The document summarizes key events in Europe in the second half of the 19th century, including the unifications of Italy and Germany and the rise of colonialism. It describes how Napoleon III supported Italian unification against Austria and fought Prussia, contributing to German unification. It outlines the roles of Cavour, Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II in creating the Kingdom of Italy. It also discusses Bismarck's manipulation of conflicts that led to the defeat of Denmark, Austria and France and the establishment of a unified German Empire under Wilhelm I. Finally, it provides context on the scramble for African colonies by European powers and the consequences of colonial rule.

1. EUROPE IN THE 2ND
HALF OF THE 19TH
CENTURY:
UNIFICATIONS OF ITALY AND GERMANY,
THE AGE OF EMPIRES AND COLONIALISM

2. UNIFICATIONS OF ITALY AND GERMANY

3. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon
Bonaparte´s grandnephew, had an important
role in the history of Europe between 1850 and
1870.
In 1850 he was elected the President of the
2nd
Republic in France.
In 1852, after a plebiscite, he was elected
Emperor and he became Napoleon III.
The 2nd
Empire started in France (1852-
1870).
Napoleon III had an important role in the
unifications of Italy and Germany:
-he supported the Italians´ fight against Austria
-he had to fight against Prussia and this war
contributed to the definitive unification of
Germany.

4. ITALIAN UNIFICATION

5. VICTOR EMMANUEL II,
KING OF PIEDMONT-SARDINIA
CAMILO BENSO,
COUNT OF CAVOUR,
PRIME MINISTER OF
PIEDMONT-SARDINIA
GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI
MAIN FIGURES OF THE ITALIAN UNIFICATION
Piedmont-Sardinia was the richest and
most industrialized State in the Italian
Peninsula.
The Count of Cavour, Piedmont-Sardinia
´s prime minister, wanted to unify all the
States of the Italian Peninsula under a
monarchy led by Victor Emmanuel II.
Austria was the main obstacle for the
unification and Cavour looked for the
support of France against Austria.
Giuseppe Garibaldi, a revolutionary, also
wanted the unification of Italy, but under
a Republic. He created a military group of
volunteers called the “red shirts”

6. SITUATION BEFORE THE
UNIFICATION
Seven States: Piedmont-Sardinia, Lombardy-
Venetia (under Austrian control), Papal
States, Parma, Tuscany, Modena and the
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
UNIFICATION PROCESS
- Piedmont-Sardinia got France´s help and declared
war to Austria and annexed Lombardy in 1859.
- Parma, Modena and Tuscany joined Piedmont-
Sardinia immediately.
- In 1860 Garibaldi conquered the Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies and gave it to Victor Emmanuel II
- Creation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

7. Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II´s meeting at Teano.
Garibaldi gave the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies to Victor Emmanuel II

8. King Victor Emmanuel II and the Count of Cavour,
authors of Italy´s Renaissance (Risorgimento)

9. - In 1866 the Austro Hungarias abandoned Venetia and the Italians occupied it.
- In 1870 the Italians annexed the Papal States. Rome became the capital city of
Italy. The Pope considered himself as a prisoner of the Italians and excommunicated the
Italian royal family.

10. Flag of the Kingdom of Italy
Victor Emmanuel II, first king of Italy
Italy became a constitutional monarchy
ruled by the Savoy dynasty.
The Italian Monarchy lasted from 1861 to
1946.

11. UNIFICATION
OF GERMANY

12. GERMAN CONFEDERATION
Created after the Congress
of Vienna, it included 38
States, which shared
language and a common
past, but kept their
independence.
Austria and Prussia were
the most important
States.
Prussia industrialized
very quickly due to its coal
and iron mines

13. Prussia led the creation of a customs union. All the German States except Austria
joined it This increased Prussia´s wealth and influence in the region.
ZOLLVEREIN

14. MAIN FIGURES OF THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
OTTO VON BISMARCK,
PRUSSIA´S PRIME MINISTER
WILHEM I, KING
OF PRUSSIA
Otto Von Bismack was known
as the “Iron Chancellor”. He knew
that Austria would be the main
obstacle for the unification of
Germany and considered that
unification could only be reached
through war (“blood and fire”)
The unification of Germany was
achieved through three wars

15. WAR AGAINST DENMARK (1864)
Denmark controlled two duchies (Schleswig
and Holstein), where most of the population
were German speakers.
Austria and Prussia declared war to
Denmark and conquered Schleswig and
Holstein. Prussia got Schleswig and Austria
got Holstein, although the logic said that
Prussia got Holstein (closer to its territory)
The disputes between Austria and Prussia
about the administration of Schleswig and
Holstein led to a second war between them.

16. AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR (1866)
The German States of the North joined Prussia
against Austria
- Dark blue: Prussia
- Blue: Prussian allies
- Red: Austria
- Pink: Austrian allies
- Green: neutral States
Prussia and its allies defeated Austria and all
the German States of the North created the
North-German Confederation (red)

17. FRENCH-PRUSSIAN WAR (1870)
Bismarck knew that he needed a common cause to unite
all the German States and he looked for a casus belli
against France, the traditional enemy of the Germans.
He manipulated a dispatch that explained the result of a
conversation between Kaiser Wilhem I and the French
ambassador at Ems Spa. The conversation (about the
possible candidacy of Leopold Hohenzollern to the throne
of Spain) had been friendly, but Bismarck manipulated the
dispatch, sharpening the language and presenting the
French ambassador´s words as unacceptable.
France had no other option than declaring war to
Prussia. All the German States united against France
EMS DISPATCH,
“EDITED” BY BISMARCK

18. The French army was defeated at the Battle of Sedan and Napoleon III was captured.
Consequences:
-the 2nd
Empire disappeared and the 3rd
Republic was proclaimed in France
-France lost Alsace and Lorraine
-all the German States became united and the 2nd
German Empire (Reich) was proclaimed.

