Proceso salud enfermedad
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Este documento presenta varios conceptos clave relacionados con el proceso salud-enfermedad desde perspectivas multidimensionales. Explora definiciones de salud y enfermedad, y presenta varios modelos para comprender los factores que afectan el estado de salud, incluyendo enfoques ecológicos, biopsicosociales y de determinantes multinivel. Finalmente, discute paradigmas contrapuestos como riesgo vs protección, y epidemiología vs salud pública.
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Proceso salud enfermedad
- 1. Jaminson Raúl Ricardo Sejín Maestría en Salud Publica Universidad CES Medellín - 2012 EL PROCESO SALUD - ENFERMEDAD “El ser humano pasa la primera mitad de su vida arruinando la salud y la otra mitad intentando restablecerla”. Joseph Leonard.
- 2. PREMISAS • “Ningún ser humano tiene deseo real de envejecer” • ¿Como entender el dilema biológico? • ¿Por qué ante situaciones similares unos enferman y otros no? • ¿Qué Factores determinan la conservación de la vida?
- 3. CONCEPTOS DE SALUD (1/3)
- 4. CONCEPTOS DE SALUD (2/3) CARACTERISTICAS MULTIDIMENSIONALIDAD VARIABILIDAD -Físico. -Psíquico. -Mental. -Social. -Lugar -Tiempo. -Cultura. -Religión.
- 5. Condiciones Explicación Ejemplos Morfología Que no haya alteración de la estructura ajena al cuerpo. Pie equino, Calculo, Agente microbiano. Función Las funciones vitales expresadas en cifras valorativas refieren normalidad. Pruebas de esfuerzo, Electrocardiogramas, Test de capacidad respiratoria Rendimiento vital Rendimiento sin fatiga excesiva y sin daño aparente de los que demanda su rol social. Conducta Comportamiento adecuado socialmente CONCEPTO DE SALUD (3/3) (Consideraciones de Saludable)
- 6. CONCEPTO DE ENFERMEDAD (1/3) La enfermedad (del latín infirmĭtas, -ātis: "no firme", "falto de firmeza") es un proceso y el status consecuente de afección de un ser vivo, caracterizado por una alteración de su estado ontológico de salud.
- 7. REGISTRADA ATENDIDA CONSULTANTE SENTIDA CONCEPTO DE ENFERMEDAD (2/3) REAL NO SENTIDA NO CONSULTANTE NO ATENDIDA NO REGISTRADA
- 8. CONCEPTO DE ENFERMEDAD (3/3) SINTOMATICA SILENTE LATENTE POTENCIAL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- 9. PARADIGMAS DE LA SALUD • Modelo Biomédico • Modelo Bio psico social • Modelo Ecológico Individual Colectivo E N F E R M E D A D D i m e n s i o n e s
- 10. CICLO DEL PROCESO SALUD ONTOLOGICO EPISTEMOLÓGICO PRAXIOLÓGICO SALUD PÚBLICASALUD - ENFERMEDAD CONCEPTOS SIGNIFICADOS REPRESENTACIONES
- 11. “NORMALIDAD” Y ESTADO DE SALUD
- 12. PROCESO SALUD – ENFERMEDAD (Un continuo…)
- 13. PROCESO SALUD – ENFERMEDAD (aspectos Subjetivos y objetivos)
- 14. APROXIMACIONES AL FENOMENO SALUD – ENFERMEDAD (1/7) TRIADA ECOLOGICA DE COKCBURN. 1963 AGENTE HUÉSPED MEDIO AMBIENTE
- 15. APROXIMACIONES AL FENOMENO SALUD – ENFERMEDAD (2/7) MODELO DE LEAVELL Y CLARK. 1965 Predisposición al daño Prevención Primaria Periodo pre clínico Periodo clínicoPrevención Secundaria Resolución Prevención Terciaria Secuelas Invalidez Promoción Protección específica Diagnóstico y tratamiento Limitación de la discapacidad Rehabilitación PREPATOGÉNESISPATOGÉNESIS Exposición a la noxa Muerte
- 16. APROXIMACIONES AL FENOMENO SALUD – ENFERMEDAD (3/7) MODELO CANADIENSE DE LALONDE . 1975 La salud es un campo multidimensional y difuso resultante de… ESTILO DE VIDA COMPORTAMIENTOS HERENCIA FACTORES BIOLÓGICOS AMBIENTE SERVICIOS DE SALUD CAMPO DE LA SALUD
- 17. APROXIMACIONES AL FENOMENO SALUD – ENFERMEDAD (4/7) SALUD (Bienestar) Estilo De vida Herencia Ambiente Servicios De salud Equilibrio Ecológico Recursos Naturales Sistemas culturales Satisfacciones Humanas Social Psíquico Somático CAMPO DE FUERZAS DE LA SALUD. BLUM. 1981
- 18. APROXIMACIONES AL FENOMENO SALUD – ENFERMEDAD (5/7) MODELO EPIDEMIOLOGICO DE DEVER. 1976 Políticas De salud Proceso De trabajo Riesgos de Actividades creativas Estilo De vida Maduración y Envejecimiento Biología Humana Mecanismos Fisiológicos Patrones de Consumo Sistema de Atención CuraciónPsíquico Físico Social Restauración Prevención Medio Ambiente Herencia Genética
- 19. MACRO MESO MICRO APROXIMACIONES AL FENOMENO SALUD – ENFERMEDAD (6/7) MODELO ECOLÓGICO DE BRONFRENBRENNER, 1979 PERSONA
- 20. APROXIMACIONES AL FENOMENO SALUD – ENFERMEDAD (7/7) Modelo Multinivel de los determinantes de la salud (Dahigren y Whitehead, 1991)
- 22. Los VERSUS… EPIDEMIOLOGIA SALUD PUBLICA
- 24. Gracias! Preguntas? Se activo y realiza Actividad Física, por lo menos 30 minutos, cada día!
