Magic Lantern Slides in Spain
as a Case Study
Doctoral Thesis Submitted by
Carmen López San Segundo
Thesis Supervisor
Pablo Del Río Pereda
Administrative Supervisor
Juan José Igartua Perosanz
September, 28th 2018
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2. AMPA Million Pictures
DOCTORAL THESIS
Media Archaeology and Education: Magic Lantern Slides in Spain as a Case Study
Object of Study: Magic Lantern Slides
General Objectives and Research
Questions
Theoretical-Methodological Framework
Empirical Studies
Join Didactic Results
Conclusions
1938. Ilustration of Anton Franciscus Pieck.
Domestic Session of Magic Lantern
Cramer-Schaap D.A
Future Researchs

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OBJECT OF STUDY: MAGIC LANTERN SLIDES
Media Archaeology and Education: Magic Lantern Slides in Spain as a Case Study
Magic Lantern Slide Telescopic &
Cyclical & Hand-painting. Museu
del Cinema. Col·lecció Tomàs
Mallol, 11, 3 x 22, 8 x 1,6 cm
Magic Lantern Slide Telescopic & Rectangular & Hand-painting.
Museu del Cinema. Col.lecció Tomàs Mallol, 10,1 x 38 x 0, 7 cm
The object of study are the projection slides scattered in the
patrimonial funds of the Spanish state related with their didactic
potential
Tale of a Tube & Hand-painting.
Catalunya Film Library
Twelve slide of the set Gehirm und Nervensystem;
Set of 12 Slides. Herz und Kreislauf.
H.E. Isabel La Católica (Madrid)

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The
Magic
Lantern
in
Spain
Invention
Emergence
Consolidation
Institutionalization
Decadence
OBJECT OF STUDY: MAGIC LANTERN SLIDES IN SPAIN
Media Archaeology and Education: Magic Lantern Slides in Spain as a Case Study
N.D. La Lanterne Magique.
Le Nouveau Jeu des Cris de Paris,
dédié aux Amateurs.
Bibliothèque Nationale of France
1890. Scientific
Conference
Spanish Film Library
1849. Magasine pittoresque 53
Bibliothèque nationale de France 1850. Tete de monstre à langue
rouge. Museu del Cinema
Co.lecció Tomás Mallol
1790. Four magic lantern slide
set. Museu del Cinema
Co.lecció Tomás Mallol
1887. A Visit to Japan. The
Land of the Rising Sun
Spanish Film Library

5. OBJECTIVES
a) To understand the role played by the slides in the renewal of
the scientific teaching of Spanish High School in the first third
of the 20th century
b) To develop a classification for the magic lantern slides
scattered in Spain that will serve to implement a Web
application for its didactic interpretation
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
How to organize, understand and take advantage of the
magical lantern teaching potential slides scattered in the
patrimonial funds of the Spanish state?
Is Content analysis a good method for organizing and
interpreting projection slides located throughout Spain?
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GENERAL OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Media Archaeology and Education: Magic Lantern Slides in Spain as a Case Study

6. This thesis was made from the union of various fields of knowledge,
as diverse as Communication Sciences, History, Archeology,
Documentation and Didactic of the Cultural Heritage
Gathering theories and notions coming from very heterogeneous
academic fields as
• Media Archaeology
• Posts-Proccesual and Contextual Archaeology
• Genetic-Cultural approaches
It was elaborated using the Content Analysis Methodology
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THEORETICAL-METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
Media Archaeology and Education: Magic Lantern Slides in Spain as a Case Study

7. • Content analysis as a scientific technique allows to investigate any material of
human communication
• It is a methodological tool for the organization, interpretation and didactic
exploitation of the magic lantern slides scattered in the patrimonial funds of the
Spanish territory
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METODOLOGY: CONTENT ANALYSIS
Media Archaeology and Education: Magic Lantern Slides in Spain as a Case Study
STEPS
1. To formulate the objectives and questions
of the research
2. To conceptualize the relevant variables
3. To make the relevant variables operative
4. To elaborate the Codebook and the
Coding Form
5. Sample Group Study
6. To train the encoding process
7. To encode the sample
8. To check the reliability of the coding
process
9. Results
Validity
test
Lantern slides

8. EMPIRICAL STUDIES
Media Archaeology and Education: Magic Lantern Slides in Spain as a Case Study
2. A MILLION PICTURES: MAGIC LANTERN
SLIDE HERITAGE AS ARTEFACTS IN THE
COMMON EUROPEAN HISTORY OF
LEARNING (AMP)
2016. Logo. C. López San Segundo
Source: Peter Guerin. Six photographies of several french educational Institutions. Where
the magic lanterns were used. From left to right and from top to bottom: Ecole
Commerciale Paris, Ecole des Mines et de Métallurgie-Faculté technique du Hainaut,
Institut National Agronomique, La Sorbonne Paris amphi Guizot, Le Likès Quimper and
Institut des Sœurs de S.S. Cœurs Ninove
1. DYNAMICS OF EDUCATIONAL AND
SCIENTIFIC RENOVATION IN HIGH SCHOOL
CLASSROOMS (1900-1936): AN IBERIAN
PERSPECTIVE