19. Proclamation of the 2nd
Reich in the Hall of the Mirror of Versailles Palace.
Wilhem I became Emperor of Germany and Bismarck became chancellor of
Germany

20. COLONIALISM

21. Colonialism is the practice of wealthy
or powerful nations (mother countries)
of extending their control over other
territories, in order to establish
settlements or exploiting their
resources.
The Age of Empires was an era
between the last decades of the 19th
century and the end of WW2 in which
the most industrialized countries
extended their control and influence to
other territories. They took advantage
of their technological superiority and
created colonies or submitted territories
to their interest. BENJAMIN DISRAELI AS AN OCTOPUS
SEIZING COLONIES ALL OVER THE WORLD

22. CAUSES OF
COLONIALISM
ECONOMIC REASONS: search for cheap raw materials
and workers, markets to sell manufactured products and
invest capitals
DEMOGRAPHIC REASONS: emigration was
encouraged by the governments to reduce the excess
of population and social conflicts
POLITICAL REASONS: control strategic places or gain
international prestige

23. JUSTIFICATION TO IMPERIALISM
The Europeans tried to justify
their ambitions by saying that
they had the responsibility of
civilizing the least developed
territories of the colonies
(“civilizing mission”, “the white
man´s heavy burden”).
But this wasn´t true: it was an
excuse based on racism.

24. ATTITUDES TOWARDS COLONIALISM
JULES FERRY BENJAMIN DISRAELI
GEORGES
CLEMENCEAU
LENIN
-Most of the population didn´t have
any opinion about colonialism
-Most of the politicians were in favour
of colonialism. Examples: Jules Ferry
(France) and Benjamin Disraeli (United
Kingdom)
-Trade unionists and some socialist
politicians were against colonialism and
defended the right of the colonized peoples
to decide by themselves. Examples: Georges
Clemenceau (France) and Lenin (Russia)

25. THE CONQUEST
It was fast due to the technological and
military superiority of the Europeans.
The indigenous tried to resist, but they
couldn´t stop the occupation.
The Europeans used tribal rivalries to
divide the indigenous or hired some
tribes to fight against other peoples

26. TYPES OF COLONIES
COLONIES OF EXPLOITATION:
they totally depended on the
metropolis. The Europeans owned
the lands, mines and export
companies and their main interest
was exploiting the colonies and
extracting their economic resources.
Most of the African colonies
belonged to this type
COLONIES OF SETTLEMENT:
colonies with an important number of
Europeans. They had an
autonomous government, but their
foreign policy was controlled by the
metropolis. Examples: Australia, New
Zealand, Canada
PROTECTORATES: in theory they were independent,
because they had an indigenous government, but they
didn´t have an independent foreign policy. Examples:
Morocco (controlled by France and Spain between
1907 and 1956) and Egypt (controlled by the UK)

27. Caricature of Cecil Rhodes anouncing
a telegraph line from Cairo to Cape Town
The main European powers became
confronted in the colonization of Africa.
France and the United Kingdom wanted to
create continuous empires in Africa
(France from West to East and the United
Kingdom from North to South)
THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

28. BERLIN CONFERENCE (1885)
FIRST MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE
BISMARCK OFFERING SLICES OF AFRICA TO THE EUROPEANS
In order to avoid a war between the
European powers in their race to occupy
Africa, Otto Von Bismarck sponsored an
international conference in Berlin.
Main decisions:
-the country that occupied the coast of a
territory could also seize the interior.
-free navigation of the African rivers
-creation of the Congo Free State, given to
King Leopold II of Belgium
Consequences:
All the continent was distributed between the
Europeans. Only Liberia, Abyssinia and
Morocco remained free.

30. King Leopold II of Belgium as a rubber
snake entangling a Congolese rubber
collector
Rubber collectors who didn´t complete
their rubber collection quotas and
whose hands were cut off as a punishment
King Leopold II of Belgium exploited Congo as a private property

31. THE BIG COLONIAL EMPIRES

32. IMPERIALISM OF THE USA

33. IMPERIALISM OF JAPAN

34. CHINA
QUEEN VICTORIA, WILHEM II, NICOLAS II,
THE FRENCH REPUBLIC AND A SAMURAI
DIVIDING CHINA
After the two Opium Wars, the British obliged the
Chinese to open China to the foreigners. This
provoked some revolts against the foreigners
(Boxer rebellion)

35. CONSEQUENCES OF COLONIALISM
-Introduction of some advances: infrastructures, industries, technonolgy, hygiene
habits and healthcare, schools, but only for the interest of the colonists.
- Acculturation process: loss of local cultures and their way of living
- Balance between population and resources broke up and periodic famines
started.
- Unequal and segregated society. Discrimination of the indigenous in their own
territories..