Notas del editor
- NARRATIVE: Today I am going to introduce you to the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Children and Adolescents and discuss how schools, families, and communities can help promote youth physical activity. NOTE TO FACILITATOR: Insert your name, school district, the name of your organization or group you represent, and the date of presentation in the text box. You can also remove this text box.
- NARRATIVE: By the end of this presentation you will be able to Identify the benefits of regular physical activity among youth. Describe the key physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents. Describe the roles of schools, families, and communities in promoting the physical activity among children and adolescents.
- NARRATIVE: Physical activity is a bodily movement that uses energy to contract muscles. (NOTE TO FACILITATOR: Provide a visual demonstration to the audience by moving your arms or legs.) NARRATIVE, CONTINUED: Physical activity can be structured, like playing on a basketball team, or unstructured, like playing tag outside or riding bikes. Physical activity can also be part of everyday activities such as taking the dog for a walk or sweeping the floor. There are many health benefits associated with regular physical activity. Physically active youth have higher levels of cardiovascular fitness compared with youth who are inactive. Physical activity helps to build and maintain stronger bones and muscles. Many of the risk factors for chronic diseases, including heart disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes, begin to develop early in life. Regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing these risk factors and of becoming obese. Regular physical activity also reduces the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Research shows that physical activity among adolescents can positively affect their concentration, memory and classroom behavior. Establishing regular physical activity early in life makes it more likely that children will remain healthy as adults.
- NARRATIVE: Physical activity is a bodily movement that uses energy to contract muscles. (NOTE TO FACILITATOR: Provide a visual demonstration to the audience by moving your arms or legs.) NARRATIVE, CONTINUED: Physical activity can be structured, like playing on a basketball team, or unstructured, like playing tag outside or riding bikes. Physical activity can also be part of everyday activities such as taking the dog for a walk or sweeping the floor. There are many health benefits associated with regular physical activity. Physically active youth have higher levels of cardiovascular fitness compared with youth who are inactive. Physical activity helps to build and maintain stronger bones and muscles. Many of the risk factors for chronic diseases, including heart disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes, begin to develop early in life. Regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing these risk factors and of becoming obese. Regular physical activity also reduces the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Research shows that physical activity among adolescents can positively affect their concentration, memory and classroom behavior. Establishing regular physical activity early in life makes it more likely that children will remain healthy as adults.