9. 1. Dynamics of Educational and Scientific Renovation in High School Classrooms
(1900-1936): An Iberian Perspective
Since June 25, 2015 until May, 31 2018 the project
studied the educational and scientific heritage that
comes from the classrooms of the Spanish and
Portuguese Secondary High Schools focuses on the first
third of the 20th century (1900-1936)
GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
v To analysis of the profile of teachers who worked in
the classrooms of Spanish and Portuguese
Secondary Schools from a socio-professional
approaches
v Determine the impact of the pedagogical
innovations in society
v Offering a global image of the scientific materials
that were acquired for the cabinets and laboratories
of Secondary Schools
H.S. Isabel la Católica (Madrid)
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Geology (Benzinger, 8,5 x 10 cm).
H.S. Isabel la Católica (Madrid)

10. 1. Dynamics of Educational and Scientific Renovation in High School Classrooms
(1900-1936): An Iberian Perspective
OUR ROLE IN THE PROJECT
OBJECTIVES
a. Investigate the function played by the diascopic slides as elements of
material culture in the renewal of the scientific teaching of Spanish High
School in the first third of the 20th century (1900-1936)
b. Develop a content analysis protocol -especially, with the implementation of a
codebook- that will facilitate the organization, interpretation and updating of
the didactic potential of magic lantern slides
OUR PRACTICAL OBJECTIVE
To explore and know for promote the standardize of the databases related to
diascopic slides. The slides remain in the Historical Institutes in order to their
possible incorporation in LINTERNAUTA WEB APP
METHODOLOGY
Content Analysis has been used in the diascopic or standard set of slides related
with scientific, educational heritage all over the Historical High School in Spain
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11. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What types of scientific contents are represented in the collections of
diascopic slides that can be found in the Historical Secondary Schools?
2. What type of educational approach was used to represent
academic contents in the collections of slides?
3. What is the country of origin of the collections of slides?
4. What type of technique was used to produce the images of the
slides?
5. What is the degree of codification of the collections of slides?
6. What types of cultural traditions were used as a reference to represent
academic contents in the collections of slides?
1. Dynamics of Educational and Scientific Renovation in High School Classrooms
(1900-1936): An Iberian Perspective
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12. CODEBOOK
The relevant variables are related to production, exhibition
and reception conditions of the magic lantern slides
located in Secondary School Classrooms in the first third of
the 20th century.
Inform about guidelines and routines of producers,
distributors, teachers and students in the context of
educative sessions and categorised according to:
v Scientific fields and Educational Frameworks
v Cultural Tradition of Reference
v Country of Origin
v Production Techniques: Registration and Coding Scenic
Complexity
1. Dynamics of Educational and Scientific Renovation in High School Classrooms
(1900-1936): An Iberian Perspective
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13. 1. Dynamics of Educational and Scientific Renovation in High School Classrooms
(1900-1936): An Iberian Perspective
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v Cardenal Cisneros Secondary
School (Madrid): 29 collections,
377 slides
v Isabel la Católica Secondary
School (Madrid): 8 collections,
49 slides
v San Isidro Secondary School
(Madrid): 21 collections, 312
slides
v El Greco Secondary School
(Toledo): 11 collections, 120
slides
SAMPLE
The sample chosen to carry out the Content Analysis were the
collections of magic lantern slides available in the web repository
Virtual Library of Bibliographic Heritage that belong to the following
Spanish Higher Education Historical Institutes:
Slide Set of Botanical Genre: Fruits. H.E Cardenal Cisneros (Madrid)

14. 1. Dynamics of Educational and Scientific Renovation in High School Classrooms
(1900-1936): An Iberian Perspective
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RESULTS: RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Aufnahme nach Lebensbilder
aus der Tierwelt Europas
(Benzinger, 8,5 x 10 cm)
H.S. Isabel La Católica
Lebensgeschichte eines Hühnchens
im Ei (Stempell, 8,5 x 10 cm)
H.S. Isabel La Católica
First Research Question Second Research Question

15. 1.Dynamics of Educational and Scientific Renovation in High School Classrooms
(1900-1936): An Iberian Perspective
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RESULTS: RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Gehirm und Nervensystem;
Herz und Kreislauf
(Liesegang, 8,5 x 10 cm)
H.S. Isabel la Católica
Third Research Question Sixth Research Question
1900. Four à éteindre. Industrie
du verre et du cristal.
Molteni&Radriguet
(France, 10 x 8,5 x 0,3 cm)
H.S. Isabel la Católica