- NARRATIVE: This table shows 3 types of physical activity outlined in the guidelines and gives examples of activities that are appropriate for children and adolescents. Each of these types of physical activity offer important health benefits. The first type of activity described in the guidelines is aerobic activity. Aerobic activities keep your body moving enough to increase your heart rate and make you breathe harder. The Guidelines distinguish between two types of aerobic activity; moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity It can sometimes be difficult to distinguish between moderate- and vigorous-intensity activities. As a rule of thumb, on a scale of 1 to 10, moderate-intensity activity is a 5 or 6. Young people doing moderate-intensity physical activity will notice their heart beating faster than normal and will be breathing harder than normal. Examples of moderate-intensity aerobic activities include hiking, bike riding, and brisk walking. Vigorous-intensity activity is a 7 or 8 out of 10. Young people doing vigorous-intensity activity will notice their heart beating much faster than normal and will be breathing much harder than normal. Examples of vigorous-intensity activities including bike riding, running, and playing soccer or basketball. As you can see, the same activities, such as bike riding or walking, could be a moderate- or vigorous-intensity activity, depending upon the amount of energy the person is exerting. The second type of physical activity outlined in the Guidelines are muscle-strengthening activities. Muscle strengthening activities make muscles do more work than the usual activities of daily life. Children can increase their muscle strength through unstructured activities that involve lifting or moving their own body weight. Examples of muscle-strengthening activities from unstructured play include playing on playground equipment, climbing tress and playing tug-of-war. Muscle-strengthening activities can also be structured activities like push-ups and pull-ups, or working with resistance bands or lifting weights. The third type of activity outline in the Physical Activity Guidelines for Children and Adolescents are bone-strengthening activities. Bone-strengthening activities produce a force on the bones that promotes bone growth and strength. This force is usually produced by an impact with the ground. This is especially important for youth because the greatest gains in bone mass occur during the years just before and during puberty and the majority of peak bone mass is obtained by the end of adolescence. Examples of bone-strengthening activities include jumping rope, hopping, skipping, running and sports like basketball, tennis, volleyball and gymnastics.
- NARRATIVE: Physical activity is a bodily movement that uses energy to contract muscles. (NOTE TO FACILITATOR: Provide a visual demonstration to the audience by moving your arms or legs.) NARRATIVE, CONTINUED: Physical activity can be structured, like playing on a basketball team, or unstructured, like playing tag outside or riding bikes. Physical activity can also be part of everyday activities such as taking the dog for a walk or sweeping the floor. There are many health benefits associated with regular physical activity. Physically active youth have higher levels of cardiovascular fitness compared with youth who are inactive. Physical activity helps to build and maintain stronger bones and muscles. Many of the risk factors for chronic diseases, including heart disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes, begin to develop early in life. Regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing these risk factors and of becoming obese. Regular physical activity also reduces the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Research shows that physical activity among adolescents can positively affect their concentration, memory and classroom behavior. Establishing regular physical activity early in life makes it more likely that children will remain healthy as adults.
- NARRATIVE: Physical activity is a bodily movement that uses energy to contract muscles. (NOTE TO FACILITATOR: Provide a visual demonstration to the audience by moving your arms or legs.) NARRATIVE, CONTINUED: Physical activity can be structured, like playing on a basketball team, or unstructured, like playing tag outside or riding bikes. Physical activity can also be part of everyday activities such as taking the dog for a walk or sweeping the floor. There are many health benefits associated with regular physical activity. Physically active youth have higher levels of cardiovascular fitness compared with youth who are inactive. Physical activity helps to build and maintain stronger bones and muscles. Many of the risk factors for chronic diseases, including heart disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes, begin to develop early in life. Regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing these risk factors and of becoming obese. Regular physical activity also reduces the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Research shows that physical activity among adolescents can positively affect their concentration, memory and classroom behavior. Establishing regular physical activity early in life makes it more likely that children will remain healthy as adults.
- NARRATIVE: Physical activity is a bodily movement that uses energy to contract muscles. (NOTE TO FACILITATOR: Provide a visual demonstration to the audience by moving your arms or legs.) NARRATIVE, CONTINUED: Physical activity can be structured, like playing on a basketball team, or unstructured, like playing tag outside or riding bikes. Physical activity can also be part of everyday activities such as taking the dog for a walk or sweeping the floor. There are many health benefits associated with regular physical activity. Physically active youth have higher levels of cardiovascular fitness compared with youth who are inactive. Physical activity helps to build and maintain stronger bones and muscles. Many of the risk factors for chronic diseases, including heart disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes, begin to develop early in life. Regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing these risk factors and of becoming obese. Regular physical activity also reduces the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Research shows that physical activity among adolescents can positively affect their concentration, memory and classroom behavior. Establishing regular physical activity early in life makes it more likely that children will remain healthy as adults.
- NARRATIVE: Before we start talking about the Physical Activity Guidelines, I would like to introduce you to Colin. Colin is a 7-year-old child. He participates in many types of activities in many places. The following activities describe a day in the life of Colin He walks to and from school almost every day. During his physical education class, he jumps rope and does gymnastics and sit-ups. During recess, he plays on the playground which involves running and climbing. After school, he watches his favorite television show, does homework and eats dinner After dinner he plays soccer with his family. At night, he finishes homework plays video games. Some of these activities are physical activities while others are sedentary activities. In order to better understand how these activities are different from one another, let’s talk about what physical activity is, and why it is important for children and adolescents. NOTE TO FACILITATOR: You may change the child’s name and/or activities (replace with similar level of physical activity) that are familiar and appropriate for your audience.
- NARRATIVE: Physical activity is a bodily movement that uses energy to contract muscles. (NOTE TO FACILITATOR: Provide a visual demonstration to the audience by moving your arms or legs.) NARRATIVE, CONTINUED: Physical activity can be structured, like playing on a basketball team, or unstructured, like playing tag outside or riding bikes. Physical activity can also be part of everyday activities such as taking the dog for a walk or sweeping the floor. There are many health benefits associated with regular physical activity. Physically active youth have higher levels of cardiovascular fitness compared with youth who are inactive. Physical activity helps to build and maintain stronger bones and muscles. Many of the risk factors for chronic diseases, including heart disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes, begin to develop early in life. Regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing these risk factors and of becoming obese. Regular physical activity also reduces the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Research shows that physical activity among adolescents can positively affect their concentration, memory and classroom behavior. Establishing regular physical activity early in life makes it more likely that children will remain healthy as adults.
- NARRATIVE: In 2008, the federal government published the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans to provide information and guidance to policymakers, health professionals, and members of the public on the types and amounts of physical activity that provide substantial health benefits. These are the first physical activity guidelines ever to be published by the federal government. The guidelines are science-based recommendations for persons aged 6 and older, including children and adolescents aged 6–17. The Physical Activity Guidelines for Children and Adolescents state that Children and adolescents should do 1 hour (60 minutes) or more of physical activity per day. The guidelines state that the physical activity should at least be of moderate-intensity, and include vigorous-intensity activities at least 3 days per week. Muscle-strengthening and bone-strengthening activities should each be included at least 3 days a week, as part of the 60 minutes of daily physical activity. Each of these types of physical activity offer important health benefits. At first glance, these guidelines might appear complicated. However, keep in mind the following two key points: Vigorous, muscle-strengthening, and bone-strengthening activities should be part of the 60 minutes of daily physical activity 2) Many physical activities combine vigorous activity, muscle-strengthening, and bone-strengthening. For example, jumping rope is both vigorous and bone-strengthening. The guidelines also emphasize the importance of participating in a variety of activities that are age-appropriate and enjoyable.
- NARRATIVE: So what does all of this actually mean? The key points to remember are that children and adolescents should do at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day. Most of 60 minutes should be spent doing aerobic activities It is very important that children and adolescents participate in a variety of activities, especially activities that they enjoy. This enhances skill development, reduces the risk of overuse injuries and increases the likelihood of continuing to be active as they get older. It is also important to know that the Guidelines take into consideration the natural activity patterns of children. Children often move between short bursts of activity and short periods of rest. All episodes of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activities count towards daily requirement and, Unstructured active play can provide all 3 types of physical activity
- NARRATIVE: So what does all of this actually mean? The key points to remember are that children and adolescents should do at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day. Most of 60 minutes should be spent doing aerobic activities It is very important that children and adolescents participate in a variety of activities, especially activities that they enjoy. This enhances skill development, reduces the risk of overuse injuries and increases the likelihood of continuing to be active as they get older. It is also important to know that the Guidelines take into consideration the natural activity patterns of children. Children often move between short bursts of activity and short periods of rest. All episodes of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activities count towards daily requirement and, Unstructured active play can provide all 3 types of physical activity
- NARRATIVE: So what does all of this actually mean? The key points to remember are that children and adolescents should do at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day. Most of 60 minutes should be spent doing aerobic activities It is very important that children and adolescents participate in a variety of activities, especially activities that they enjoy. This enhances skill development, reduces the risk of overuse injuries and increases the likelihood of continuing to be active as they get older. It is also important to know that the Guidelines take into consideration the natural activity patterns of children. Children often move between short bursts of activity and short periods of rest. All episodes of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activities count towards daily requirement and, Unstructured active play can provide all 3 types of physical activity
- NARRATIVE: So what does all of this actually mean? The key points to remember are that children and adolescents should do at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day. Most of 60 minutes should be spent doing aerobic activities It is very important that children and adolescents participate in a variety of activities, especially activities that they enjoy. This enhances skill development, reduces the risk of overuse injuries and increases the likelihood of continuing to be active as they get older. It is also important to know that the Guidelines take into consideration the natural activity patterns of children. Children often move between short bursts of activity and short periods of rest. All episodes of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activities count towards daily requirement and, Unstructured active play can provide all 3 types of physical activity
- NARRATIVE: So what does all of this actually mean? The key points to remember are that children and adolescents should do at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day. Most of 60 minutes should be spent doing aerobic activities It is very important that children and adolescents participate in a variety of activities, especially activities that they enjoy. This enhances skill development, reduces the risk of overuse injuries and increases the likelihood of continuing to be active as they get older. It is also important to know that the Guidelines take into consideration the natural activity patterns of children. Children often move between short bursts of activity and short periods of rest. All episodes of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activities count towards daily requirement and, Unstructured active play can provide all 3 types of physical activity