16. RESULTS: RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• The results related to the 4th question are suppressed because
the variables related to this question (‘production technique:
registration and coding’) have not been reached, the minimum
desirable value in the intercoding reliability indexes that
guarantee the consistency of their results.
• The results related to 5th question are also suppressed because
the analysts could not access sufficient complementary data to
choose with sufficient guarantees among the three categories
of the variable 'scenic complexity'
1. Dynamics of Educational and Scientific Renovation in High School Classrooms
(1900-1936): An Iberian Perspective
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17. Since 1 June 2015 until 31 May 2018 researchers from the Universities of Utrecht (NL),
Exeter (UK), Antwerp (BE), Girona (ES) and Salamanca (ES) carried out research on
lantern slides, in close cooperation with museums, archives, curators, researchers in
other institutions, people working in the creative industries and collectors
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
1. This project was enable research on lantern slides/ sets that were used for educative purposes in
Europe: it examined the slides and their use as didactic tool in educative processes of
audiovisual nature in different European societies between the 17th and the 20th centuries, but
mostly of the nineteenth century
2. To develop a standard for documentation and conservation of magic lantern slides that serve
the needs of various stakeholders, in the form of a guideline/best practice.
2. A Million Pictures: Magic Lantern Slide Heritage as
Artefacts in the Common European History of Learning
https://a-million-pictures.wp.hum.uu.nl/

18. OUR ROLE IN THE PROJECT
OBJECTIVES
To classify magic lantern slides to obtain a controlled and
hierarchical vocabulary that provides information on the nature of
the slides as media messages to design a web app
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Might speech genre be a sufficiently productive criterion for
organizing the cultural content of magic lantern slides?
METHODOLOGY
Content analysis is a scientific method for organizing and
interpreting the collections of projection slides
2. A Million Pictures: Magic Lantern Slide Heritage
as Artefacts in the Common European History of Learning
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19. The codebook divided the variables chosen to operationalize
speech genre as the formal and social mediating mechanism into
two large groups:
1. A group relating to ‘performance exhibition and production
conditions’, which was made up of 3 variables ‘commercial
orientation of the device’, ‘social context’ and ‘performance
complexity’
2. A group on ‘conditions of reception of cultural content’, which
was made up of 116 variables that connect the speech genre
of magic lantern slides with the major cultural traditions for
conveying content: visual, musical, literary and scientific
CODEBOOK
2. A Million Pictures: Magic Lantern Slide Heritage
as Artefacts in the Common European History of Learning
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20. v 52 sets of projection slides deposited
in the Historical High Schools
available at the Web repository of
the Virtual Library of Bibliographic
Heritage
v 146 sets of magic lantern slides from
the Museu del Cinema Col·lecció
Tomàs Mallol
Slide Set of The History of Aviation. Museo del Cinema Co.lecció Tomás Mallol
2. A Million Pictures: Magic Lantern Slide Heritage
as Artefacts in the Common European History of Learning
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SAMPLE

21. A controlled VOCABULARY that facilitates the classification of magic lantern slides
according to their discursive genre
RESULTS
2. A Million Pictures: Magic Lantern Slide Heritage
as Artefacts in the Common European History of Learning
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AUTONOMOUS GENRE DEPENDENT GENRE PERFORMANCE GENRE
Phantasmagoria genre Microscopic genre Drama genre
Adventure genre Religious genre Burlesque genre
Title genre Astronomical genre Musical genre
Romance genre Zoological genre
Topical genre Anthropological genre
Advertising genre Historical genre
Everyday genre Geographical genre
Tale genre Artistic genre
Sequential art genre Botanical genre
Technological genre
Agrarian genre
Health genre

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Media Archaeology and Education: Magic Lantern Slides in Spain as a Case Study
http://linternauta.docenciavirtual.es
LINTERNAUTA AS A JOINT DIDACTIC RESULT

23. Media Archaeology and Education: Magic Lantern Slides in Spain as a Case Study
http://linternauta.docenciavirtual.es
2. A Million Pictures: Magic Lantern Slide Heritage
as Artefacts in the Common European History of Learning

24. CONCLUSIONS
Media Archaeology and Education: Magic Lantern Slides in Spain as a Case Study
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THEORETICAL CONTRIBUTION
Media Archaeology + Posts-procesual & Contextual Archaeology + Approches Genetic-Cultural
METHODOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTION
Use Content Analysis to design
• The Genres Vocabulary
• Linternauta Web Application
STRENGTHS
LIMITATIONS
1866. Sequential Art Genre. Museu
del Cinema Co.lecció Tomás Mallol

25. FUTURE RESEARCHS
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Interpreting and Socializing Magic Lantern Slides: Strategies for Spain’s Educational
Communities
a. The content of magic lantern slides had a highly important historical role in the
socialization of scientific culture in educational communities in Spain between
1845 and 1936.
b. To socialize magic lantern slides in the current context of the educational
communities in Spain, it is necessary to combine heritage focused education
and citizen participation, as dictated by the current National Education and
Heritage Plan
1890. Molí i cromatropi. Museu
del Cinema Co.lecció Tomás Mallol

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