- NARRATIVE: So what does all of this actually mean? The key points to remember are that children and adolescents should do at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day. Most of 60 minutes should be spent doing aerobic activities It is very important that children and adolescents participate in a variety of activities, especially activities that they enjoy. This enhances skill development, reduces the risk of overuse injuries and increases the likelihood of continuing to be active as they get older. It is also important to know that the Guidelines take into consideration the natural activity patterns of children. Children often move between short bursts of activity and short periods of rest. All episodes of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activities count towards daily requirement and, Unstructured active play can provide all 3 types of physical activity
- NARRATIVE: So what does all of this actually mean? The key points to remember are that children and adolescents should do at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day. Most of 60 minutes should be spent doing aerobic activities It is very important that children and adolescents participate in a variety of activities, especially activities that they enjoy. This enhances skill development, reduces the risk of overuse injuries and increases the likelihood of continuing to be active as they get older. It is also important to know that the Guidelines take into consideration the natural activity patterns of children. Children often move between short bursts of activity and short periods of rest. All episodes of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activities count towards daily requirement and, Unstructured active play can provide all 3 types of physical activity
- NARRATIVE: So what does all of this actually mean? The key points to remember are that children and adolescents should do at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day. Most of 60 minutes should be spent doing aerobic activities It is very important that children and adolescents participate in a variety of activities, especially activities that they enjoy. This enhances skill development, reduces the risk of overuse injuries and increases the likelihood of continuing to be active as they get older. It is also important to know that the Guidelines take into consideration the natural activity patterns of children. Children often move between short bursts of activity and short periods of rest. All episodes of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activities count towards daily requirement and, Unstructured active play can provide all 3 types of physical activity
- NARRATIVE: So what does all of this actually mean? The key points to remember are that children and adolescents should do at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day. Most of 60 minutes should be spent doing aerobic activities It is very important that children and adolescents participate in a variety of activities, especially activities that they enjoy. This enhances skill development, reduces the risk of overuse injuries and increases the likelihood of continuing to be active as they get older. It is also important to know that the Guidelines take into consideration the natural activity patterns of children. Children often move between short bursts of activity and short periods of rest. All episodes of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activities count towards daily requirement and, Unstructured active play can provide all 3 types of physical activity
- NARRATIVE: So what does all of this actually mean? The key points to remember are that children and adolescents should do at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day. Most of 60 minutes should be spent doing aerobic activities It is very important that children and adolescents participate in a variety of activities, especially activities that they enjoy. This enhances skill development, reduces the risk of overuse injuries and increases the likelihood of continuing to be active as they get older. It is also important to know that the Guidelines take into consideration the natural activity patterns of children. Children often move between short bursts of activity and short periods of rest. All episodes of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activities count towards daily requirement and, Unstructured active play can provide all 3 types of physical activity
- NARRATIVE: So what does all of this actually mean? The key points to remember are that children and adolescents should do at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day. Most of 60 minutes should be spent doing aerobic activities It is very important that children and adolescents participate in a variety of activities, especially activities that they enjoy. This enhances skill development, reduces the risk of overuse injuries and increases the likelihood of continuing to be active as they get older. It is also important to know that the Guidelines take into consideration the natural activity patterns of children. Children often move between short bursts of activity and short periods of rest. All episodes of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activities count towards daily requirement and, Unstructured active play can provide all 3 types of physical activity
- NARRATIVE: So what does all of this actually mean? The key points to remember are that children and adolescents should do at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day. Most of 60 minutes should be spent doing aerobic activities It is very important that children and adolescents participate in a variety of activities, especially activities that they enjoy. This enhances skill development, reduces the risk of overuse injuries and increases the likelihood of continuing to be active as they get older. It is also important to know that the Guidelines take into consideration the natural activity patterns of children. Children often move between short bursts of activity and short periods of rest. All episodes of moderate- or vigorous-intensity activities count towards daily requirement and, Unstructured active play can provide all 3 types of physical activity
- NARRATIVE: Are there any questions? NOTE TO FACILITATOR: After answering participant questions, distribute one copy of the appropriate fact sheet(s) to each participant. Introduce and conduct the optional final activities. Thank participants for attending and ask participants to complete and submit the feedback form for The Physical Activity Guidelines for Children and Adolescents presentation.